Migu Mekaniska är ett skärande, bearbetande företag beläget i Tidan utanför Skövde. Verksamheten grundades 1980 och utgörs idag av en legotillverkning med hjälp utav 10 stycken 3- och 5-axliga CNC-maskiner. Råmaterialet vilket hanteras består av stänger i olika längder och tjocklekar.Problematiken på företaget berör processen kring hantering av råmaterial samt tre kapmaskiner vilka förser resterande produktion med material för bearbetning. Önskemålet är att utforma arbetsstationen så att kapmaskinerna inte behöver bemannas hela tiden, utan endast då kapning av material krävs samt att berörd personal kan bistå med alternativa, värdeadderande aktiviteter. Målet med arbetet är att systematiskt belysa områden för förslag på hur materialhantering och kapning av råmaterial kan utformas samt bemannas.En bred teoretisk referensram samt redogörelse för relevant litteratur och genomförda studier stärker metod och genomförande. Litteratur och studier är utvärderade samt jämförda mellan varandra och analyserade till arbetets fördel. Genom intervjuer, samtal, observationer samt genomförande av frekvensstudie och spagettidiagram, är flertalet slöseri identifierade samt aspekter för framtida förbättringsarbete.Med stöd från litteratur och teori samt resultat från insamlade data, är förbättringsförslagen validerade utifrån för- och nackdelar samt genom ett PICK-chart. Utifrån detta rekommenderades ett förslag för vidare implementering där ett dragande system baserades på ConWIP-metodiken samt genom en interaktiv och visuell lagtavla.Efter genomfört arbete diskuterades flertalet intressanta diskussionsområden där även rekommendationer för framtida arbete framfördes. En betydande aspekt vilket framkom tydligt var implementering av Lean-filosofin samt dess betydelse för långsiktiga och hållbara lösningar. Problematiken samt frågeställningarna vilka inledningsvis beskrevs och presenterades, lyckades omfamnas av arbetet enligt planering, vilket även bidrog till att samtliga delmål och dess syfte fullföljdes. / Migu Mekaniska is a cutting and processing company located in Tidan, outside of Skövde. The business was founded in 1980 and consists today of ten 3- and 5-axis CNC-machines. The company produces components based on contracts with other companies and works as a subcontractor. The raw material which is handled and used consists of rods in different lengths and thicknesses.The current problem at the company concerns the process of handling raw material and three cutting machines which provide the remaining production with materials for further processing. The intention is to design the workstation so that the cutting machines do not have to be manned all the time and that workers can staff the station only when cutting material is required. The time remaining should be used for assisting and value adding activities. The aim of the work is to systematically illuminate areas for proposals on how material handling and cutting of raw materials can be designed and staffed.A substantial theoretical frame of reference as well as an account of relevant literature and accomplished studies, contributes to strengthen the used methods and implementation. Literature and studies are evaluated and compared between each other and analyzed for the benefit of the work. Through interviews, conversations, observations and work sampling studies and spaghetti diagrams, waste is identified as well as aspects for future improvement work.With the support of literature and theory as well as results from data collected, the improvement proposals are validated based on pros and cons and through a PICK-chart diagram. Based on this methodology, a recommend proposal for further implementation is presented. The proposal is consisting of a pulling system based on the ConWIP methodology and through an interactive and visual whiteboard.After completing the work, several interesting areas were discussed, where recommendations for future work also got presented. One important aspect that became clear was the implementation of the Lean philosophy and its importance for long-term and sustainable solutions. The initially described and presented issues and sub-objectives, were clearly embraced throughout the work and fulfilled within its purpose.

