Thesis is focused on the analysis of the application Public Private Partnership within the financing of public infrastructures projects. Public infrastructure financing has traditionally lain in the domain of public sector. A tightening of many countries' budgets recently has led to an exploration of alternative resources for financing transport infrastructure as e.g. PPP. The aim of the thesis is to compare or evaluate which form of financing (PPP or using only public finance esp. issue of public bonds) is more effective. The thesis is separate into 2 important parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the thesis provides the general description of PPP projects, international experiences and about the legal and institutional framework within the EU and Czech Republic. Practical part of the thesis is focused on the main advantages and disadvantages of PPP projects. Here is also part devoted to the financial models using for the comparison which form of financing (PPP or traditional public procurement) is more efficient. Conclusion of the thesis summarizes the gained findings and also assesses which form of financing is more efficient.

The thesis is focused on an overall assessment of the appropriateness of the provision of public goods in the Czech Republic in the form of Public Private Partnership (PPP). The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the general issue of providing public goods and characteristics of PPP as an alternative to the institute of public contracts. This theme is further developed by analysis of the possible forms of PPP projects with financial assistance from the Structural Funds. The practical part is devoted to analysis of the implemented municipal PPP project of construction and operation of parking house. For the project effectiveness evaluation are used outputs from the calculated financial model which are supplemented by the application of theoretically possible co-financing from EU funds.

Esta tese discute a operação urbana consorciada como instrumento de parceria entre o poder público e o setor privado para a promoção de projetos urbanos. O trabalho parte da hipótese de que a viabilização de intervenções urbanísticas por meio do instrumento estaria limitada à aplicação parcial da legislação e não à consecução de parcerias efetivas. Em 2001, a regulamentação nacional da operação urbana consorciada pelo Estatuto da Cidade trouxe inovações importantes no sentido de recuperar a essência do instrumento que aparentemente não foram assimiladas de forma equivalente. Esta tese avança na elucidação do instrumento, recuperando e enfatizando sua dupla dimensão projeto e gestão e apontando para um modelo que não negligencie o aspecto físico-urbanístico ao valorizar o apelo econômico-financeiro do instrumento. / This thesis discusses the consortiated urban operation as an urban planning tool of partnership between the public and the private sectors to promote urban projects. The work is based on the hypothesis that the viability of urban interventions through this planning tool would be limited to partial implementation of legislation and would not achieve effective partnerships. In 2001, the national regulation of the consortiated urban operation by the City Statute has brought major innovations in order to recover the essence of the instrument that seems not to have been understood equivalently. This thesis advances in the elucidation of the tool, recovering and valuing its dual dimension - project and management - and pointing to a model that does not neglect the physical urban aspect by overestimating the economic-financial appeal of the tool.

O presente estudo analisa a parceria entre a rede municipal de ensino de Sapiranga e o Instituto Ayrton Senna, revelando as conseqüências dessa para a gestão educacional, discutindo a relação do público e do privado na educação. O marco teórico é a crise do capital, que tem entre suas estratégias de superação o Neoliberalismo e a Terceira Via, propondo a reforma do Estado para a solução de uma crise centrada no Estado. Em 1995, no Brasil, é criado o Ministério de Administração e Reforma do Estado, que cria o Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado, o qual propunha a descentralização de serviços, até então de exclusividade do Estado, incluindo a sociedade civil organizada, o Terceiro Setor ou público não-estatal. Outra faceta da publicização foi a introdução, na gestão pública, do quase-mercado, ou seja a lógica da iniciativa privada agindo no setor público. Diante disso, é apresentado como a gestão escolar vem se reconfigurando nos últimos anos, principalmente nos anos 1980, com a luta pela gestão democrática do ensino público, e como esta é ressignificada na década de 1990, quando as políticas de descentralização se acentuam e trazem, para as políticas sociais, em especial para a educação, novos padrões de gestão. Este trabalho apresenta o convênio de um sistema de ensino público (Sapiranga) com o Instituto Ayrton Senna, como forma de materialização dessas políticas, e as implicações para a gestão da escola pública pesquisada. / The presente study analyses the partnership between the educational system of Sapiranga and the Ayrton Senna Institute, revealing the consequences that it brings to the educacional management, discussing the relationship between the public and the private sphere in education. The theoric base is the capital’crisis, that has as one of it’s superation strategies the Neo-Liberalism and the Third Way, proposing a State` reform for solution of a crisis centred on the State. In 1995, in Brazil, is created the Administration and State’s Reform Ministry, that creates the Director Plan of the State’s Apparatuses Reform, that proposes the descentralization of services, until then, exclusives from the state, including now the organized civil society, the Third Sector and the public non-governamental sphere. Another face of that publicization was the introduction, on public management, of the almost-market, the logic of the private sphere acting on the public sphere. Facing that, is presented how the school’s management has been reconfigurated in the last years, especially in the 1980’s, with the battle for the democratic management of public education, and how this one is resignified in the 1990`s, when the descentralization politics increase and bring, for social politics, especially for education, a new standard of public management. This study presents the accord between a public educacional system (Sapiranga) and Ayrton Senna Institute, as a real form of these kind of politics, and it’s consequences on public schools` management.

As parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) consistem em um arranjo, formado pelo setor público e privado para a provisão de serviços de infraestrutura, os quais eram previamente providos pelo governo. No ambiente desses contratos realizam-se três estudos, sendo que o desenvolve-se um modelo teórico de PPPs para hospitais. Neste sentido, o regime de bundling, em que as empresas são agregadas em um consórcio, mostra-se se superior ao que as empresas são contratadas separadamente. Isto se dá, porque no primeiro modelo, as firmas conseguem internalizar as externalidades advindas do processo produtivo. Já no segundo ensaio faz-se um modelo computacional de risco moral com loterias aplicado a essa modalidade contratual. As simulações realizadas neste exercício indicam que projetos de valor econômico mais elevado atraem firmas mais capacitadas e esse maior valor monetário provavelmente está correlacionado com a complexidade do empreendimento o que pode ser o motivo das empresas empenharem mais esforço. O terceiro trabalho pretende identificar os determinantes do investimento e do número de projetos de PPPs em economias emergentes. Os resultados indicam que o ambientes de negócios, macroeconômico, político e o sistema legal são os principais preponderantes na formulação destes contratos. Por fim, as PPPs demandam esforços governamentais para o desenho de contratos que coíbam o comportamento oportunista e consigam monitorar de forma adequada as empresas responsáveis pelo empreendimento. O compartilhamento de riscos de certa forma é um mecanismo de proteção para o parceiro privado, mas são necessários o desenvolvimento de contratos bem estruturados, que possam lidar com as possíveis contingências e evitar abusos por parte de ambos agentes. / The Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) consist of an arrangement formed by the public and private sectors for the supply of infrastructure services, which were previously provided by the government. In this contractual environment three studies have been performed. The first one develops a theoretical model for hospitals. In this sense, the bundling system, in which firms are aggregated into a consortium, is shown to be superior to when businesses are hired separately. This happens because in the first model, firms can internalize the externalities arising during the production process. The second essay makes a computational model of moral hazard, with lotteries applied to this type of contract. The simulations indicate that projects with a higher economic value attract more qualified firms and that greater monetary value is likely correlated with the project’s complexity, which may be why the companies pledge more effort. The third paper aims to identify the investment determinants and the number of PPP projects in emerging economies. The results indicate that the business, macroeconomic, political environments and legal system are the main preponderant in the formulation of these contracts. Finally, PPPs require government efforts to design contracts that restrain opportunistic behavior and are able to adequately monitor the companies responsible for the contracts. Risk sharing is a protection mechanism for the private partner, but there is a need to develop well-structured contracts which can deal with possible contingencies and prevent abuses by both agents.

Masters Research Report Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities The University of the Witwatersrand / This research report provides a framework to assess the value of private-public partnerships (PPPs) in shaping the regulatory framework of the food safety regime within southern Africa. As one of Africa’s largest economies and major exporting countries, South Africa provides a clear case for analysing how developing countries in Africa have adopted and enforce international standards relating to the safety of foodstuffs that are produced, distributed and sold. Within the international systems, governments are generally held responsible for the ratification of international treaties that inform global standards and are criticised or excluded when they fail to comply. However, the role of private sector in supporting and enforcing food safety practices has not been evaluated in any meaningful way. The aim of this research is further the understanding of how PPPs have formed in South Africa and to what extent they have had a positive impact on the advancement of food safety between the years 2000 and 2015. With the help of document analysis and a review of the current regulatory framework, this research is framed within the concept of hybridity and allows us to better understand the focus of PPPs within South Africa’s food safety regime. The main conclusion is that South Africa’s commitment to food safety is strong but the relevant policy remains uncoordinated and undefined. South African businesses and the government are involved at the international level in terms of standards-setting and are aware of the global food safety strategy. The primary reason for this is that the country’s involvement improves trade prospects and affirms its role as a collaborative actor within the International Food Safety Complex (IFSC). However, South Africa still experiences several issues relating to food safety risks that affect trade and challenge the efficacy of existing food safety regulations. The recommendation is that public and private sectors should invest more capital and capacity in establishing a comprehensive food safety policy that brings together legislation, identifies key actors and provides a guideline to improve transparency and accountability relating to food safety issues in South Africa. / MT2017

Thesis (LLM ( Labour law)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Refer to document

Vinculado à administração gerencial da administração pública e um momento de crise fiscal sofrido pelo Estado brasileiro, os investimentos em infraestrutura ficaram prejudicados. Como solução, concessões foram incentivadas buscando investimentos em infraestrutura e melhoria na prestação do serviço público. Para normatizar contabilmente esse novo modelo de negócio, normas como o ICPC 01/IFRIC 12 foram aplicadas para melhor expressar o resultado econômico desses contratos. A justificativa da relevância desse trabalho é o fato de o Estado brasileiro se mostrar, ainda, sem condições de conduzir, sozinho, investimentos em infraestrutura; adicionalmente, ainda que houvessem tais condições, surge a possibilidade de fazê-lo em parceria com o setor privado, gerando eventualmente novas oportunidades de alocação de capital e de desenvolvimento econômico. A crise fiscal vivida pelo poder público incentiva a cada ano o aumento de contratos de PPPs e a possibilidade de variadas formas de obtenção de crédito fará com que as concessionárias busquem recursos em mercados outrora não explorados. Dado esse momento, a aplicação correta das normas contábeis se faz necessária. Desse modo, essa pesquisa busca responder quais os determinantes para o reconhecimento contábil de receitas em concessões administrativas. A metodologia contou com uma abordagem qualitativa e contou com entrevistas semiestruturadas de dez participantes, sendo dois gestores de concessionárias de serviço público, três professores universitários e cinco bancários que trabalham na estruturação de projetos de PPPs e na análise de crédito de concessionárias. Foi possível observar que o mercado diverge na interpretação e na aplicação do ICPC 01/IFRIC 12 apesar de, de forma geral, a verem como positiva. A análise dos dados qualitativos foi codificada com base na técnica template analysis em 18 categorias, que permitiram analisar as percepções e opiniões dos dez entrevistados. Os achados da análise apontam para uma arbitrariedade na aplicação das receitas das concessões, bem como uma divergência no mercado nas técnicas para o reconhecimento de receitas. Além disso, observou-se que os entrevistados buscam por uma norma contábil que seja mais prática, apesar da proposta do IFRS para a contabilidade baseada em princípios. / Linked to the management administration and to a moment of fiscal crisis suffered by the Brazilian State, the investments in infrastructure were impaired. As a solution, concessions have been encouraged by seeking investments in infrastructure and improvement in the provision of the public service. In order to standardize this new business model, international standards, such as IFRIC 12, were applied to better express the economic results of these contracts. The justification for the relevance of this work is the fact that the Brazilian State is still unable to conduct investments in infrastructure alone; additionally, even if there were such conditions, the possibility arises of doing so in partnership with the private sector, eventually generating new opportunities for capital allocation and economic development. The fiscal crisis experienced by public authorities encourages each year the increase in PPP contracts and the possibility of various forms of obtaining credit which would cause concessionaires to seek resources in previously untapped markets. Given this moment, proper application of accounting standards is necessary. Thus, this research seeks to answer the determinants for the accounting recognition of revenues in