This thesis provides the first direct comparison between – and integration of – community-based and science-based approaches to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs are one potentially effective conservation tool, but are being established very slowly. My research shows that community involvement in placing MPAs can help meet many ecological goals, although biophysical data improve the conservation value of sitings. To assess the need for MPAs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, I mapped stressors resulting from human activities. This produced a powerful rationale for MPAs: very little of the ocean, and almost none of the continental shelf of BC, lies beyond the reach of human stressors. My work helps reconcile differing perspectives about the efficacy of community-based vs. science-based MPA selection. I explored and analyzed these approaches, separately and together, in two areas in BC. First, I generated a community-based plan for MPA placement through partnerships with two First Nations (indigenous peoples) in BC. They offered strong support for spatial protection measures, and individuals nominated overlapping areas. Second, I applied a decision support tool (Marxan) to determine MPA placement under scientific precepts. Conservation planning usually lacks detailed ecological information but the Marxan approach was robust to some missing data; in such cases, it was best to use available abiotic and biotic data to ensure that both habitats and species were represented. Third, I integrated community-based and science-based approaches, to find that they verified and complemented each other. Indeed, an integration of the two was preferred by participants and also achieved all conservation objectives. Finally, I took a novel and pragmatic approach to ocean zoning. I used spatial data for thirteen commercial fisheries on Canada’s west coast to select areas where fishing should be permitted, rather than prohibiting fishing under a MPA paradigm. The results revealed that small reductions in fisheries yields, if judiciously selected, could allow creation of large unfished areas that embraced diverse biophysical regions and habitat types. Such a pragmatic approach could achieve remarkable conservation gains. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

Earlier studies have found that endangered species recovery is only weakly associated with the tools enabled by the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). With habitat loss often cited as a leading cause of species declines, we tested whether the recovery of ESA-listed species is instead associated with the protection of critical habitat (CH) by protected areas. We tested the relationship for 299 species using recovery indices derived from the biennial status reports to Congress (1990-2010), as well as NatureServe and IUCN population status data. We found no overall relationship between recovery and the extent to which CH is protected. However, restricting the analysis to recovering species, listed species with larger areas of protected (R2 = 0.158) or strictly protected (R2 = 0.194) CH fared better than species with less protected or strictly protected CH areas. Declining species (199 of 273 species studied) fared no better with more protected habitat. We conclude that the abatement of habitat loss alone does not necessarily facilitate recoveries for the majority of ESA-listed species. We also note that the weak relationships we observed in this study may be reflective of poor recovery status estimates.

Identifying the extent to which coral reef species are connected by dispersal is a fundamental challenge for developing marine conservation strategies. Many coral reef species are relatively sedentary as adults, yet have a pelagic larval phase where larvae can potentially be widely dispersed by ocean currents. This thesis focuses on the role of ocean currents in driving spatially explicit patterns of population connectivity among ecologically and commercially important coral reef species by combining research tools from population genetics, oceanography, and biophysical modeling. Despite the substantial differences among the life histories of each coral reef species in this thesis, some similarities in connectivity patterns were found among all species. The results of the kinship and genetic outlier analyses consistently found high levels of connectivity among distant populations separated by hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Despite the high levels of connectivity among distant populations, there was substantial variation in gene flow among the populations of each species. The findings of this thesis highlight the importance of international cooperation for the sustainable management of ecologically and commercially important coral reef species in the Caribbean. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis suggest that marine conservation strategies should conservatively plan for uncertainty, particularly since the many of ecological and physical drivers of connectivity among coral reef species in the Caribbean remain uncertain.