Kinnarps är ett företag som tillverkar kontorsmöbler samt tillhandahåller arbetsplatslösningar för kontor och offentliga miljöer. Vid avdelningen som examensarbetet utförs på paketeras bordsben manuellt och processen bidrar till ansenliga reklamationskostnader på grund av att fel bordsben paketeras och skickas till kund. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram förbättringsförslag som reducerar risken för att bordsbensreklamationer uppstår med hjälp av produktionstekniska verktyg och metoder. För att uppnå syftet skulle flera datainsamlingsmetoder genomföras som analys av historiska data, observationer och intervjuer. Efter utförda datainsamlingsmetoder skulle en rotorsaksanalys skapas.Teori som används för att styrka metodvalen i arbetet beskrivs i den teoretiska referensramen. Arbeten inom liknande områden har även studerats i litteraturstudien. Samtliga av de arbetena kan i något avseende relatera till projektet och dess slutsatser.Den empiriska studien utfördes genom att analysera historiska data i form av föregående års reklamationskostnader, observationer enligt gemba samt intervjuer och samtal med personal på avdelningen. Reklamationskostnaderna för det föregående räkenskapsåret var cirka 723 000 SEK. Genom metoderna kunde ett Ishikawa-diagram skapas för att hitta rotorsaken till att problemet uppstår. Med Ishikawa-diagrammet tillsammans med den teoretiska referensramen och litteraturstudien kunde tre förbättringsförslag som reducerar antalet reklamationer presenteras.Samtliga förbättringsförslag har validerats angående verkningsgrad, kostnad och hur stor insats som krävs vid en eventuell implementering. Utifrån valideringen kunde förbättringsförslaget streckkodsläsare presenteras som det mest lämpliga alternativet. Vid en eventuell implementering uppskattas reklamationerna reduceras med 92% vilket motsvarar en besparing på cirka 665 000 SEK om året i form av reducerade reklamationskostnader. / Kinnarps is a company that manufactures office furniture and provides workplace solutions for offices and public environments. This project is performed at a manual workstation that packages table legs, this station is responsible for a significant amount of customer complaint costs due to wrong table legs being packaged and sent to the customers. The purpose of this project is to present suggestions for improvement that reduce the risk of packaging errors by using production tools and methods. To achieve the purpose of this project a data collection is to be performed by analyzing historical data and performing observations and interviews. After the data collection the cause of the event is to be found.Theory used to strengthen the choice of methods performed is presented in the theoretical frame of reference. Similar projects have also been studied and are presented in the literature review. The similar projects that were studied can in some way be related to this project and its conclusions.The empirical study was performed by analyzing historical data of the last years customer complaints costs, observations according to the gemba methodology, interviews and conversations with the staff. The costs of customer complaints for the last year was around 723 000 SEK. With the results of the performed methods an Ishikawa diagram was created to identify the causes of the packaging errors. The Ishikawa diagram combined with the theoretical frame of reference and literature review was used to develop three suggestions for improvement that help reduce the amount of customer complaints caused by packaging errors.All suggestions for improvement have been validated by analyzing the effectiveness, cost and the amount of work needed to implement the suggestions. The validations process resulted in a barcode scanner being the most suitable suggestion. By implementing a barcode scanner, the customer complaints could be reduced by an estimate of 92% which corresponds to saving around 665 000 SEK per year in customer complaint costs.

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The automation level of today’s industries is categorized as high. Some specific areas cannot be fully automated, such as manual assembly operations. Manual assembly stations often require high flexibility due to variation in products and product types, and some operations also require human finesse for conducting the operations. A collaborative robot is produced to facilitate for the worker during operations and tasks, which can be categorized as non-ergonomically and repetitive. The technical specification for the collaborative robots is not yet fully developed, and therefore it might be hard to create a safe work environment. Design and creation is the research strategy used for the project, much due to the aim of creating something physical. The project aims to establish a demonstrator, and introduce a collaborative robot, a UR5 for human-robot collaboration for a manual assembly operations with the ability to work reverse. The fictional workflows implemented in the demonstrator are established with influence from real manual assembly operations and parts included in an engine of a truck. The widgets identified and included in the workflows are created and 3D-printed. The main goal for the project is to establish a collaboration between the worker and the robot and create a baseline for a future safety evaluation conducted on the demonstrator. The project included identification of equipment and widgets necessary, the layout of the demonstrator, workflow establishment for both assembly and disassembly, together with the configuration of the equipment and programming of the collaborative robot. Safety standards concerning robots and collaborative robots, together with the technical specification not yet fully developed, worked as a base during the establishment of the workflow, configuration of the equipment, and programming of the robot. The established workflow can work both for assembly and disassembly. The workflow includes tasks that are performed separately, together, and simultaneous on the same workpiece. Experiments have been conducted on the established workflows, and observations conducted on the tasks performed. Aspects, such as time consumption for individual tasks, risk identification of quasi-static and transient contacts, and gripper position have been included during the observation.

