Chapter 1 Introduction In his budget speech of23 February 2000 the minister of finance Mr Trevor Manuel announced the introduction of Capital Gains Tax (CGT) in South Africa. Internationally, the idea of such tax is uncommon, with many ofour trading partners having implemented CGT decades ago. In order to give effect on the proposal relating to CGT, an Eighth Schedule has been added to the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. The Eighth Schedule determines a taxable gain or loss and a new section 26A of the principal Act provides that the taxable gain is included in taxable income. The date from which capital gains tax started was 1 October 2001. Chapter 2 The transfer ofprimary residence from private individuals The Department of Inland Revenue makes a distinction between what it calls Property Investors and Property Traders. This is a very important distinction; A Property Investor will be liable to pay Income Tax , on rental income and Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on profits made when selling the property in the normal way, however, a Property Dealer (also known as a trader) will find that all his or her profits made on the sale of a property are taxed as Income Tax and not taxed as Capital Gains. So, the key to deciding your tax minimising strategy is figure out whether you will be treated as a dealer or an investor. The Eighth Schedule to th~ Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 provides that only natural persons (individuals) are entitled to exclude the first R1 million of gains on disposal of their primary residences. Chapter 3 & 4 The transfer of primary residence from Trusts, Companies and Close Corporations Many individuals have historically purchased their residence in companies for a variety of reasons, including protection from creditors, avoidance of transfer duty and estate duty and circumvention of the repealed Group Areas Act. These persons now face a potential Capital Gains Tax (CGT) liability when their company, close corporation or trust disposes of the residence. ~ The Eighth Schedule to the Income Tax Act 2004 provides that only natural persons (individuals) and special trusts are entitled to exclude the first R1 million of gains on disposal of their primary residence. This exclusion does not apply where a company, close corporation or trust owns the residence. Chapter 5 Transfer Duty A system whereby conveyancers will be able to lodge transfer duty declarations and make payments electronically via the internet will become operational during April 2005. Conveyancers will be ab, le to lodge the declarations by transferors (sellers) and transferees (purchasers) to SARS branches electronically and simultaneously make payments to designated SARS bank accounts. SARS will verify the duty calculations and authorizes the issue of a transfer duty receipt. Conveyancers wishing to make use of ev filing should register as e-filers by visiting the e-Commerce section of the SARS website. Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-13) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1978. / Title from title page screen, viewed Jan. 7, 2005. Dissertation Committee: G. Alan Hickrod (chair), Ben C. Hubbard, Clayton Thomas, Vernon C. Pohlmann, G.S. Laumas. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-82) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1937. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves 139-144.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / LeiLei Shen / This paper aims to examine the effect of property taxes on selling prices in China’s real estate market. I collect the data in China’s 35 major cities before and after the property tax has been implemented, and estimate the effects of property taxes using the Differences-in-Differences method. I find that the effect of property taxes in Shanghai and Chongqing does not lead to lower house prices in these two cities.

The Real Property Tax requires a major outlay of funds by most property and non-property owners. Property owners are directly affected by the tax, in that they pay the taxes to the taxing authorities, while the non-property owners are indirectly affected as the property tax paid by the owners is reflected in the rents which the non-property owners pay. Because of the magnitude of the property tax as a proportion of the property owners net income or disposable income, the individuals right or obligation of an equal portion of the tax burden should be upheld. The portion of the total tax burden for which a property taxpayer is responsible, is determined by the "actual value" of his real property, subject to legislative exemptions and reliefs. To ascertain the degree of the equality of the tax burden a sample of 1632 properties was obtained consisting of seven different land uses from eight-municipalities located within the Greater Vancouver area. For each property in the sample the adjusted selling price, assessed value of land and improvements for municipal and school purposes, and the net taxes payable were obtained. To furnish the reader with some insight as to the causes of possible tax inequalities between municipalities, land uses, or price categories within municipalities, calculations measuring the degree of assessment uniformity and equality were executed. The findings of this thesis give evidence that the tax burden between municipalities, land uses and price categories within municipalities are not equally distributed as the concept of equality was defined. Further, it was discovered that these inequalities were, in part, due to the occurrance of unacceptable levels of assessment inequality and ununiformity. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This paper discusses in its first section fiscal decentralization and in detail describes reform steps in Slovak republic and allocation of income from taxes between budgets of government and local governments. Second part compares Act on property tax Law No. 317/1992 Coll. and Act on local taxes No. 582/2004 Coll. Main part of chapter is focused on analysis of economy situation of chosen cities and competences, which cities used in period 2006 -- 2011. Third part review this conclusions and analysis cities' behavior.

This study examines the assumption that property is assessed uniformly from district to district in Arkansas.

This paper gives some theoretical instructions of China’s property tax reform which include the reform of land lease system, the design of tax base, tax rates and tax relief, and also provides some interesting property tax proposals for Shanghai and estimates the effects of property tax reform on residence price.This paper selects a case study of Shanghai which can provide useful methods or findings to other cases characterized by similar traits and situations. Through observation and analysis of documentary evidence, the new average residence price and the prices of residences which locate around the inner ring road and the outer ring road are estimated. Moreover, this study uses asset pricing theory, partial equilibrium theory and quantitative simulation analysis to explore the impact of property tax reform on the residence price under the combinations of varied property tax rates, discount rates and tax base. The paper also uses comparative analysis in lots of areas. The data is gathering from National Bureau of Statistics, local bureaus of statistics, World Band, several valuation firms, international and local theses.The author provides 4 proposals of Shanghai. After the simulation analysis, the first proposal is seen as the most mildly proposal with low property rates and small tax base. The total residence value decreases about 4.92 percent of the original value after the property tax reform. The second proposal use graduated property tax rates corresponding to different property value, which may have greater fairness and equality but lower efficiency. The third proposal targets at gaining more tax revenue from villa and luxury apartments and adjusts the poverty gap. The sales price after property tax decreases around 10 percent. The fourth proposal provides the idea that property tax rates can be set according to the location of administrative areas. In the future study, a case study of a certain city combined with precise empirical observations and statistics data is a good direction. Moreover, this study only introduces a simple model and some indicators which affect the house price. However, how to narrow down the indicators and to use an effective model and to use property tax as an effective indicator to affect residence price is the next step.

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