Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por los autores para ser publicada a texto completo / Cada una de las normas que componen nuestro ordenamiento jurídico han sido dictadas para cumplir con una determinada misión, cual es la de regular una determinada realidad histórica. Así, resulta evidente que debido a diversos factores sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales, muchas de esas normas van perdiendo su vigencia en el tiempo o se hacen insuficientes para contemplar las cada día más complejas circunstancias que rodean a una sociedad que va desarrollándose progresivamente a través del tiempo. Como un claro ejemplo de lo anterior, encontramos a la institución de la libertad provisional, la cual ha sufrido diversas modificaciones a lo largo de su historia, tanto en su tratamiento legal como constitucional. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar la evolución que ha experimentado este instituto desde un punto de vista legislativo. Sin embargo, no sólo se pretende dar a conocer las diversas normas que han ido reglando la libertad provisional, sino que, a partir de un relato cronológico de las leyes relativas a la materia, se intentará analizar los fundamentos y antecedentes que ha tenido a la vista el legislador para optar por la creación de una determinada norma. De esta manera, el estudio será realizado a la luz de la normativa legal y constitucional, de la historia de la ley, de la doctrina surgida en torno a la libertad provisional en determinadas épocas y de todos aquellos documentos que permitan comprender de manera más cabal el sentido de su inclusión dentro de nuestro sistema legal

International arbitration, as an essential part of any modern legal system, needs provisional measures to protect the rights and interests of the arbitration parties while they are awaiting the final decision of the tribunal. The existence of a legal framework enabling cross-border enforcement of such measures is of great importance in the EU, which allows free movement of citizens, assets and trade within its single European market. However, the enforcement of such measures within the EU lacks a legal framework. This is due, primarily, to two interrelated reasons. The first is the failure of international conventions to address the issue of the cross-border enforcement of provisional measures and to resolve jurisdictional uncertainties between arbitral tribunals and national courts. The second reason is that the EU's attempts to remedy the shortcomings created by international conventions -via the Judgment Regulation ("The Recast") and decisions of the CJEU- have ultimately subverted the very system it sought to enhance. The aggregate effect of this failure has been overall increased complexity. This thesis will try to answer three questions: 1) Is it possible to find a solution to deal with the uncertain positions of arbitration agreements and proceedings within the EU, and can the suggested solution be utilised to help the regulation and use of provisional measures?; 2) Is it possible to harmonise the different approaches taken by Member States’ arbitration rules on the jurisdictions of national courts and arbitral tribunals in respect of granting provisional measures?; 3) Is it possible to achieve a cross-border enforcement mechanism for tribunal-ordered and court–ordered provisional measures (in support of arbitration proceedings) in the EU?In order to answer these questions, the thesis proposes the following: (1) Recognising an exclusive jurisdiction for the seat court to decide on the existence of the arbitration agreement; (2) Providing an exclusive jurisdiction for the arbitral tribunal to rule on the existence of the arbitration agreement after its formation; (3) Recognition of a supervisory role for the seat court in granting provisional measures and (4) Enforcement of tribunal-ordered measures in the form of awards. It is hoped that these suggestions will help determine the jurisdictions of arbitration tribunals and national courts in respect of provisional measures and arbitration agreements. It will also create a viable framework for cross-border enforcement of tribunal-ordered and court–ordered provisional measures. It is hoped that these suggestions will consequently help improve the efficiency of arbitration as a valuable form of alternative dispute resolution.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the flexural strength and color stability of conventional, machined, and printed dental polymers. Secondarily, the effects of aging, fatigue, coffee, distilled water, and UV light on the color stability and flexural strength of the different dental polymers will be evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty disks 14mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness were fabricated from each of the following polymers: Jet Tooth Shade (Lang Dental), ProTemp (3M-ESPE), Telio CAD Temp (Ivoclar Vivadent), Vita CAD Temp (Vita), Temporary CB (FormLab), Dentca (Dentca), and Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus (Bego). The sixty disks from each polymer were then divided into the six following groups: no treatment, thermocycling, fatigue, thermocycling and coffee, distilled water and finally UV Light. Prior to any treatment, the color coordinates CIE L*a*b*, were registered first. The non-treated groups were fractured using the Instron Universal Testing Machine to obtain flexural strength values. Thermocycling consisted of placing the specimens in 30 seconds 5°C water and then 30 seconds in 55°C water for 5,000 cycles. Fatigue testing consisted of cyclic loading the disk specimens by calculating 60% of the mean load to failure from the non-treated group and subjecting them to 50,000 cycles. The third group was placed under thermocycling for 1,500 cycles and then placed in coffee for 15 days. Another group was placed in distilled water for 15 days. Finally, the UV light treatment consisted of exposing the disk specimens to UV light for ten hours over the course of five days. After treatment, the color coordinates were recorded again and fractured using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. The data was analyzed for any statistically significant differences using ANOVA with a<0.05. RESULTS: The flexural strength values were highest for Telio CAD Temp, that was affected only by UV light via a statistical analysis. ProTemp was second highest followed by Bego VarseoSmile Crown Plus, Dentca, Temporary CB, Vita CAD Temp and finally Jet Tooth Shade. Color differences were highest for Dentca followed by Jet Tooth Shade, ProTemp, Telio CAD Temp, Temporary CB and finally Vita CAD Temp. UV light and thermocycling/ coffee had the highest impact. CONCLUSION: Telio CAD Temp had the highest overall flexural strength and was resistant to all post fabrication treatments except for UV light. ProTemp had the second highest overall flexural strength but was susceptible to multiple post fabrication treatments like distilled water, fatigue, and aging. The printed specimens had flexural strength values lower in the middle range of all tested materials. In terms of treatment, UV light and coffee/thermocycling had the biggest impact on the overall color stability values. Powder and Liquid based PMMA had the lowest overall flexural strengths.

Examensarbetet har genomförts i samarbete med innovationsföretaget ProboNova Medical Innovations AB. ProboNova jobbar främst med konceptframtagning av medicintekniska produkter. ProboNova tar sedan en Provisional Patent Application på konceptet och licenserar ut det till ett större företag. Genom att licensera ut koncepten slipper de kostnaderna för kliniska tester bland annat.  Examensarbetet grundades i att ProboNova ville ha hjälp med att ta fram ett koncept på en ny sårhake. Projektet har genomsyrats av designprocessen där förstudie och idégenerering har varit de två dominerande delarna. I slutet av projektet presenterades ett koncept som uppfyllde alla krav och detta koncept togs det senare en Provisional Patent Application på.  Tanken är att examensarbetet ska ge läsaren en bättre förståelse för hur man kan jobba med designprocessen och lära sig fördelarna med att välja en Provisional Patent Application istället för en Nonprovisional ansökan. / The thesis was carried out in cooperation with the company ProboNova Medical Innovation AB. ProboNova works mainly with the concept development of medical devices. Then they take a Provisional Patent Application on the concept and licensing it out to a larger company. By licensing out the concepts they don’t have to take the costs of clinical trials for example.   The thesis was founded in that ProboNova wanted help with developing a concept on a new surgical retractor. The project has been characterized by the design process in which the feasibility studies and brainstorming has been the main parts. At the end of the project a concept was presented. The final concept met all the requirements from ProboNova and from the functional analysis that was done in the feasibility studies. A Provisional Patent Application was taken later on the final concept.    The idea is that the thesis should give the reader a better understanding of how to work with the design process, and learn the benefits of choosing a Provisional Patent Application instead of a Nonprovisional application.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 2006.

To determine the effects of thermal accelerated aging on flexural strength and flexural modulus of conventional and CAD/CAM provisional crown and bridge restorative materials. Six provisional crown and bridge materials were selected for this study. Three conventional resins: Jet Set 4 (Lang), Luxatemp (DMG), and Protemp Plus (3M ESPE); and three CAD/CAM materials: ArtBloc Temp (Merz), Telio CAD-Temp (Ivoclar Vivadent), and Vita CAD-Temp (Vita). Specimens of conventional materials were fabricated using a custom-made aluminum mold 25 2 2 mm. CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned to the same dimensions. A total of 180 bar-shaped specimens were obtained (30 of each material) and were divided into three groups per treatment. Groups 1 and 2 were immersed in 37°C water for 24 hours, and 6 days, respectively. Group 3 was subjected to 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C in water with 35 seconds dwelling time. All specimens where tested for flexural properties using three-point bending protocol on an Instron 5566A at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test with material type and aging conditions as the main variables. Significance level was set at (p<0.05).  Overall CAD/CAM materials demonstrated significantly higher flexural strength and flexural modulus over conventional resins. No significant difference in flexural strength and flexural modulus was found among three treatments except for: Luxatemp, which showed significant increased flexural strength and flexural modulus after thermal cycling, and Protemp Plus which showed increased flexural strength after 6 days of water storage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-24T12:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 162.pdf: 1091405 bytes, checksum: 806d39f86aa1e675121e4a1b4a288c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo validar metodologias analíticas adequadas para o controle dos teores de arsênio total em água e em produtos alimentícios incluso na cesta básica dos brasileiros bem como estudar uma metodologia capaz de separar as espécies As (III) e As (V) de relevância toxicológica. A espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite (GF AAS), foi utilizada após os parâmetros de validação terem sido estudados apresentando um limite de quantificação 1mgL-1 , uma precisão média inferior a 15 por cento e uma exatidão variando de 98 por cento a 105 por cento para água e alimentos, respectivamente. As concentrações de arsênio total encontradas tanto em água como em alimentos apresentam-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira vigente. Para quantificar as espécies químicas As (III) e As (V) utilizou-se uma resina de troca iônica (Dowex 1-X8, forma de C1 - , Merck). Parâmetros físicos químicos foram otimizados, obtendo-se uma recuperação de As (III) de 98 por cento e de As (V) de 90 por cento para amostras de água enquanto em alimentos (sucos de frutas e vinagre), observou-se interferência matricial. Observou-se que uma elevada percentagem do valor toxicologicamente seguro para ingestão de arsênio total foi alcançado com o consumo dos poucos alimentos estudados o que demonstra a necessidade de uma reflexão quanto ao real significado dos limites máximos permitidos.

Arbitral provisional measures are of great importance in protecting the rights of the parties to an arbitration agreement. Arbitration as a dispute mechanism is becoming increasingly powerful due to the ability of tribunals and courts to grant and enforce provisional measures which make the final award meaningful. The importance of provisional measures has increased in recent years as more parties are seeking them, and is likely to grow still more in the coming years. This project examines the problems surrounding arbitral provisional measures in England and Wales; as such problems constitute a threat to current and future arbitration. The thesis aims to identify, analyse and offer solutions to those problems that impede arbitral proceedings. This thesis initially examines the roots and the legislative development of the powers of arbitral tribunals to grant provisional measures and the role of the courts in arbitral proceedings in England. The examination highlights the roots of the problems and demonstrates how the approach towards provisional measures in England has shifted in due course from judicial dominance to arbitral competence, and how the role of the courts has become subsidiary. Further, the analysis highlights the problem of arbitrators in the granting and enforcement of provisional measures across borders, due to the inadequacy of the current Arbitration Act 1996, which provides very limited power to tribunals under its S.38,39 and 48. Additionally, the research aims to demonstrate that arbitral tribunals should be given effective and actual authority to grant arbitral provisional measures in order to comply with the arbitration agreement (party autonomy). Since no dispute mechanism can stand alone as an island, the courts should only become involved in support of the process – subject to the arbitral Acts that provide them with exclusive jurisdiction –where this is necessary in order to avoid conflicting decisions. However, the power of the courts to aid arbitration in granting such measures is limited by Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001 of the European Union, of which England is a member. In international arbitration, timely application and enforcement of interim measures have a substantial effect on the possibility of the enforcement of a final arbitration award, especially when issues relating to the protection of assets or evidence arise before or during the course of proceedings. Hence the purpose of this project is to provide a brief analysis of the international practice regarding the enforcement of provisional measures in international arbitration.

Provisional or unfinished images, forms and actions can sustain their status by continuing to change. This can resist programmed experience of their state, and shift their relationship as images within time. The sub-aesthetics of the unfinished and entropic can alter our understanding of where and how images are formed and located within time. My paintings each exist within their own emergent systems of time, structure and productive disorder. This thesis discusses these ideas in relation to DAY FOLDER and other work made during my MFA studies.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Es así como el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar precisamente las posturas de los Tribunales para fallar en uno u otro sentido, estudiando cada argumento, a través de la Jurisprudencia de la década 1990-2000, relacionada con la libertad provisional en el delito de giro doloso de cheques, con la aplicación de la caución y con la aplicación del Pacto de San José de Costa Rica en lo relativo a la prohibición de la prisión por deudas.