La production documentaire en contexte professionnel entraîne généralement un processus de révision dans lequel les documents doivent être relus avant validation et publication. Cette tâche importante fait face à de nouvelles difficultés avec le numérique. En effet, trois propriétés de l'écriture numérique sont problématiques : les documents évoluent très fréquemment et ne peuvent pas être relus entièrement à chaque version ; les interactions hypertextuelles rendent la tâche laborieuse, voire impossible ; la rééditorialisation documentaire augmente le nombre de formes documentaires à relire. En tant que technologie d'écriture numérique avancée, les chaînes éditoriales XML sont un cadre pertinent pour l'étude de la relecture de documents numériques. Partant du constat que les formes documentaires qu'elles proposent, à savoir les formes génératrices (sources XML modifiables via un éditeur WYSIWYM) et les formes publiées (documents issus de la transformation des sources XML), font défaut à la relecture, nous envisageons la conception de formes documentaires dédiées à cette activité selon deux approches : la linéarisation, qui consiste à restaurer une certaine linéarité matérielle des contenus pour faciliter leur relecture exhaustive ; et la tabulation, qui vise à paralléliser, afin de mieux les comparer, les différents contextes de rééditorialisation d'un document. Une partie des propositions faites dans ce mémoire a mené à la réalisation de prototypes ayant été expérimentés dans des situations d'usage des chaînes éditoriales Scenari en contexte pédagogique. Ces prototypes s'appuient sur des formes linéaires de relecture permettant notamment la comparaison de deux versions du document en se basant sur un algorithme de différentiel. / Documentary production in a professional context often involves a revising process in which documents need to be proofread before validation and publication. This important task faces new challenges when dealing with digital documents. Indeed, three features of digital writing are problematic: documents evolve very frequently and cannot be proofread each time as a whole; interactions provided by hypertexts make the task laborious or even impossible; document repurposing increases the views of content to proofread. As an advanced digital writing technology, XML publishing chains are a relevant framework for studying proofreading of digital documents. Observing that the views of content proposed by publishing chains, namely the generative views (XML sources that can be modified through a WYSIWYM editor) and the published views (documents obtained by transformation of the XML sources), are not adapted for proofreading, we consider designing new views of content dedicated for this activity based on two approaches: linearization, which consists in restoring some material linearity among contents; and tabulation, which aims at parallelizing different repurposing contexts so that they can be better compared. Part of the contribution presented here has led to the development of prototypes that have been experimented in the use of Scenari publishing chains in a pedagogical context. These prototypes rely on linear proofreading views allowing in particular the comparison between two versions of the document based on a diff algorithm.

The diploma thesis is focused on creation of application for managing translation for content management systems. Application will help translation leader with distribution of requests for translation to translators and then to proofreader. Translation leader will be able to import needed articles from WordPress and export after translation. Editor will be able to write articles directly in application. For managing and granting access will be responsible user with administration rights.

The thesis involves computer simulation and theoretical studies of phase transition in soft-condensed matter systems and theoretical understanding of enzyme kinetics along with kinetic proofreading of tRNA-aminoacylation in biological systems. Based on the system and phenomena of interest, the work has be classified into the following four major parts: I. Surface phenomena and surface energy of vapor-liquid interface. II. Condensation of vapor in two and three dimensions. III. Liquid-solid phase transition in polydisperse systems. IV. Enzyme catalysis and kinetic proofreading in biosynthesis. Above mentioned four parts have further been divided into thirteen chapters. In the following we provide a brief chapter-wise outline of the thesis. Part I deals with surface tension and interfacial properties of vapor-liquid interface for Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid in both two and three dimensions. In Chapter 1, we provide a brief overview of vapor-liquid interface and existing theoretical and computer simulation studies of surface/line tension. In this chapter we also discuss about the existing experimental studies. In Chapter 2, we present computer simulation studies of surface tension in two dimensional Lennard-Jones system. The sensitivity of line tension on range (potential cut-off) of interparticle interaction is discussed in this chapter. We present Density Functional Theory (DFT) of line tension of vapor-liquid interface based on Weeks-Chandler-Anderson (WCA) and Barker-Hendersen (BH) perturbation techniques. We compare the DFT prediction with the computer simulation results. In general, WCA approach has been found to be successful for 3D system in predicting the surface tension. In 2D, however, it does not give good agreement either for phase diagram or for the line tension. In fact, BH also does not give accurate values of the coexistence parameters, however, it predicts better line tension compared to WCA. In Chapter 3 we present both theoretical and computer simulation studies of gas-liquid surface tension for three dimensional Lennard-Jones fluid. We perform non-equilibrium computer simulation study following Transition Matrix Monte Carlo (TMMC) method to obtain surface tension for various ranges of potential and introduce a new scaling relation of surface tension in order to capture both the temperature and interparticle interaction range dependence. The scaling shows excellent agreement with the simulation result and it can also predict the critical temperature with sufficient accuracy. The width of the gas-liquid interface is found to be insensitive