administrative concessions. The methodology had a qualitative approach and had semi-structured interviews of ten participants, two managers of public service concessionaires, three university professors and five bankers who work in the structuring of PPP projects and in the credit analysis of concessionaires. It was possible to observe that the market differs in the interpretation and application of IFRIC 12 although, in general, they see it as positive. The analysis of the qualitative data was coded based on the template analysis technique in 18 categories, which allowed to analyze the perceptions and opinions of the ten interviewees. The findings of the analysis point to arbitrary application of concession revenues as well as a divergence in the market in revenue recognition techniques. In addition, it was observed with the interviewees looking for an accounting standard that is more practical, although the IFRS proposal of accounting is based on principles.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar como a ideologia da austeridade fiscal se converte em agenda institucional, em especial sua interface com a política habitacional. Para isto, foi utilizada como objeto de análise a PPPHabitacional do estado de São Paulo, a partir da qual tratou-se de compreender como a utilização desse instrumento jurídico implicou na transformação dos modos de provisão e estrutura administrativa do Estado, ao mesmo tempo em que demonstramos seus impactos na produção do espaço urbano. Entendida como parte de um projeto neoliberal, cujo objetivo é implantar uma racionalidade e um modelo de governança assentado em discursos, práticas e dispositivos que seguem o princípio universal da concorrência, a primeira PPP destinada à Habitação de Interesse Social do Brasil pretende inserir uma agenda para a política habitacional conforme orientações predicadas pelo Banco Mundial e por instituições market-oriented; isto é, combinar austeridade fiscal com a inserção da lógica dos mercados em áreas até então de responsabilidade exclusiva do Estado. Nesse processo, observamos o obscurecimento de questões sensíveis em relação às ações empreendidas anteriormente pelo Estado no âmbito da provisão habitacional. Fica clara também a naturalização de discursos de ineficiência ou incapacidade de atuação do Estado, e a consequente apresentação de uma solução \"inevitável\", por meio da inserção dos mercados na provisão de serviços públicos. A partir da análise dos empreendimentos construídos ou em construção, buscou-se compreender como a política se opera no território e como se desenham as novas relações sociais de produção do espaço, com vistas a identificar os limites e avanços da PPP Habitacional. / This work aims to present means in which the fiscal austerity ideology is converted into an institutional agenda, especially its interface with a housing policy. For this purpose, the Housing PPP of the State of São Paulo was analysed, and researched to realise how this legal instrument implied in the transformation of the modes of provision and administrative structure of the state, at the same time showing its impacts when producing urban space. Understood as part of a neoliberal project, in which the main goal is to establish a rationality and a model of governance based on discourses, practices and devices that fit the universal public of the competition, the 1st PPP destined to Social Interest Housing of Brazil aims to create an agenda towards better housing policies, according to orientation from the World Bank and market-oriented companies, i.e. join fiscal austerity with the law of the markets in areas of governance, that, until then, were the sole responsibility of the State. In this case, we were able to observe the omission of sensible matters related to previously implemented State actions when discussing housing provision, as well as the naturalization of inefficiency and inability discourses and the \"inevitable\" solution of inserting marketing cases in the public service provision. From the analysis of the built or under construction enterprises, it was sought to understand how politics operate in the territory, and how they design the new social technologies of space production with focus to an understanding the advancements and limits of PPP Housing.

Since 2009 the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima has partnered with private corporations to deliver three highway projects worth US$1.5bn. This process follows a state-building strategy developed since the 1990s to allow different levels of government to deliver infrastructure projects with private finance. In Lima, the model has almost exclusively produced highways through a specific scheme that allows firms to submit unsolicited proposals. In this dissertation, I investigate how the availability of private finance transforms the political process and local planning outcomes. I argue that rather than being simply a solution for cash-strapped governments looking to invest in specific pieces of infrastructure, the introduction of private finance shapes what projects get built. Private finance not only transforms the implementation part of a two-step process: it has a deep impact on the planning phase itself by setting constraints on what can be done and to what ends. I call the specific mechanism by which private finance influences planning ‘unplanning.’ Here, the state is not simply retreating to let the private sector determine priorities. In other words, it is not abandoning planning, or simply not planning. Rather, it is being transformed in order to follow a proactive role in attracting investment, and to adapt planning to the needs of private capital. The dissertation goes beyond understandings of infrastructures as neutral conduits and into their techno-political nature in order to reveal how they reflect, reproduce and become both the conduit and the site of political conflicts between private capital, the state, and urban dwellers.