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The aim of this study is to analyse the translation strategies used in order to translate a socio-political text from French to Swedish with focus on proper names and metaphors. Proper names and metaphors are deeply culture rooted and containers of specific elements familiar only to an initiated audience. The main purpose is to investigate the possibility of transferring these underlying elements from one culture to another, keeping in mind the genre, the aim (or skopos), the Interpretive Theory of Translation and the pragmatic aspect. Vinay and Darbelnet and Rune Ingo offered the methods for the translation of proper names. The most common strategy used was transfer or literal translation, in certain cases followed by a complementary information, and equivalence. The conceptual theory worked as a starting point for the classification of metaphors and the strategies proposed by Peter Newmark structured the translation. With the concepts of war and family the pragmatic aspect needed to be considered more frequently than with the concept of game and the procedures of conversion of metaphor to sense and translation of metaphor by simile were used to a lager extent than that of reproducing the same image. Analysing each case one by one and applying the most suitable strategy according to context and circumstances, with respect to culture differences and sense, helped us to form a coherent unity providing a suitable ground for a cultural transfer to grow, or at least to show.

Train transportation is a vital part of the transportation system of today anddue to its safe and environmental friendly concept it will be even more impor-tant in the future. The speeds of trains have increased continuously and withhigher speeds the aerodynamic effects become even more important. One aero-dynamic effect that is of vital importance for passengers’ and track workers’safety is slipstream, i.e. the flow that is dragged by the train. Earlier ex-perimental studies have found that for high-speed passenger trains the largestslipstream velocities occur in the wake. Therefore the work in this thesis isdevoted to wake flows. First a test case, a surface-mounted cube, is simulatedto test the analysis methodology that is later applied to a train geometry, theAerodynamic Train Model (ATM). Results on both geometries are comparedwith other studies, which are either numerical or experimental. The comparisonfor the cube between simulated results and other studies is satisfactory, whiledue to a trip wire in the experiment the results for the ATM do not match.The computed flow fields are used to compute the POD and Koopman modes.For the cube this is done in two regions of the flow, one to compare with a priorpublished study Manhart & Wengle (1993) and another covering more of theflow and especially the wake of the cube. For the ATM, a region containing theimportant flow structures is identified in the wake, by looking at instantaneousand fluctuating velocities. To ensure converged POD modes two methods toinvestigate the convergence are proposed, tested and applied. Analysis of themodes enables the identification of the important flow structures. The flowtopologies of the two geometries are very different and the flow structures arealso different, but the same methodology can be applied in both cases. For thesurface-mounted cube, three groups of flow structures are found. First groupis the mean flow and then two kinds of perturbations around the mean flow.The first perturbation is at the edge of the wake, relating to the shear layerbetween the free stream and the disturbed flow. The second perturbation isinside the wake and is the convection of vortices. These groups would then betypical of the separation bubble that exists in the wake of the cube. For theATM the main flow topology consists of two counter rotating vortices. Thiscan be seen in the decomposed modes, which, except for the mean flow, almostonly contain flow structures relating to these vortices. / QC 20100518 / Gröna Tåget

A proper name is a vocabulary element of a particular language which also belongs to a respective onymic subsystem, thereby acquiring a binary character. Proper names are formed (as a secondary plan of a language) with the background of appellative vocabulary. However, in their formation and use in communication, not only are the rules of the appellative language code applied but also the rules specific to proper names. Two opposing but interrelated tendencies are typical of the position of proper names – a continuous interaction of proper names with other vocabulary and the whole language system and, simultaneously, a continuous polarisation of the category of proper names in relation to appellatives. The interaction of proper names with other vocabulary relates to the ongoing processes of onymisation (appellative % proprium) and apellativisation (proprium % appellative) with the openness of onymy (the social, historical, cultural as well as the political dimensions of proper names present a wide range of possibilities for, e. g. the adoption of exonyms) but, above all, it relates to the social needs of ordinary communication. The polarisation of proper names in relation to appellatives is, hence, conditioned by the special character of onymic nomination. From this binary interrelationship of proper names follows the binary status of the category nomen proprium, i. e. linguistic status and onomastic status. In the analysis of proper names and from the methodological standpoint in onomastics, I consider this to be fundamental. That is why, after the older characterisation of onomastics, I have extended the definition of the linguistic status of proper names as defined by Kuryłowicz (La position linguistique du nom propre, 1956) to linguistic and onomastic status (Blanár 1976, 1977 ). These terms will be discussed later.

In this article the author recommends a hierarchically structured data base, called MemoMaster, as a mighty tool to replace traditional card indexes in the preparatory stage of onomastic research. Referring to Karlheinz Hengst’s exemplary monograph on place names in the South-West of Saxony, he demonstrates how MemoMaster enables the scholar to store and structure information in folders, subfolders, and “memos“ to be utilized in a manuscript later on. His explanation is supported by two screenshots.

Die intensive Ortsnamenforschung der vergangenen 50 Jahre hat dazu geführt, dass auch der Name Leipzigs heute in einem etwas veränderten Licht gegenüber den Darlegungen in Band 8 der Schriftenreihe „Deutsch- Slawische Forschungen zur Namenkunde und Siedlungsgeschichte“ von 1960 erscheint. Insbesondere ergaben sich neue Aspekte durch die Sprachkontaktforschung / Kontaktonomastik seit den 1980er Jahren. So bleibt zwar die Deutung des Namens Leipzig – alt *Lipsk(o) – zu dem aso. Appellativ lipa ,Linde‘ unangefochten, doch handelt es sich bei den diesbezüglichen Namenbelegen offensichtlich um die hochmittelalterliche Umdeutung eines älteren Vorgängernamens mit einer anderen Grundlage. Die genauere Überprüfung der Gesamtüberlieferung führte dazu, die abweichenden Erstbelege bei Thietmar von Merseburg und den frühesten anderen Bezeugungen in Urkunden und Annalen kritischer zu bewerten.