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ABSTRACT: This study has as the subject the environmental education in schools located around of the protected area called Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (PARNASI), in the city of Itabaiana, state of Sergipe. Therefore, it was tried to analyze the way that the environmental dimension is worked in schools about the PARNASI. The research was performed with two schools of that area: Escola Municipal Dom José Thomaz and Escola Municipal Luiz Forest, located in the villages Rio das Pedras and Bom Jardim, respectively. The study consists of a qualitative research that focuses on the bibliographies sources related to the works of the main authors who discuss the topic of environmental education associated with protected areas in Brazil. The bibliographic research also shows the existing studies on the PARNASI in general. With documentary source research resort on the political-educational projects of the schools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers of schools, teachers and parents of the students. The analytical process is guided by forms of qualitative textual analysis which start from the choice of categories focused on the description and understanding of the main subject. The research result shows that the subjects involved in the structure and operation of the investigating schools, it still have naturalistic conceptions of environment, recursistas, systemic, humanistic and biorregionalista. Respondents recognize the importance of working in schools EA also assumed you already developed some action in this regard. Thus, environmental education initiatives developed by schools located around the PARNASI are limited to the principles beautified by the National Environmental Education Policy (PNEA). It appears, this way the necessity of continuous education programs for teachers of schools investigated enable us to the work of environmental education proposed by the rules that governing the Brazilian public policies in this sector. / Este estudo tem como objeto a educação ambiental em escolas situadas no entorno da unidade de conservação denominada Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (PARNASI), localizada no município de Itabaiana, estado de Sergipe. Para tanto, buscou-se analisar em que medida a dimensão ambiental é trabalhada nas escolas do entorno do PARNASI. A pesquisa foi realizada junto a duas escolas da referida área: Escola Municipal Dom José Thomaz e Escola Municipal Luiz Floresta, localizadas nos povoados Rio das Pedras e Bom Jardim, respectivamente. O estudo consiste em uma pesquisa qualitativa que se debruça sobre as fontes bibliográficas relacionadas às obras dos principais autores que discutem o tema da educação ambiental, associada às unidades de conservação no Brasil. A pesquisa bibliográfica apresenta também os estudos existentes sobre o PARNASI, de forma geral. Como fonte documental a pesquisa recorre aos projetos político-pedagógicos das escolas investigadas. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores das escolas, professores e representantes da comunidade. O processo analítico é guiado por formas de análise textual qualitativa que partem da escolha de categorias voltadas para a descrição e compreensão do objeto de estudo. O resultado da pesquisa revela que os sujeitos envolvidos com a estrutura e o funcionamento das escolas investigadas, ainda possuem concepções de ambiente naturalista, recursistas, sistêmica, humanista e biorregionalista. Os entrevistados reconhecerem a importância de se trabalhar a EA nas escolas, além disso, assumiram já ter desenvolvido alguma ação nesse sentido. Dessa forma, as ações de educação ambiental desenvolvidas pelas escolas situadas no entorno do PARNASI são limitadas quanto aos princípios embelecidos pela Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental (PNEA). Constata-se, assim a necessidade de que programas de formação continuada para os professores das escolas investigadas capacitem-nos para o trabalho de educação ambiental proposto pelas normas que regem as políticas públicas brasileiras desse setor.

Este estudo fornece subsídios para o manejo de parques a partir da análise de aspectos condicionantes de manejo aplicada ao Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, como: funções desempenhadas pelo parque, ameaças que atingem ou podem atingir esta unidade de conservação, componentes biofísicos e medidas que possam beneficiar a unidade. A priorização destas questões foi realizada a partir de uma investigação de sondagem, com a aplicação de questionário aos funcionários, ao pessoal da administração, aos pesquisadores e vizinhos do Parque. Os resultados sugerem que esta Unidade de Conservação seja orientada principalmente para a preservação da fauna e da floresta, para a pesquisa e a educação ambiental. Dentre as ameaças identificadas, as mais severas e com maior probabilidade de ocorrência no Parque foram: a falta de recursos financeiros e de planejamento, além daquelas relacionadas com a ocupação humana do entorno (a rodovia SP-613, os incêndios e a caça, dentre outros). Os componentes biofísicos eleitos como prioritários para o manejo e o zoneamento do parque foram: a vegetação e o habitat de espécies ameaçadas. Esta constatação reforça a necessidade de identificar