xiii, 84 p. : maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Economic models applied in Latin America tend to prioritize economic growth heavily based on extractive industries and a power distribution model that affects social equity and respect for human rights. This thesis advances our understanding of the social, political and environmental concerns that influenced the formation of a movement among the Achuar people, in response to oil exploitation activities in the Peruvian Amazon. This study is based on a political ecology analysis and a review of existing literature on local and global relations of environmental issues. The Corrientes River case reveals how Amazonian indigenous people gained competence to demand recognition of their collective rights to health and citizenship. The Achuar people's mobilization was a result of frustration of sterile dialogue with the authorities, the oil companies, and the pressure exerted by local people on their leaders. This mobilization resulted in an agreement that otherwise would likely not have been reached. / Committee in Charge: Derrick Hindery, Chair; Anita M. Weiss; Carlos Aguirre

It has been established that porphyry copper/copper-gold deposits have formed from I Ma to 2 Ga ago. Generally, they are related to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic interval with few reported occurrences from the Palaeozoic or Precambrian. A reason cited is the erosion of these deposits which are often related to convergent plate margins and orogenic belts. Observations of the alteration and mineralisation within and around porphyry copper/copper-gold systems have been included in numerous idealised models. These alteration and mineralisation patterns are dependent on the phases of intrusion, the tectonic setting and rock type, depth of emplacement and relationship to coeval volcanics, physiochemical conditions operative within and surrounding the intrusive and many other mechanical and geochemical conditions. Island arc and cratonic arc/margin deposits are generally considered to be richer in gold than their molybdenum-rich, intra-cratonic counterparts. Metal zonation may occur around these copper/copper-gold deposits, e.g. copper in the core moving out to silver, lead, zinc and gold. This zonation is not always present and gold may occur in the core, intermediate or distal zones. Examples of gold-rich porphyry deposits from British Columbia, Chile and the SW Pacific Island regions suggest gold is closely associated with the potassic-rich zones. Generally these gold-rich zones have greater than 2% magnetite and a high oxygen fugacity is considered to be an important control for gold deposition. High Cl contents within the magma are necessary for gold mobility within the host intrusive centres. Beyond this zone HS₂ becomes an important transporting ligand. Exploration for porphyry copper-gold deposits includes an integrated geological, geophysical and geochemical approach. Petrographic work through to Landsat imagery may be used to determine the chemical conditions of the system, ore association, favourable structural zones and alteration patterns, in order to focus exploration activities.

A detailed palynological examination was made of Tertiary pollen and spore assemblages from six exploratory wells located along the continental margins of the Labrador Sea. From north to south, the study wells are Kangamiut 1, Hekja 0-71, Karlsefni A-13, Herjolf M-92, Roberval K-92 and Cartier D-70. Using local extinction events of zonally diagnostic species to define the tops of intervals, eight provisional pollen and spore zones were established. The zones and their relative ages are as follows: Tsuga igniculus (middle to late Miocene); Fagus granulata (early to middle Miocene); Parviprojectus sp. A (early Oligocene); Araliaceoipollenites megaporifer (latest Eocene/earliest Oligocene); Rhoipites latus (middle to late Eocene); Pistillipollenites mcgregorii (early to middle Eocene); Tricolpites sp. A (middle to late Paleocene); and Paraalnipollenites alterniporus (early to middle Paleocene). The middle and upper Oligocene is apparently absent in the study welIs. When used in conjunction with dinoflagellate assemblages, the zonation provides the potential for additional biostratigraphic resolution in the Tertiary marine sediments of the Labrador Sea. It is especially useful in upper Eocene and stratigraphically higher sections in which pollen and spores are the dominant component of the palynoflora: In addition, the basic similarity of pollen and spore assemblages across much of northern and western Canada suggests the zonation may also be successfully applied in those regions. The relative abundance and distribution of four major populations (i.e., Paleozoic, Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene) of redeposited palynomorphs were determined. The species composition of recycled and in-situ Paleogene palynomorphs supports independent clay mineralogical data that much of the sediment (including a high percentage of the palynomorphs) was delivered to offshore Labrador Sea basins via a "super" river system that drained a large portion of the western interior and Arctic regions of Canada during the Tertiary. The taxonomic composition of the indigenous Paleogene pollen and spore flora supports both paleontological and isotope data that relatively high paleotemperatures prevailed at high northern latitudes during the Paleogene. The climatic optimum in the Labrador Sea region was reached in the early to early-middle Eocene. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Mining has been the biggest contributor to GDP after government services since the earliest discoveries of minerals in Namibia. The mining industry has played a significant role in the social and economic development of Namibia since independence in 1990. After Namibia gained independence in 1990, the country undertook to develop enabling mining laws to govern its mining industry. Namibia’s mining industry developed relatively early, based mostly on diamonds that were discovered at the turn of the century. The country is well known for its rich biodiversity and plentiful mineral reserves. The country’s economic growth is largely dependent on the mining sector such as the exploration and processing of mineral resources for export purposes to sustain its economy. The need to establish mining laws was derived from the fact that the country’s economy relies heavily on mineral resources for national wealth. The mining industry is governed by among other laws, the Namibian Constitution, the Minerals Prospecting and Mining Act 33 of 1999, the Diamond Act 13 of 1999 and the Minerals Development Fund of Namibia, Act 19 of 1996. Additionally to the enabling legislation, in 2003, the Namibian government unveiled its minerals policy with the aim to supplement the available mining laws. The enactment of the minerals policy was aimed at boosting the potential of the mining industry of the country. The main Act which governs the mining sector in Namibia has failed to incorporate in itself laws to govern mining in protected areas. Premised on this omission, the National Policy on Prospecting and Mining in Protected Areas (NPPMPA) was born. The purpose of the NPPMPA is to regulate mining actives in protected areas. This study argues that a policy has no legal power to compel compliance with its provisions as opposed to the rule of law. The study recommends that a mature and modern legislative regime for the mining sector (in particular mining in protected areas) to provide a clear line of responsibility and accountability for both the government and mining companies is required. The government should therefore look at incorporating most of the guidelines under the NPPMPA into law to enable the government to achieve the desired environmental protection and maintenance of the ecosystem. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

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