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Parenting is as old as mankind and all people relate to it in one way or another. It is widely portrayed in a variety of media, from popular culture to scientific texts. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to investigate parenting, based on how it is constructed and legitimized in two popular science books for parents. In doing so, the study aims to create a wider understanding of contemporary ideas and ideals about parenting. The material used consist of two popular science books about parenting, chosen for their popularity, scientific knowledge claim and that they are aimed both at parents and professionals. The first book is Vad alla föräldrar borde få veta (2019) by Swedish authors Kajsa Lönn Rhodin and Maria Lalouni and the second one is Förstå ditt barns hjärna (2019) by American authors Daniel J. Siegel and Tina Payne Bryson. The material has been analyzed through qualitative content analysis and within a framework of late modern theory, based on the work of sociologists Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck and Elizabeth Beck-Gernsheim. The study finds that the parenting ideals presented in the books are highly characterized by individualization. It finds that parenting is constructed in relation to different risks, consisting of mental and physical illness in the child's adult life. The parenting ideal is legitimized by being presented as a protection against these risks. To succeed with parenthood, certain competences appear as desirable. These consist of different psychological methods, usually reserved for professionals, as well as techniques for talking to children, which the parents are encouraged to learn. This requires a lot of self-regulation and self-awareness from the parent. One of the most important tasks that parenting aims for is creating a child fit for the demanding life of modern society. The parent is portrayed as a social engineer with the ability to promote what appears to be important personality traits, such as being self-reflexive, autonomous and constantly striving to develop. The study also finds that the relationship between the parent and the child builds on the idea of the pure relationship, which is based on love and democracy. Through understanding of human evolution and biology, the parent is expected to interpret and if necessary counteract, impulses that are not desirable in a modern society. Throughout the books, the authors construct middle class families as the norm and are in lack of a structural perspective. This results in responsibility being put solely on the parent.

The late 20th century attempts at the professionalization of translation as a modern system – with professional associations as its organizing institutions – have been accompanied by the ‘need’ to codify and regulate ethical issues. The purpose of this process of ‘professionalization’ and, by extension, ethics codification as a part of that process, is to reduce doubt and uncertainty between the different agents involved in the translation occupation, on the one hand, and impose the translator’s recognition, on the other hand – as we learn from the sociology of professions. Within this context, a number of translator associations have created codes of ethics , adopting a deontological approach based on a priori principles. Precise solutions have been proposed in these documents to respond to the ethical issues that arise in translation. This thesis argues that these solutions are problematic as they may not only ignore the complex nature of ethical encounters but may also impact on the translator’s empowerment. The study demonstrates how codes of ethics – supposedly one of the traits of professionalism, which is equated with symbolic recognition and self-control of one’s occupation in the sociology of professions – may be internal sites where a low status of the translator is reinforced and an external control is discerned. Also, the thesis shows how in the name of ethics, these documents may be sites where ‘ethics’ function as ideologies of alienation and where the translator’s ethics per se are neutralized. It also examines how codes may impact on those beyond the circle of translation, as a consequence. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s and Zygmunt Bauman’s sociologies, the current project investigates the codes/charter of ethics of a selection of national/provincial and international associations, in addition to the UNESCO Nairobi Recommendation, in order to find out how they impact on the translator's capital and moral self. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s notion of Epimeleia Heautou (self-care) and transformative learning theory, the study proposes alternative ethics to the current codes of ethics.

This master thesis is dealing with topic of citizen's involvement and civic participation in context of professionalized civil society organizations 's activities. The work is based on theoretical concepts of political and civic participation. Subsequently, civic participation and citizen's involvement is seen in the sense of civic activities carried out within or through civil society organizations and they include various forms in which citizens participate in public life, usually without financial reward. The paper also presents the concepts of professionalization that frame the subsequent reflection on the nature and potential of civic participation and citizen's involvement into activities of professionalized civil society organizations. The main part is a qualitative research whose aim is to describe and understand, from perspective of professionalized organization's representatives, how and why there is public participation within or through activities of the organization and what are the preferred forms and barriers of involvement and civic participation. Analysis of data obtained through in- depth interviews with representatives of professionalized civil society organizations, are discussed in the conclusion in relation to the research questions and theoretical basis Key words Civic...

The objective of this thesis is to explain terms professionalization and deprofessionalization and their understanding in the context of journalism and technological advancements of the 21st century. The first section of the thesis shows theoretical ideas connected to the influence of new technology on journalists and includes definitions of basic terms, which are used in the thesis. The theoretical section also includes the basics from the history of journalism, which enable us to understand the context of this issue. The research section offers the analysis of how amateur footage is used by two TV stations, Česká televize and Prima television. By using a quantitative content analysis and a standardized survey, the thesis analyses individual types and sources of amateur footage, which are used in both TV stations. The methodological section is there to help us understand the realization of the research. The section includes a part where research questions are asked and the hypothesis is formulated. The conclusion then answers these questions and summarizes the knowledge gained from the research.