to the range of the potential, whereas the density separation of the bulk vapor and liquid phases increases with increasing range of potential. Thus, the major contribution comes from the increasing density separation of the bulk vapor and liquid phases. Part II consists of four chapters, where we focus on the age old problem of nucleation, from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics. We account for the rich history of the problem in the introductory Chapter 4. In this chapter we describe various types and examples of the nucleation phenomena, and a brief account of the major theoretical approaches used so far. We begin with the most successful Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT), and then move on to more recent applications of Density Functional Theory (DFT) and other mean-field types of models. We present various experimental techniques used in the literature to obtain rate of nucleation. We conclude with a comparison between the experiments, theories and computational studies. In the next chapter (Chapter 5) we attempt to understand the mechanism of the gas-liquid nucleation in three dimension at large metastability from microscopic point of view. Here we study the nature of sequential growth of all liquid-like clusters (not just the largest cluster) at different degrees of metastability. Therefore, we have ordered the clusters according to their decreasing sizes and identified them in terms of kth largest cluster where, k = 1 denotes the largest cluster in the system, k = 2 represents the second largest and k = 3 is the third largest and so on. We have studied both the free energies and the trajectories of the liquid-like clusters in this extended set of order parameters. We further define Fkl(n) as the free energy of the kth largest cluster with size n. Classical nucleation theory provides an expression of unconditional free energy of a single cluster, F (n) (the free energy of formation of a cluster of size n), which is an intensive property of the system. The study of our conditional free energy surfaces, Fkl(n), reveals a more detailed, microscopic picture of the system’s cluster size distribution that is necessary to understand the kinetics of nucleation and growth at large metastability. The rate of nucleation shows a cross over at kinetic spinodal (the limit of metastability, ∆F1 l = 0). Below kinetic spinodal only one (largest) cluster crosses the critical size through activation whereas above this point more than one cluster grow simultaneously through barrierless diffusion. We present a theoretical analysis of the free energy of kth largest cluster based on order statistics. The theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with computer simulation results for the range of supersaturation we studied. While the previous chapter focuses on relatively well-studied nucleation mechanism in 3dimensional (3D) LJ system at large metastability, in Chapter 6 we present our studies on the characteristics of the nucleation phenomena in two dimensional Lennard-Jones fluid for different ranges of interparticle interaction. Using various Monte Carlo (MC) methods, we calculate the free energy barrier of nucleation and bulk densities of equilibrium liquid and vapor phases, and also investigate the size and shape of the critical nuclei. We find an interesting interplay between the range of interaction potential and the extent of metastability. The free energy barrier of nucleation strongly depends on the range of interaction potential. The study is carried out at an intermediate level of supersaturation (away from the kinetic spinodal limit). A surprisingly large cutoff (rc � 7.0�, where � is the diameter of LJ particles) in the truncation of the LJ potential is required to obtain converged results. A lower cutoff leads to a substantial deviation in the values of the nucleation barrier, and characteristics of the critical cluster (with respect to full range of interaction). We observe that in 2D system CNT fails to provide a reliable estimate of the free energy barrier. While it is known to slightly overestimate the nucleation barrier in 3D, it underestimates the barrier by � 50% at the saturation ratio S =1.1 (defined as S = P/Pc, where Pc is the coexistence pressure) and at the reduced temperature T � =0.427 (defined as T � = kBT/�, where � is the depth of the potential well). The reason for the marked inadequacy of the CNT in 2D can be attributed to the non-circular nature of the critical clusters. Although the shape becomes increasingly circular and the clusters become more compact with increase in cutoff radius, an appreciable non-circular nature remains even for full potential (without truncation) to make the predictions of CNT inaccurate. In Chapter 7 we report the computer simulation study of nucleation in three dimensional LJ system. At a fixed supersaturation the free energy barrier of nucleation increases with increasing range of interparticle interaction. On increasing range of intermolecular interaction, the kinetic spinodal where the mechanism of nucleation changes from activated barrier crossing to barrierless diffusion, shifts towards the deep metastable region. Both the critical cluster size and pre-critical minimum in the free energy surface of kth largest cluster shift towards the smaller size at their respective kinetic spinodal as we increase the range of potential. We find only a weak non-trivial (other than supersaturation and surface tension) contribution to the free energy barrier of nucleation. Part III consists of two chapters and focuses on the liquid-solid phase transition of polydisperse fluid. In Chapter 8 we introduce polydisperse systems and their classification based on different identities. We describe the importance and abundance of polydisperse system in nature. The theoretical modeling of different polydisperse systems and their extent of applicability have also been presented. We have discussed about the various factors which control the phase diagram and various phenomena related to the structure and phase transition. In Chapter 9 we present computer simulation study on freezing/melting of Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid at different polydispersities. The freezing/melting of polydisperse LJ fluids presents an interesting case study, because, as the polydispersity increases the energy-entropy balance becomes