e mapear as principais áreas de uso pelas espécies ameaçadas, a serem integralmente protegidas. As três principais medidas eleitas como importantes para beneficiar o parque foram: a criação de corredores de vegetação, a instalação de cercas de alambrado em trechos específicos da rodovia SP-613 e a formação de uma faixa florestal ou agroflorestal de proteção no contorno do parque. / By analyzing specific aspects which influence park management, such as functions carried out by the state, the threats that affect or may affect the conservation area, the biophysical aspects and the measures that may possibly benefit the park, this study seeks to provide elements that will aid in the management of Morro do Diabo State Park. These priorities were identified by making a brief survey. This survey was made by applying a questionnaire to park administration, other park staff, researchers and visitors to the park. Results from the survey suggest that Morro do Diabo State Park should be oriented toward the preservation of flora and fauna, research and environmental education. The most serious threats that were identified and that have the greatest probability of occurring within the park were lack of financial resources, planning and effects of human settlements on the edge of the park, such as fires, hunting and the SP-613 highway which passes through the park. Vegetation and the habitats of threatened species were chosen as the priorities for park zoning and management. The identification of these priorities reinforces the need to identify and map the principal home ranges of the threatened species that require total protection. The creation of the ocorridors that connect the park to the forest fragments in the region, the installation of chain link fences along specific treks of highway SP-613 and the planting of both forest and agro forest stretches that serve to protect the park borders were elected as the three measures that have been considered of greatest benefit to the park.

O presente trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual as formas de conservação da natureza são questionadas. Diversas alternativas de manejo dos recursos naturais com a participação comunitária são apontadas principalmente através da formatação de parcerias junto à sociedade civil organizada na forma de Organizações Não –Governamentais representativas. Buscou-se exemplos concretos de Unidades de Conservação brasileiras, no caso Amazônicas, onde, de diferentes formas, as parcerias e o manejo participativo têm sido implementados com relativo sucesso para se repensar, entre outros, a necessidade futura da criação das Unidades de Conservação ou o formato mais adequado de se conseguir de fato a conservação da biodiversidade e também da sociodiversidade. Muitas alternativas diferentes são apresentadas na tentativa de se responder ao cada vez mais ampliado discurso preservacionista, através do qual as populações tradicionais são privadas dos seus direitos seculares sobre seus espaços, suas tradições, ao mesmo tempo que os recursos naturais estão sendo gradativamente dizimados, sendo o desmatamento um exemplo do paradoxo que vive a nossa política e prática conservacionista. Busca-se também demonstrar que, se não for bem formatada, a participação das comunidades poderá, ao contrário do que se postula, ser manipulada em prol da desagregação dos seus objetivos e a desarticulação do tão questionado movimento ambientalista. Conceitos como democracia, participação, cidadania, sociedade civil, parcerias entre outros são repensados em uma tentativa de se ampliar o debate a respeito da apropriação dos bens comuns sob o enfoque desenvolvimentista. / This dissertation is the product of a bibliographical research in which the nature conservation forms are questioned. Many alternatives of natural resources management with communitary participation are shown specially as partnerships with the organized civil society in the form of representative Non-Governmental Organizations. Concrete examples of Brazilian Conservation Areas in the Amazon region, where, in different ways, partnerships and participatory management have been implemented with satisfactory success, are displayed in order to rethink, among other things, the future needs of Conservation Areas creation or the most appropriate form of really achieving biodiversity and sociodiversity conservation. Many different alternatives are presented in an attempt of responding to the always broader preservationist speech through which traditional populations are deprived of ancient rights they hold over their spaces and traditions, while natural resources are being gradually extinguished, being deforestation an example of the paradox of our conservationist policy and actions. There is also the intention of showing that if not well established, community participation can, differently from what is said, be manipulated in favor of the dissociation of its goals and disarticulation of the so questioned environmentalist movement. Concepts like democracy, participation, citizenship, civil society, partnerships, among others are questioned in an attempt of broadening the debate on the common properties appropriation, under the scope of development.

