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The diploma thesis deals with the issue of real estate taxation in Slovakia. The aim of the thesis is to explain how real estate taxation in Slovakia is taking place, how real estate tax has contributed to tax revenues and what changes occurred after the introduction of fiscal decentralization in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. Subsequently, the work focuses on the application of the property tax to the selected municipality. To achieve the goals, work is divided into four chapters. The first two chapters are devoted to public administration in Slovakia and fiscal decentralization. The third chapter focuses on the history of property tax in the world and in Slovakia. The last fourth chapter presents the impact of the real estate tax on the tax revenues of the capital Bratislava.

Tax uncertainty is often claimed to be harmful for investments. Capital taxes, such as property and wealth taxes, are particularly exposed to tax uncertainty. Capital tax un- certainty emerges from expected tax reforms, the unclear outcome of future tax audits, and simplified estimates of capital tax bases in investment models. Uncertain returns on investment as well as stochastic taxation contribute to overall uncertainty and may significantly affect investment decisions. Hitherto, it is unknown how capital tax uncertainty affects investment timing. However, it is well known that both uncertainty and capital tax may be harmful for investment and decelerate investment activities. We are the first to study the investment timing effects of stochastic capital taxes in a real options setting with risky investment opportunities. Our results indicate that even risk neutral investors are sensitive with respect to capital tax risk and may react in a surprising manner to a newly introduced stochastic capital tax. As an apparently paradoxical investment e¤ect, we find that increased capital tax uncertainty can accelerate risky investment if such uncertainty is such ciently low compared to cash flow uncertainty. In contrast, high capital tax risk delays high-risk innovative investment projects. To reduce unintended consequences of uncertain tax policy, tax legislators and tax authorities should avoid high levels of cap- ital tax uncertainty. Broadening the capital tax base or increasing the capital tax rate induces ambiguous timing effects. Furthermore, high-growth investments are likely to be postponed if they experience a capital tax cut. Since investment reactions upon tax reforms are well-known to affect income and wealth distribution, reliable estimations of the impact of taxes on economic decisions are necessary. (authors' abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

It is important to distinguish between types of commercial and residential property for value-added tax (VAT) purposes. The reason for this is because the supply of residential property may be exempt from VAT in certain cases, whereas the supply of commercial property is a taxable supply. One of the aims of this treatise was to generate some characteristics that can assist vendors to distinguish between types of commercial and residential property for VAT purposes. SARS proposed numerous changes to the VAT Act with regards to fixed property in 2011. This treatise explains the reason for the changes made and also comments on them. Firstly, property developers previously had to account for an output tax adjustment when they changed the use of their property i.e. from a taxable use (selling the completed units) to a non-taxable use (renting the completed units as a residential dwelling). This „output tax adjustment‟ sometimes places developers in a financial dilemma, especially in times of an economic depression. SARS therefore provided „developers‟ as defined with a short term solution. This short term solution provides property developers with a 36 month temporarily relief period, before they have to account for the „output tax adjustment‟. Therefore, the new section 18B was proposed to assist property developers in times of an economic recession. Secondly, in the past a vendor who acquired a property from a non-vendor to make taxable supplies was allowed a notional input tax deduction, limited to the transfer duty paid. SARS has however "delinked VAT from transfer duty‟, which means that the notional input tax deduction will no longer be limited to the transfer duty paid. This change may benefit vendors as they may now be allowed a bigger input tax deduction. Furthermore, the treatise also compares the VAT treatment of the above issues to that of the goods and services tax treatment in New Zealand. The treatise concludes with a summary of all distinguishing characteristics identified and other findings noted.

The thesis analyses the progression of property tax income during 2009 to 2015 in the chosen cities in the Czech Republic. The property taxes are divided into the tax on land and the tax on the buildings. I have chosen for my analysis some cities in the Pardubice region: Litomyšl, Lanškroun, Moravská Třebová, Vysoké Mýto, Ústí nad Orlicí and Česká Třebová. The partial aim of the work is to analyse the enforcement of the coefficients in the cities, with the impact of tax income, then to calculate the increase of income with applied coefficients.

Municipalities get the whole tax yield of the immovable property tax from properties that are situated on their cadastral territory. Due to some clauses in the immovable property law municipalities have possibility to increase earnings of municipal budget partly. In graduation theses I put mind on property tax in the past and in the present, earnings of the property tax in comparison with the member countries of the European Union and a standing of the municipalities in the Czech Republic in theoretical part, I put mind on one possibility how to increase earnings in the research part. This possibility is local coefficient. I make clear how municipalities set local coefficient, how they set range of the local coefficient in the common term and in the extra term, which was admitted like anti-crisis arrangement.