In the fields of automated manufacturing, flexibility has been a long struggle for companies. This factor is profoundly dependable on the demands of the customer in the form of high-quality products, variations, and low-prices, which has a high impact on the manufacturing industry. With the help of an anthropomorphic tool, the flexibility factor in, some extend, be the answer for companies working with robotic automation manufacturing. This thesis aims to investigate what kinds of objects that can be picked and placed, with the help of an anthropomorphic tool, mounted on a collaborative, UR3 robot—thereby evaluating the potential of what an anthropomorphic tool can and cannot pick. Also, investigate pick and place operation with different geometrical shape objects. The project consists of identifying objects that are being picked and placed on a tailormade kitting box located on a conveyor belt. With help from the next station regarding what kinds of objects that are being delivered, a kitting box was designed and created. Stands could then be created for the kitting box and the objects. This was performed with the help of the software Creo Parametric, which was then 3D-printed. A shelf was created to successfully pick objects from, and thereby placing objects into the kitting box. In the thesis, investigation regarding what kinds of objects the tool can pick was performed. This was conducted by picking the objects used for the thesis and everyday objects, such as duct tape, knife, and coffee cup. The experiment consisted of 15 different objects, were different grasping techniques were tested and how much force the tool used. The result of the station as a whole has successfully been created in Assar innovation arena. The an-thropomorphic tool proved to be a concept to conquer the flexibility struggle in the form of success-fully grasping and placing different objects that have different geometrical shapes and weights. With the help of a conveyor, the whole station can also work in reverse mode, by picking objects from the kit-ting box and placing them into the stands, assembled on a shelf.

The main objective of the project is to identify, study, and understand potential improvements of the Sealing Applicators production line of Ecco Finishing/Carlisle Fluid Technologies Company. The ergonomic cases in the plant, established as working postures, will be analysed using manual methods and virtual simulation tools. The analyses will be based on the measurements and depth of the data that is compiled during the visits to the plant. The software used to perform the ergonomic simulations, Siemens Jack 9.0, also has its limitations for each working posture of the production line, as some data for building the postures is missing due to limitations of the measurement taking process. The final result of the project is set of data that includes a solution implementation of the working postures analysed, also developed with simulations in Siemens Jack 9.0, of the production line, that could improve daily working life of the workers in the plant as well as management of the company. The project results reveal a need to add as well as alter elements of the workstation to make sure that the posture the user performs when working adheres to ergonomic principles.

Nolato Gota är ett företag som verkar inom plasttillverkningsindustrin, är baserade i Götene och har kunder såsom Volvo Cars, Scania lastvagnar och Husqvarna. Företaget har 93 maskinceller som kräver en manuell paketeringsprocess som utförs av operatörer, således överväger Nolato Gota att automatisera processen. Visionen är att lösa det manuella arbetet med hjälp av befintliga robotar. Syftet med examensarbetet är att göra en förstudie på en specifik maskincell för att se i vilken grad operatörernas arbete är kopplat till värdeadderande arbete, slöseri och standardiserat arbete samt hur det skulle påverkas av en automatisering.Genom att utföra tids-och frekvensstudier kunde operatörernas arbete analyseras och kartläggas, vilket gjorde att ett nuvarande tillstånd av den fysiska maskincellen kunde tolkas. En simulering skapades för att möjliggöra en enklare jämförelse mellan den fysiska maskincellen och hur det skulle blivit om Nolato Gota automatiserade maskincellen.I resultatet presenteras all datainsamling och visar hur operatörens arbetsmoment förhåller sig till slöseri, 5S, ergonomi och huruvida ett standardiserat arbetssätt fullföljs, vilket skapar det nuvarande tillståndet. Jämförelsen mellan simuleringen och det nuvarande tillståndet visar vad effekten av en automatisering blir. Resultatet av att automatisera pekar bland annat på att arbetskraften, slöseri och ledtiden skulle reduceras.Den presenterade simuleringen visar att det är möjligt för den befintliga roboten att utföra paketeringsprocessen inom det krävda tidsintervallet. Eftersom många av deras befintliga maskinceller har robotar och det manuella arbetet är snarlikt så möjliggör det goda förutsättningar till att automatisera. Nolato Gota skulle fördelaktigt främjas av att automatisera. / Nolato Gota is a company who acts in plastic manufacturing industry, is based in Götene and has customers such as Volvo Cars, Scania lastvagnar and Husqvarna. The company has 93 machine cells that require a manual packaging process performed by operators, which makes Nolato Gota consider an automated processes. The company’s vision is to solve the manual labor using existing robots. The purpose of the degree project is to do a pilot study on a specific machine cell to see the extent to which the operators' work is linked to value-adding work, waste and standardized work as well as how an automation would affect it.By conducting time and frequency studies, the labor of the operators could be analyzed and mapped, which was made in order to interpret the current state of the physical machine cell. A simulation was created to allow for a simpler comparison between the physical machine cell and how it would become if Nolato Gota automated it.The results present all data collections and show how the operators labor relate to waste, 5S, ergonomics and whether a standardized working method is carried out, which creates the current state. The comparison between the simulation and the current state shows what the efficiency of an automation will be. The result of automating indicates, among other things, that the workforce, waste and lead time would be reduced.The presented simulation shows that it is possible for the existing robot to perform the packaging process within the required time interval. Many of their existing machine cells have robots, and the manual labor is similar, which makes good conditions for automation. There would be a great advantage for Nolato Gota to automate.