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« La représentation et l’assistance du plaideur en justice » constitue un sujet classique, mais plus que jamais contemporain. Face à la crise de la justice civile, mais aussi devant son évolution rapide, les choix de politique législative actuels font preuve d’une volonté de renforcer la représentation obligatoire par avocat. Bien que la représentation et l’assistance du plaideur en justice soient utilisées quotidiennement, leur définition et leur finalité en procédure civile restent obscures. Qu’est-ce que « la représentation et l’assistance du plaideur en justice » ? À quoi sert « la représentation et l’assistance du plaideur en justice » ? Notre étude tend à la résolution de ce double problème. À cette fin, nous examinons la nature et la fonction de la représentation et de l’assistance du plaideur en justice. Quant à leur nature, il convient d’analyser leurs composantes conventionnelle et institutionnelle comportant leurs réalités intérieures et extérieures qui les définissent en droit. Quant à leur fonction, il faut approfondir leurs finalités d’intérêt privé et d’intérêt général visant respectivement la protection des droits fondamentaux du plaideur et la bonne administration de la justice. Cette étude permet d’apporter une définition de la représentation et de l’assistance du plaideur en justice, de leur restituer toute leur valeur en procédure civile au regard de leur finalité, de fournir des réponses aux problématiques rencontrées dans la pratique juridictionnelle et d’enrichir la réflexion sur l’avenir de la procédure civile. Elle aboutit à des propositions sur une réforme de la procédure civile fondée sur la représentation à l’instance par avocat. / "Legal representation and legal assistance of litigant" is a classic topic, more than ever contemporary, though. In front of civil justice crisis and its rapid evolution, current legislative choices show a willingness to strenghten legal representation by lawyer. Despite the use of legal representation and legal assistance of litigant on a daily basis, their definition and finality remain obscure. What is "legal representation and legal assistance of litigant" ? Which is the purpose of "legal representation and legal assistance of litigant" ? This study tends to solve this double question by examining the nature and the function of legal representation and legal assistance of litigant. As for their nature, it is their conventional and institutional components including their internal and external realities that contibute to their legal definition, that must be analysed. As for their function, it is necessary to delve into their private and general interest aims that respectively tend to protect the fundamental rights of the litigant and the proper administration of justice. This study permits a definition of legal representation and legal assistance of litigant, restores their value in civil procedure with regard to their purpose, provides answers to the judicial practice problems and permits to enrich the reflection on civil procedure’s futur. It leads to proposals for a reform of the civil procedure based on legal representation by lawyer.

Nous avons développé et mis à l’épreuve des activités utilisant un registre basé sur des diagrammes lors de l’enseignement de la théorie de la relativité restreinte avec des élèves de terminale S. L’approche graphique est source de difficultés didactiques mais les potentialités didactiques peuvent être plus avantageuses. Une étude épistémologique sur les diagrammes utilisables en relativité restreinte permet de voir les liens importants entre les mathématiques et la genèse de la théorie. C’est le cas du diagramme de Minkowski. Nous avons également étudié les diagrammes de Brehme et de Loedel, créés beaucoup plus tard pour des raisons didactiques. Après les séances pilotes, nous avons développé un nouveau cadre théorique, permettant d’analyser plus finement les interactions développées par les élèves résolvant un problème utilisant des diagrammes en relativité restreinte. Nous avons modifié les espaces de travail mathématique (ETM) en rajoutant le cadre de rationalité de la physique à celui des mathématiques. Le cadre des ETM étendu nous a permis de concevoir plusieurs versions de séquences et de réaliser une analyse a priori de leur niveau de difficulté et a posteriori en étudiant des travaux d’élèves. L’analyse du travail de groupes d’élèves a été effectuée lors d’une séquence utilisant le diagramme de Minkowski avec GeoGebra, un logiciel de simulation graphique. Le degré de maitrise du diagramme de Minkowski a été évalué pour chaque élève du point de vue des mathématiques et de la physique. Les résultats sont prometteurs, ils montrent une appropriation réelle des concepts de la théorie de la relativité restreinte via une approche utilisant des diagrammes. / We tried to develop and test several activities using a register based on diagrams for teaching the special theory of relativity to S class of twelfth graders. The graphic approach may result it complications in learning. However, its educational potential can turn out to be more beneficial. An epistemological study on diagrams used in special relativity allowed us to report important links between mathematics and the genesis of the special theory of relativity. This is the case of the Minkowski diagram. We were also interested in two other diagrams, Brehme and Loedel, which were developed much more later for teaching purposes. Following experimental sessions, we developed a new theoretical frame to comprehensively analyse the interactions developed by students to solve a problem using diagrams in special relativity. We modified the mathematical working spaces (MWS) by adding a new frame of rationality to the existing mathematic workspace to physics. The extended frame of the MWS allowed us to plan several versions of sequences proposed to the students and realize a priori analysis of their difficulty level and a posteriori study by analysing pupils' works. We have considered several works of student groups during a sequence using the Minkowski diagram with GeoGebra, a graphic simulation software. It allowed us to estimate the degree of control of the Minkowski diagram for every student, both from the frame of rationality of the mathematics and the physical sciences’ point of view. The results are promising and they tend to show a real appropriation of the concepts of the special theory of relativity with an approach using diagrams.

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