A Tese trata da ação pública voltada à governança socioambiental da Amazônia na década de 2000. Os objetivos da pesquisa foram registrar o conjunto de ações implementadas e analisar os principais elementos que explicam os resultados do sucesso obtido na inédita redução do desmatamento verificada no período, que se caracterizou pela consistência e constância. A metodologia adotada consistiu na identificação e classificação das iniciativas desenvolvidas nos campos institucional, legal e político pelo Plano de Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia (PPCDAm); avaliação do esforço governamental empreendido de forma comparativa com as iniciativas da década anterior; suas correlações com as taxas de desmatamento; o grau de impacto nas mídias nacional e regional das medidas implementadas; e a percepção de atores locais sobre os principais fatores que explicam a redução obtida no desmatamento. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi realizada extensa revisão bibliográfica; analisados dados secundários das principais instituições de pesquisa e de produção de estatísticas socioeconômicas sobre a região; feito levantamento detalhado dos atos legais e infralegais elaborados e das ações implementadas pelo governo federal na região no período de 1990 a 2010; levantamento pormenorizado das matérias sobre desmatamento na Amazônia veiculadas pelos principais veículos de imprensa, em âmbito nacional e regional do período de 1990 a 2010; produção de dados primários, notadamente por meio da utilização de sistema de informação geográfica, que permitem o cruzamento e espacialização de informações secundárias; e realizada pesquisa semiestruturada com atores locais. Os resultados indicam que, associadas ao efeito direto das ações desenvolvidas, muitas das quais tiveram baixa implementação, o volume expressivo de ações de fiscalização e ordenamento territorial, principalmente com a criação de unidades de conservação em terras públicas nas zonas de expansão da fronteira agrícola e no aperfeiçoamento do monitoramento por satélite, somadas à grande repercussão das operações lideradas pela Polícia Federal e a presença do governo federal de forma articulada e constante, estabeleceu na sociedade local uma percepção acentuada de aumento do risco, que induziu a uma mudança de comportamento em relação ao cumprimento da legislação ambiental. A conclusão gera elementos para uma discussão sobre a importância da coerência de posicionamento do Estado e sua clara comunicação à sociedade, constância de atuação e rigor na exigência do cumprimento das normas legais para, juntamente com medidas objetivas de ação pública, na indução da governança socioambiental com efetividade e eficácia. As mudanças no posicionamento do governo federal frente ao tema observadas nos últimos cinco anos e a estabilização da curva descendente da taxa de desmatamento observada a partir de 2012 juntamente com o recente aumento registrado nos anos 2014 e 2015, reforçam os argumentos para a oportunidade dessa discussão. / The thesis deals with public action focused on the socio-environmental governance of the Amazon in the decade of 2000. The goals of the research were to record the set of actions implemented and to analyze the main elements that explain the results of the success obtained in the unprecedented reduction of deforestation in the period, characterized by consistency and constancy. The methodology adopted consisted in identifying and classifying the initiatives developed in the institutional, legal and political fields by the Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAm, in Portuguese acronym); evaluation of the governmental effort undertaken in a comparative manner with the initiatives of the previous decade; their correlations with deforestation rates; the impact of the implemented measures on national and regional media; and perception of local actors about the main factors that explain the achieved reduction in deforestation. For the development of the research, an extensive bibliographic review was carried out; secondary data from the main research institutions and socioeconomic statistics on the region were analyzed; a detailed survey of the legal and regulatory acts and the actions implemented by the federal government in the region in the period from 1990 to 2010 was produced; a detailed survey of the press material about Amazon deforestation carried out by the main media outlets at national and regional levels from 1990 to 2010 was developed; production of primary data, notably through the use of geographic information system, thus allowing secondary information intersection and spatialization; and a semi-structured research with local actors was undertaken. The results indicate that, associated with the direct effect of the developed actions, many of which had low implementation, the expressive number of actions on territorial control and planning, mainly with the creation of conservation units on public lands in the agricultural frontier zones and the improvement of satellite monitoring, along with the great repercussion of operations led by the Federal Police and the presence of the federal government in an articulated and constant manner, established among local society a remarkable perception of risk increase, which induced a change of behavior in relation to their compliance with environmental legislation. The conclusion creates elements for a discussion about the importance of the coherence in the State\'s position and its clear communication to the society, constancy of action and rigor in the requirement of compliance with the legal norms, together with objective measures of public action, in the induction of an effective and efficiency socio-environmental governance. The changes in the federal government\'s position in the last five years and the stabilization of the downward trend in the rate of deforestation observed from 2012, as well as the recent increase in 2014 and 2015, reinforce the arguments for the opportunity of this discussion.