Due to the globalization in society, modern habits are having a huge impact on the increment of possible issues that the digestive system may have. Sweden, like many other countries, is dealing with a large demand for endoscopies from people who require an exhaustive control of their issues or who want to prevent a possible intestinal problem. That is why the waiting time for the patients to have an endoscopy is usually too long.When talking about healthcare, it is important to have into account that the subject to process is people and not products. Testing different solutions in order to reduce the waiting list can be complicated because it is necessary to be careful with the process and be sure that what is done is going to work. Due to the difficulty and the risk of making changes while the system is working, the best solution is the use of Discrete Event Simulation (DES), as is it proved to be helpful in the healthcare ambit.One of the key tasks of this project was to analyze the flow of patients and workers in GHP Stockholm Gastro Center. That step provided enough information to have a global understanding of the system and the processes to develop a conceptual model to simulate. Once the translated model was verified and validated, the managers and employees perspectives and bottleneck analysis of the simulation model were taken into account for the elaboration of the different what-if scenarios. The resulting proposed scenarios were tested and a comparison among the results of the translated current state model and the results of the what-if scenarios was done. After that, the possible improvements that could be done in the system were discussed and reported at the end of this project.As a general conclusion, this project shows the potential of discrete event simulation as a tool to help the decision-makers to improve the system and reach their goals. Related to that, being capable of testing new scenarios without disturbing the current behaviour of the system is safer for the clients and also saves resources, time and costs. The conclusions after testing the different what-if scenarios were that the management of the cancellations, the addition of the number of available instruments and to limit as minimum the steps of the procedures that increment the occupation time of the room are a good way to achieve the clinic aim of reducing the waiting time for the patients to have an appointment if implemented together. Nevertheless, the addition of an operational room to process the patients with the largest waiting time is the easier way to improve the system and accomplish the goal.

Simulation is becoming more important nowadays, where there is a need for developing or improving projects more efficiently without taking any economic risk. Jernbro Industrial Services AB in Skövde is specialized in Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) production, and so far, they have been calculating the optimal number of AGVs of a system by using Excel. However, they want to go a step further and include simulation in their projects to obtain this data more accurately and efficiently and update their working procedures. In this thesis, former articles and researches have been studied to acquire knowledge in previous works related to the calculation of the optimal number of AGVs. A market survey has been conducted to find the best software simulation tool in the market for AGVs, by analysing the main features of each software. Although many software satisfies the requirements, FlexSim is the tool that has been chosen, as it provides good results in a user-friendly way. Therefore, in order to validate whether simulation provides accurate and interesting data for the company, an already existing model has been simulated to compare the new results with the former ones calculated with Excel. After discussing the results and the issues that have been confronted during the project, it has been found that the optimal number of AGVs in the system is 3 but, in view of security and the unpredictable behaviour of AGVs systems, 4 is the number considered as the best solution for the model. Moreover, all the benefits of simulation are presented as a solution for future projects the company develops.