increasingly unfavorable for the solid to exist as a stable phase. The energy of the solid increases due to build up of strain energy because of increasing mismatch in size of the neighbors, while the entropy of the liquid increases. These two factors lead to the existence of a terminal polydispersity. We find beyond the terminal ploydispersity, δ. 0.11system remains in the disorder state even at very high pressure and low temperature. The terminal polydispersity obtained in the present study is close to the experimental value (δt. ≈ 12%). Interestingly, contrary to hard sphere polydisperse fluid, LJ fluid does not exhibit reentrant melting. The last part (Part IV) of the thesis consists of three chapters that deal with the enzyme catalysis and kinetic proofreading of tRNA-aminoacyl synthetases. In Chapter 10 we describe protein synthesis process in biological system and corresponding two processes: aminoacylation of tRNA and translation of amino acid in ribosome. Our interest is to understand the enzyme catalysis involved in aminoacylation of tRNA in the process of protein synthesis. We present the classification of 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases into two classes based on their structure and mode of binding to ATP and tRNA. We discuss all the steps involved in whole tRNA-aminoacylation process. Then we introduce kinetic proofreading during aminoacylation reaction. In Chapter 11 we theoretically analyze the single turn over and steady state reaction mechanism of two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Class I enzymes not only differ in their structure but they also differ with respect to the pre-steady kinetics compared to class II enzymes. We find that the strong binding of product to class I enzymes causes the product release step to be rate limiting step leading to the burst of product formation in pre-steady reaction. On the other hand class II enzymes do not show any burst kinetics. The present study based on time dependent probability statistics is successful in explaining all the experimental results quantitatively. In Chapter 12 we present an augmented kinetic scheme and then employ methods of time dependent probability statistics to understand the mechanism of kinetic proofreading of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IRS) which belongs to class I. We investigate that the enhanced hydrolysis of wrong substrate (Val) enables IRS to discriminate the correct substrate (Ile) and wrong substrate (Val) efficiently. It has been observed that an extra CP1 editing domain serves as an activating domain towards enhanced hydrolysis of Val. The present study is able to explain most of the existing experimental observations. In the concluding note, Chapter 13 lists a few relevant problems that may prove worthwhile to be addressed in future. In the Appendices, we present two of the techniques used in our present computer simulation and theoretical studies. Appendix A describes Grand Canonical Transition Matrix Monte Carlo (GC-TMMC) method which is employed in computer simulation studies of nucleation and surface tension. In Appendix B we present the probabilistic method of waiting time distribution computation used in enzyme catalysis and kinetic proofreading.

Successivement veuve de Berthold Rembolt et de Claude Chevallon, Charlotte Guillard hérite en 1537 du plus ancien atelier typographique français, le Soleil d'Or, dont elle conduit l'activité durant près de vingt années. Sous sa direction, l'atelier parvient à accaparer deux marchés spécifiques : textes de droit savant et ouvrages des Pères de l'Église. La thèse vise à interroger les conditions de réalisation de ce programme éditorial. On y présente les modalités matérielles de production et de commercialisation des ouvrages. On met ainsi en évidence la forte implication de la parentèle de Charlotte Guillard à tous les niveaux de la chaîne éditoriale, et la coexistence de réseaux de collaborateurs qui, en dépit de motivations intellectuelles et idéologiques parfois divergentes, parviennent à faire œuvre commune. À travers une enquête mobilisant à la fois les sources archivistiques, l'analyse matérielle des ouvrages imprimés et la lecture des préfaces et épîtres liminaires, la monographie permet d'écrire une histoire concrète de l'activité intellectuelle qui tienne compte des conditions idéologiques, sociales et économiques de sa mise en œuvre / Widow of Berthold Rembolt first, then of Claude Chevallon, Charlotte Guillard became in 1537 heiress of France's oldest typography workshop. With Charlotte Guillard at its head, the Soleil d'Or managed to monopolise two specific markets, the law texts and the works of the Church Fathers. The purpose of our thesis is to investigate the practical conditions which made these publications possible. It will highlight the material arrangements of the production and selling of those books, and focus at the people who stayed at Charlotte Guillard's side. This will allow us to demonstrate the importance of her relatives at every step of the process, and to show the coexistence of various networks of collaborators who manage to work on a common basis despite, at times, opposite intellectual and ideological motivations. Calling on manuscript archives, physical bibliography, and an analysis of the prefaces and liminary epistles, this monograph allows us to write a holistic history of the intellectual endeavour, taking into account all the ideological, social and economic conditions entering in its construction

The relationship between peer-editing and composition quality was investigated. The thirty subjects involved were 11th-grade English students randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. During a nine week period, both groups received the same assignments and teacher evaluation. The control group, which did not revise unless upon individual initiative, participated in a dramatics workshop while the experimental group used a worksheet developed by Leila Christenbury (1982) to edit and proofread each other's writing before evaluation by the teacher. Pre and post writing assignments were blind rated at the end of the experiment using the Diederich Rating Scale. Individual item scores and total scores were compared. The t-ratios proved insignificant at the .05 level. Positive student feedback, however, indicated that the procedure deserves further investigation.