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar os principais fatores determinantes para que os conselhos gestores de Unidades de Conservação (UC) contribuam para a emergência de processos de aprendizagem social e para a ocorrência de mudanças na dinâmica territorial relacionadas aos objetivos sociais e ecológicos das UC. O estudo apoiou-se nos casos do Parque Estadual Xixová-Japuí e da Área de Proteção Ambiental Marinha Litoral Centro, unidades localizadas na Baixada Santista, estado de São Paulo, e inseridas em uma matriz altamente urbanizada, envolvendo diversos interesses e desafios à gestão. A análise dos conselhos permitiu identificar as principais características dos processos de surgimento e funcionamento das arenas, verificando que tanto o desenho institucional como a presença de atores sociais hábeis assumem importância fundamental na criação de novas instituições nos conselhos. A principal conclusão do estudo indica que o estabelecimento de regras claras para a seleção de representantes da sociedade civil e a adoção de procedimentos técnicos facilitam a participação dos conselheiros nos processos de discussão e tomada de decisão na gestão da UC. / The research objective was to analyze the determinants facts that contribute to the emergence of social learning processes and territorial dynamics changes in Protected Areas (PA). The scope of the study was defined in the Protected Area Management Councils and was based on the Xixová-Japuí State Park and Litoral Centro Marine Protected Area. Both PA are located in Santos Metropolitan Region, São Paulo, and inserted into a highly urbanized array with diverse interests and management challenges. Councils´ analysis identified the main characteristics of the arenas´ emergence processes and operation, verifying that both institutional design and skilled social actor´s presence assume critical importance on new institutions´ creation. The studys main conclusion indicates that clear rules establishment for the selection of civil society representatives and the adoption of technical process improve actors involvement in discussions and decision making for the protected areas management.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第21978号 / 地環博第185号 / 新制||地環||37(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 真常 仁志, 教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Natural areas in proximity to urban environments are constantly under pressure from development. Conservation is not high on the list of priorities, mostly because the general public do not experience the benefits of nature first hand. In Pretoria, South Africa, this is not due to a lack of open space, but rather due to the fact that conservation areas are under-utilised. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recommends that some areas be made more accessible to the benefit of greater conservation efforts. The dissertation considers the potential contribution of sensitive developments in urban conservation areas and how they should be approached. What is an architecture that supports and introduces human activities yet respects a sensitive environment? How does architecture place Man in relation with Nature? The investigation is centred at Wonderboom nature reserve in the north of Pretoria. This municipal reserve is a place of natural and historical significance: it forms part of the Magaliesberg and has remnants from the Stone Age, Iron Age and ZAR periods within its boundaries. The proposed development focuses on illustrating how nature has a significant impact on human well-being. A health practice which focuses on rehabilitation that makes use of the natural environment as primary stimulant, is introduced. The centre includes a cafeteria and is designed to support other recreational activities and occasional events too. The project looks to precedents of programme, form, materiality and similar experience for guidance. Mark DeKay’s interpretation of Integral Theory’s application to sustainable architecture is applied as criteria for architectural decisions. Design is the primary means of inquiry. Various conceptual approaches were considered before a concept was finalised which was then further iterated. The nonlinear process has been documented. The final design proposes three volumes each offering a different perspective of the environment. The exterior spaces and routes in between are carefully considered for their experiential value. The building is drawn from the environment; constructed with materials from site as far as possible. Low-tech, passive solutions favour processes which are labour intensive and can employ unskilled labourers. The construction process narrates an understanding of place and is in itself a means of engaging with the landscape. The dissertation concludes that an architectural solution best suited to an urban protected area is one with a holistic approach. In addition to performing well in terms of sustainability and being seamlessly integrated into natural systems, architecture should delight. Individual experience and collective meaning are just as important when designing to place humans in relation with nature. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted