Research has yet to identify any characteristics of clients, therapists, or treatment dyads which consistently identify those clients most likely to drop out of treatment. A frame of reference which may prove useful in identifying such clients is the social psychological construct of selfmonitoring. This theory proposes that individuals involved in any social encounter differ from each other in their approach to constructing a relevant self-presentation. High self-monitors emphasize matching their behavior to situational cues while low self-monitors match their behavior to perceived internal values and traits. The present study demonstrates the effects that selfmonitoring styles of therapists and clients have on the effectiveness of a therapeutic intake interview and the client's decision whether or not to return for treatment. Additionally examined are the effects of therapist selfmonitoring style on theoretical orientations toward psychotherapy. The hypothesis that pairings of high self-monitors would be most effective is tested by Chi-square and found to be nonsignificant. Using the Chi-square test, low self-monitoring therapists are found to endorse a single approach to therapy and to strongly endorse the psychoanalytical orientation. Low self-monitors are found to be eclectic in approach. Satisfaction with the interview is examined using ANOVA. Results are nonsignificant with the exception that low self-monitoring therapists are more satisfied with the intake interview than are high selfmonitoring therapists. Finally, within-cell Pearson correlations are examined to measure agreement about satisfaction between therapist and client. Pairs of high self-monitors show the highest rate of agreement. Implications for further research in this area are discussed.

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The adult client's conception of confidentiality in the therapeutic relationship and the valuing of this confidentiality was examined and defined in this paper. The importance of confidentiality and its effect on the therapeutic process was explored. Many professionals in the field of mental health believe that confidentiality is a critical factor in the successful outcome of therapy (Hayt, 1977; Lowenthal, 1968; Reynolds, 1976; Tancredi & Slady, 1975). It is viewed that confidentiality is expected by clients when entering into a therapeutic relationship, and is essential in the therapeutic process. The variables that may affect the client's conception of, attitudes toward, and valuing of confidentiality were examined and reported (i.e., age, sex, annual income, treatment modality inpatient vs. outpatient). One of the main purposes of this paper was to develop and accurately assess how important confidentiality is to the client undergoing mental health treatment. It was proposed that data for 76 persons undergoing either inpatient or outpatient mental health treatment would be obtained at a local mental health center with both inpatient and outpatient mental health services available. An additional 50 subjects (employees of the hospital) were utilized as a control group. All 126 of the subjects completed a 20-item survey which assessed general attitudes toward casehandling issues, privileged communication, and past experience of perceived violations of confidentiality in a therapeutic relationship. Questions 19 and 20 were deleted for the control group. The subjects ranged in age from eighteen to seventy. It was expected that the subjects of the treatment groups would value confidentiality highly and support the hypothesis that confidentiality is a crucial issue in psychotherapy. The results of the research support the hypothesis that clients undergoing mental health treatment do, in fact, highly value confidentiality. Also, differences do exist between sample groups, the inpatient group valuing confidentiality more highly than either the outpatient sample or the control sample, respectively. Casehandling issues (i.e., secretarial typing of reports, taking of sessions) is of no concern to clients. Most clients also believer their communications in a therapy session are protected legally. Finally, most clients have not perceived a violation of confidentiality in a past or current therapeutic relationship.

Bakgrunden är att det finns få referenser inom forskningen på den terapeutiska relationen som explicit handlar om psykoterapeutens känslor i relationen. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå mera om psykoterapeutens känslor, vad som utlöser dem i terapirelationen och vilka risker och möjligheter som psykoterapeuterna upplever med känslorna i terapin. Metoden som valdes är en kvalitativ metod med en explorativ ansats. Deltagarna i studien är sex psykoterapeuter; fyra kvinnor och två män i åldrarna 50-65 år. Resultatet visar att psykoterapeuterna inte kopplar egna starka känslor i relationen till positiva behandlingsresultat i terapin. De uttrycker att man som psykoterapeut bör vara observant på sina känslor och att de bör hållas i bakgrunden i relationen. I de terapier som psykoterapeuterna refererar till i intervjuerna har behandlingsresultaten dock varit goda, patienterna har upplevts som genuina och psykoterapeuterna har känt sig omtyckta av patienten. Psykoterapeuterna kopplar dock inte ihop det positiva behandlingsresultatet och genuiniteten hos patienten i terapirelationen. Genuinitet även hos psykoterapeuten, både i självkännedom och kunskap, är viktiga faktorer för att kunna utföra det terapeutiska arbetet. / There are few references in research on the therapeutic relationship that explicitly deals with the psychotherapist's emotions in the relationship. The purpose of this study is to understand more about the psychotherapist's emotions, what triggers them in the therapy relationship and the perceived risks and opportunities with their feelings.  A qualitative methodology with an explorative approach was used for this study. Participants in the study are six psychotherapists; four women and two men, aged 50-65 years. The result shows that psychotherapists do not connect strong feelings in relation to the positive outcome in therapy. They express that as a psychotherapist one should be observant of one´s feelings and that the feelings should be kept in the background of the relationship. In the therapies that participants refer to in the interviews, the results has been good, the patients have been perceived as genuine and the psychotherapists have felt genuinely liked by the patient. Participants do not connect positive treatment outcome and authenticity of the patient in the therapy relationship. Authenticity also among the psychotherapist, both self-knowledge and professional skills are important factors for the performance of the therapeutic work.

This project investigated the spiritual well-being (SWB) of psychotherapists in training and their physiological reactions to religious questions posed by a mock client. Electrodermal activity served as an index of physiological arousal interpreted as anxiety. Thirteen psychotherapists in training at the University of North Texas were recruited. They participated in a simulated intake session with a mock client who asked the psychotherapist neutral questions, personal-other questions (POQs), and personal-religious questions (PRQs). It was discovered that the level of SWB did not affect subjects' anxiety responses to PRQs. There also was no difference in subjects' anxiety responses for POQs between high and low SWB therapists. However, psychotherapists did experience some anxiety associated with questions related to their counseling experience and expertise.

Child-centered play therapists are taught unique relationship building approaches and therapeutic methods to utilize when working with children. The purpose of this study was to determine if adult clients counseled by child-centered play therapists would demonstrate greater positive therapeutic outcomes than adult clients who were counseled by non-educated child-centered play therapists. This study also attempted to determine if the play therapists' clients would show greater, significant improvement in any particular areas of client distress (i.e., depression/anxiety, relationship issues), more so than the clients of the non-play therapists. Archival data from an assessment, The Adult Self-Report Inventory (ASR), was gathered to measure reported pre and post-test client symptomology. This study utilized a 2X2 repeated measure ANOVA design to analyze the impact of counselors who were educated in child-centered play therapy who saw adult clients, versus their non-play therapy counterparts who saw adult clients. Before treatment pre-test and after treatment post-test administration was collected for use in the analysis. The population consisted of 60 adult clients seeking counseling services at a major university in the southwest. All clients were seen by Master's practicum students for ten sessions. The clients were divided into two groups - 30 were seen by play therapists, 30 were seen by non-play therapists. Five scales on the ASR were measured using a 2x2 split-plot design and Eta squared. There were three independent variables: group, measurement occasion, and the interaction between group and measurement. The results of this study did not reveal any statistical significance. However, clinical significance was demonstrated as the play therapists' clients did report greater reductions in symptomology on all five scales, some more than others.

Given the importance of client characteristics and preferences, and therapist expertise to evidence-based practice in psychology, the current study sought to contribute to the literature concerning the role of values in psychotherapy. Personal values of clients and trainee therapists in 29 dyads were examined for relationships between client and therapist values and associations with working alliance and outcomes. Although previous literature in this area has suggested that successful therapy is characterized by an increase in similarity of client and therapist values, the current study did not replicate this finding. However, client perceptions of therapist values were found to be important to working alliance and outcome. Findings are discussed in terms of suggestions for future research as well as implications for clinical practice, including the importance of discussing expectations and preferences with clients.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the current process research by investigating a psychotherapist's experience during psychotherapy. Massage therapy and relaxation therapy were used to manipulate psychotherapist's bodily focus, physiology, and affective state. Topics discussed include: the bodily focus of the therapist, neurobiological models of experience, mind-body boundary issues, and a present-time focus. Doctoral level Counseling and Clinical graduate students were used as participants.

The purpose of this study was to explore heterosexual bias in the diagnosis and treatment of gay males. Two hundred-fifty (134 males and 116 females) mental health professionals from the Division of Psychotherapy (29) of the American Psychological Association participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two case history conditions, which presented a 35-year-old male seeking therapy. Both conditions were equivalent with regards to the presenting problem (i.e., diagnostic symptoms) with the exception of his significant other (i.e., gay vs. non-gay condition). Potential bias was measured through a diagnostic rating Likert scale and a treatment plan questionnaire. Other independent variables that could potentially have an effect on diagnostic ratings were explored, such as gender, year of graduation, and theoretical orientation of the respondents. Results of the statistical analyses failed to confirm evidence of heterosexual bias. Implications for further research and training are discussed.

The relationship was investigated between named staff members and four measures of reported alocohol consumption by alcoholics followed up one year after hospitalizstion in state hospitals. The 559 representative subjects were located, interviewed, and matched with 65 staff members named as "most helpful" to determine social, economic, and drinking aspects. Named personnel were administered the A-B Scale by Campbell, Stevens, Uhlenhuth, and Johansson (1968). Subjects naming A-staff members reported significantly lower levels of alcohol consumption on two of four measures as compared to subjects naming A/B- or B-staff members. Additional followup variables tended to support this conclusion.