Manual proofreading of product packaging is a time-consuming and uncertain process that can pose significant challenges for companies, such as scalability issues, compliance risks and high costs. This thesis work introduces a novel solution by employing advanced computer vision and machine learning methods to automate the proofreading of multiple ingredients’ lists corresponding to multiple products simultaneously within a product package. By integrating Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) techniques, this study examines the efficacy of automated proofreading in comparison to manual methods. The thesis involves analyzing product package artwork to identify ingredient lists utilizing the YOLOv5 object detection algorithm and the optical character recognition tool EasyOCR for ingredient extraction. Additionally, Python scripts are employed to extract ingredients from corresponding INCI PDF files (document that lists the standardized names of ingredients used in cosmetic products). A comprehensive comparison is then conducted to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of automated proofreading. The comparison of the extracted ingredients from the product packages and their corresponding INCI PDF files yielded a match of 12.7%. Despite the suboptimal result, insights from the study highlights the limitations of current detection and recognition algorithms when applied to complex artwork. A few examples of the insights have been that the trained YOLOv5 model cuts through sentences in the ingredient list or that EasyOCR cannot extract ingredients from vertically aligned product package images. The findings underscore the need for advancements in detection algorithms and OCR tools to effectively handle objects like product packaging designs. The study also suggests that companies, such as H&M, consider updating their artwork and INCI PDF files to align with the capabilities of current AI-driven tools. By doing so, they can enhance the efficiency and overall effectiveness of automated proofreading processes, thereby reducing errors and improving accuracy. / Manuell korrekturläsning av produktförpackningar är en tidskrävande och osäker process som kan skapa betydande utmaningar för företag, såsom skalbarhetsproblem, efterlevnadsrisker och höga kostnader. Detta examensarbete presenterar en ny lösning genom att använda avancerade metoder inom datorseende och maskininlärning för att automatisera korrekturläsningen av flera ingredienslistor som motsvarar flera produkter samtidigt inom en produktförpackning. Genom att integrera Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) och Optical Character Recognition (OCR) utreder denna studie effektiviteten av automatiserad korrekturläsning i jämförelse med manuella metoder. Avhandlingen analyserar designen av produktförpackningar för att identifiera ingredienslistor med hjälp av objektdetekteringsalgoritmen YOLOv5 och det optiska teckenigenkänningsverktyget EasyOCR för extrahera enskilda ingredienser från listorna. Utöver detta används Python-skript för att extrahera ingredienser från motsvarande INCI-PDF filer (dokument med standardiserade namn på ingredienser som används i kosmetika produkter). En omfattande jämförelse genomförs sedan för att utvärdera noggrannheten och effektiviteten hos automatiserad korrekturläsning. Jämförelsen av de extraherade ingredienserna från produktförpackningarna och deras korresponderande INCI-PDF filer gav ett matchnings resultat på 12.7%. Trots de mindre optimala resultaten belyser studien de begränsningar som finns hos de nuvarande detekterings- och teckenigenkänningsalgoritmerna när de appliceras på komplexa verk av produktförpackningar. Ett fåtal exempel på insikterna är bland annat att den tränade YOLOv5 modellen skär igenom meningar i ingredienslistan eller att EasyOCR inte kan extrahera ingredienser från stående ingredienslistor på produktförpackningsbilder. Resultaten understryker behovet av framsteg inom detekteringsalgoritmer och OCR-verktyg för att effektivt kunna hantera komplexa objekt som produktförpackningar. Studien föreslår även att företag, såsom H&M, överväger att uppdatera sina design av produktförpackningar och INCI-PDF filer för att anpassa sig till kapaciteten hos aktuella AI-drivna verktyg. Genom att utföra detta kan de förbättra både effektiviteten och den övergripande kvaliteten hos de automatiserade korrekturläsningsprocesserna, vilket minskar fel och ökar noggrannheten.