Earlier research has claimed that the British officer corps did not go through professionalization until the emergence of institutionalized education for military officers in the 19th century. This study argues that British officers in service of the East India Company in India showed signs of professionalization before 1800, contrary to earlier claims. The theoretical framework is composed in many respects by opposite roles of the officer, representing the pre-paradigm ideal of “the fighting man” and the post-paradigm role of the professional and bureaucrat. By processing letters, official documents and accounts on armed conflicts in India using digital methods, verbs performed by military officers have been extracted, categorized and analysed to find patterns in their actions. From these patterns conclusions have been drawn about the different roles of the officer, and how they relate to officers as fighting men as well as professionals. The results show that officers had roles regarding movement, employment, subordination, independence, non-military roles regarding military law and diplomacy, being gentlemen, advancement, skill and showed significant indications of the a priori roles of fighting men, bureaucrats and professionals.

Professionaliseringen av socialt arbete påbörjades i mitten av 1900-talet och har bland annat medfört en akademisk utbildning och forskning inom området. Professionaliseringen är fortgående och de senaste årtiondena har diskussionen om ett införande av en socionomlegitimation pågått och det är därför av intresse att undersöka socionomstudenters syn på professionalisering och socionomlegitimation. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur socionomstudenter ser på professionaliseringen inom socialt arbete och en yrkeslegitimation för socionomer. Följande forskningsfrågor har legat till grund för studien: Hur skattar socionomstuderande på professionalisering av socialt arbete och socionomlegitimation?  På vilket sätt påverkar kön, ålder, tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter och längd på genomförd utbildning attityden gentemot socionomlegitimation och professionalisering?    Studien har haft en kvantitativ forskningsansats och enkät har använts som datainsamlingsmetod. Enkäten skickades ut till alla socionomstudenter på Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping. Resultatet analyserades i SPSS 28.0 och visade att socionomstudenter är positiva till professionaliseringen inom socialt arbete och en socionomlegitimation. En viktig slutsats som framkommer är att professionaliseringen är obalanserad. Det innebär att områden inom det sociala arbetet är olika professionaliserade, exempelvis har hälso- och sjukvårdskuratorer fått möjligheten till en legitimation medan en allmän socionomlegitimation avslås. Obalansen driver utveckling av socialt arbete framåt genom att professioner konkurrerar med varandra och i den aktuella studien ses obalansen som positiv. En annan slutsats är att socionomstudenternas attityder är viktiga för den fortsatta professionaliseringen av socialt arbete. / At the beginning of the 20th century, the professionalization of social work began and contributed, among other things, to academic education and research in social work. The professionalization is continuous, and a discussion about the imposition of legitimation in social work has lasted for several decades. Thus, it is interesting to learn what students in social work think about professionalization and legitimation in social work. The study aims to examine how students in social work view professionalization and legitimation in social work. The following research questions formed the study's basis: How do social work students view professionalization in social work and legitimation in social work? How do gender, age, previous work experience, and length of completed education affect the attitudes towards legitimation in social work and professionalization?   The study used a quantitative research approach, and a survey was used to collect data. The survey was sent out to all students in social work at the School of Health and Welfare in Jönköping. The results were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and showed that the students in social work are positive towards professionalization and legitimation in social work. An important conclusion is that professionalization is unbalanced. This means that areas within social work are not evenly professionalized. For example, counselors in health care have a legitimation, while the proposal for legitimation in social work is denied. The imbalance drives the development of social work through competition between professions, and in this study, we view the imbalance as positive. Another conclusion is that students' attitudes in social work are essential for continuing professionalization in social work.

During last couple of decades, the paid child care has become one of the central issues of feminist research. The agencies mediating child care are relatively the new actor in child care arrangements in the Czech Republic. This MA thesis argues that they not only fill the gap in the market by offering a child care. Above all, far from providing the simple supply that reacts to the demand on the market, the agencies create the demand for specific care. Drawing upon qualitative research conducted with owners of these agencies, the text looks into the ways how the child care is constructed. The analysis consists of two parts. In the first one the agencies are understood as expert systems generating specific trust. In the second part, the issues of qualified, specialized, and professionalized care are discussed. The thesis aims at showing that child care in the agencies is deconstructed as a natural female activity and is reconstructed as a gendered activity requiring particular skills that are submitted to professional screening.

Synopsis Professionalization of non-profit organizations means basically hiring of paid staff . Maternity centre is social space especially for mothers and their children, that rely mainly on mothers' voluntary work and is based on non-professional rather than professional principle. This case study reflects situation in which non-professional, amateur work is being replaced by hiring of paid staff and paid attention especially to an impact on internal organization's atmosphere and position of the main participants of maternity centre - mothers. The situational analysis is a partial goal of this thesis, served as a basic step not only for strategic planning but mostly for considering of accessing to professionalized organization.

The theme of this thesis is the professionalization of NGOs, which can be defined as the transformation to a formal organization with professional management. The process of professionalization consist in job creations and/or the professional management. Jobs can be filled by professionals with volunteer experience or by professionals without volunteer experience. If NGO employs professionals with volunteer experience, the character of personnel professionalization is organic, otherwise is inorganic. The main objective of this thesis is to determine the difference in process, level and consequences of organic and inorganic professionalization of nonprofit organizations. The presumption is that the organic professionalization implies less negative impact on the nonprofit organization than inorganic professionalization. In the theoretical part terms like nonprofit sector, NGOs and professionalization are defined and the theoretical background related to the character of personnel professionalization is presented there. In the empirical part - based on the methodology - is the relationship between the character of personnel professionalization and the process, level and consequences of professionalization in two researched NGOs examined.