This dissertation examines the impact of homeowners' associations, an increasingly popular innovation in public service provision, on local governments and city residents. An introductory chapter (Chapter 2) outlines the increasing role of the homeowners' association in urban housing development. It overviews the history, motivation and governance of homeowners' associations in American housing markets, and it compares them to other methods of collective decision-making. As local governments have transferred public authority to these private associations, homeowners' associations can be' considered a form of residential private government. The goal of the three papers of the thesis is to examine the interactions between residential private governments, traditional local governments and city, residents. The first paper (Chapter 3) identifies the impact that homeowners' association membership has on local government expenditures. A key contribution is the construction of a thirty-year panel data set of homeowners' associations in California. Estimation results suggest that local governments have lowered their expenditures in response to the increasing membership in private governments. However, the response differs depending on the public service considered. Local governments download services that are highly substitutable by private providers, such as garbage collection and parks, but they do not download services with public good aspects, such as roads and government administration. The second paper (Chapter 4) studies property tax limitations as a motivation for why homeowners' associations have become so popular. The paper is structured in two parts. In the first part, a theoretical model examines how the decision of whether to join a homeowners' association may be altered by the imposition of a property tax limitation. In the second part, an empirical model tests the theoretical implications by using data on homeowners' associations in the era of California's Proposition 13. The third paper (Chapter 5) extends the canonical theoretical model of private government by introducing a housing market. Equilibrium is described in terms of the interaction between homeowners, the homeowners' association and the local government. The relative elasticities of housing and of public goods play a key role in interpreting the equilibrium conditions. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

As a form of tax and expenditure limitations, property tax exemptions result in an utility gap between two groups of population residing in the same community: free-riders who are paying less than they receive and contributors who are paying more than they receive. This utility gap is problematic to municipalities because contributors may exit the city as this gap becomes wider. How do municipalities respond to the increasing amount of property tax exemptions? Using 41 Texas cities data from 2000 to 2016, this dissertation examines how property tax exemptions affect municipalities' fiscal behavior. The analysis indicates that property tax exemptions lead to higher property tax burden, change municipalities' revenue structure, and lead to less capital spending.

This thesis explores several aspects of state and local governments' finances and its interaction with the real economy. The first chapter explores the question of what the fiscal position of local governments is and how the financial market assesses it. I find that a large share of municipalities operate with a negative net position-akin to a negative book equity position in the corporate context. I find that most of the decline in the fiscal position originates from the accumulation of legacy obligations, i.e. pensions and other post-employment benefits (OPEBs); this is recognized by municipal bond markets through higher credit spreads. While accounting values from the annual comprehensive financial reports are informative, they are based on book valuations which potentially convey limited information about the economic value of assets and liabilities. Thus, I turn to the market valuation of local governments' equity by estimating an stochastic discount factor that matches the valuation of a wide range of assets in the economy to prices future tax and expenditure claims. Using market prices for tax and expenditure claims, and market valuations of liability positions I find that the market values of equity are highly correlated with the book values. The negative equity position-in terms of book and market values-for some local governments suggests the presence of implicit insurance by state and federal governments. In the second chapter I utilize quasi-experimental variation in Connecticut to causally estimate the policy response of local governments and the migration response of residents to a large fiscal shock. I find that local governments adjust tax rates to maintain stable tax revenues; there is no change in public employment levels and limited adjustments of public services. The micro data on people's location further allows me to causally estimate the migration elasticity to a change in property tax rates. I find evidence of inter-state migration in response to an increase in property tax rates; and no statistically significant response of intra-state migration. Detailed property and location choice data reveal the elasticity of migration with regard to the property tax bill. An increase in the property tax bill by ten percent leads to an average increase in the migration propensity by about 1.5%. In the third chapter I explore the contribution of the local fiscal constraint channel on the local economy. I show that the observed general equilibrium response to local labor market shocks contains an economically important amplification effect through local financial constraints. At the center of the local fiscal constraint channel is the housing market. Local governments in the United States receive a median share of 63.13% of own source revenues from property taxes. I show that exogenous shocks to local labor markets affect the housing market and exerts fiscal pressure on local government finances. Local governments-on average-increase property taxes and cut amenities. Both policy responses affect the relative attractiveness of a location which amplifies the initial shock. I estimate a multiplier of 1.7x through this local financial constraint channel for employment.

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