La réalisation d'un laser en optique intégrée sur niobate de lithium dopé erbium passe par la création d'une cavité Fabry-Pérot. Cette cavité peut être obtenue de manière classique en déposant des miroirs diélectriques multicouches aux extrémités du guide d'onde. Des problèmes de fiabilité de fabrications de ces miroirs peuvent être contournés en utilisant des réseaux de Bragg gravés à la surface du guide d'onde. Une autre approche, c'est un laser DFB bien connu, dans ce cas le cœur du guide à contraste d'indice, est structuré périodiquement par des réseaux de Bragg aussi gravés à la surface. Cette thèse présente une nouvelle configuration d'un cristal photonique (CP) 2D de forme originale LOM (pour Laterally Over-Modulated) pour remplacer les réseaux de Bragg gravés à la surface de guide d'onde de titane diffusé sur un substrat de niobate de lithium dopé erbium. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans ce mouvement. Son but est la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de LOM, destinées à réaliser un laser émettant à λ = 1,55µm répondant aux exigences de l'intégration photonique. La structure LOM proposée vise en même temps : - Le renforcement de l'émission spontanée par effet Purcell dans un milieu amplificateur où le couplage, de la sur-modulation de l'indice optique CP1D (effet Bragg) et CP2D (BIP), replie les relations de dispersion et crée de fait des régions de faible vitesse de groupe. - Le remplacement de la configuration Fabry-Pérot nécessitant un dépôt de couche diélectrique par une structure DFB réalisable en une seule étape de fabrication, d'où le choix de la technologie FIB " Focused Ion Beam ". L'optimisation de LOM occupe une partie du travail. Des simulations numériques ont été menées en deux dimensions par un logiciel " RSoft ", utilisant les techniques des ondes planes et FDTD, pour obtenir un meilleur rendement de transmission possible autour de 1.55µm. En accord avec les simulations, nous présentons la réalisation et la caractérisation de LOM dans un guide d'onde Er:Ti:LiNbO3 de coupe X propagation Z pompé à 980nm par une diode laser continue. Un gain d'amplification de 9 dB a été obtenu pour un LOM de 780 trous d'air de diamètre 290nm et de période 540nm constituant une surface de (22µm X 9µm). L'étape suivante consiste à améliorer le LOM pour arriver à créer un laser intégré.

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Le bassin du Belt-Purcell est connu pour le gîte de type SEDEX de Sullivan et ses veines à Ag-Pb-Zn. Les veines du bassin de Purcell sont classées en trois types : 1) riches en Pb-Zn composées de sphalérite, galène, pyrrhotite, freibergite et pyrite; 2) riches en Pb-Ag-Cu-Au et composées de galène, pyrite, freibergite et d’or et; 3) veines et remplacements riches en Ag-Pb-Zn et composées de sphalérite, galène, pyrite et freibergite. La datation Ar/Ar de séricite hydrothermale du gîte de Type 3 Ptarmigan donne un âge de 133,1 ±0,7 Ma. Le soufre des veines de Type 1 et 2 encaissées par les roches du Purcell inférieur provient du lessivage de la pyrite bactériogénique disséminée. Le soufre des veines et remplacements de Types 2 et 3 encaissées par les roches du Purcell supérieur est issu de la dissolution de nodules de sulphates contenus dans les carbonates suivi par une réduction thermochimique. Les veines ont été formées par des fluides hydrothermaux métamorphiques générés durant deux périodes : 1) veines de Type 1 au cours du Protérozoïque contenant du plomb non-radiogénique et; 2) veines et replacements de Types 2 et 3 au cours du Mésozoïque (Crétacé ou Tertiaire) contenant du plomb radiogénique. / The Belt-Purcell Basin hosts the world class Sullivan SEDEX deposit in British Columbia. The veins in the Purcell basin are classified in 3 different types: 1) Pb-Zn veins are composed of sphalerite, pyrrhotite, galena, freibergite and pyrite; 2) Pb-Ag-Au-Cu veins characterized by galena, pyrite, freibergite and gold whereas 3) Ag-Pb-Zn vein and replacement deposits are composed of sphalerite, galena, pyrite and freibergite. Hydrothermal sericite from the Type 3 Ptarmigan deposit yields an age of 133.1±0.7 Ma. Sulphur in Types 1 and 2 veins hosted in Lower Purcell sedimentary rocks results from leaching of bacteriogenic pyrite from clastic sedimentary rocks of the Aldridge Formation. Types 2 and 3 vein and replacement deposits hosted in the Upper Purcell rocks have sulphur that results from dissolution contained in the carbonate rocks of the Purcell Basin followed by thermochemical reduction. Types 1, 2 and 3 vein and replacement deposits are formed by metamorphic fluids generated at different times. Type 1 veins were formed by Proterozoic fluids whereas Types 2 and 3 vein and replacement deposits were formed during the Mesozoic. Type 1 Pb-Zn veins have a non-radiogenic Proterozoic lead. Type 2 and 3 vein and replacement deposits have a radiogenic Mesozoic lead signature.

Dans ce travail de these, nous étudions comment des nano-structures métalliques modifient le processus d'émission spontannée d'objets fluorescents et jouent ainsi un rôle d'antenne. Ces structures supportent des modes optiques confinés aux interfaces metal-diélectrique: ce sont des modes plasmoniques.De par leur fort confinement, ces modes modifient la densité locale d'états optiques et permettent notamment d'accélérer le processus d'émission spontannée (facteur de Purcell). Nous étudions le cas d'une structure planaire metal-isolant-métal de type patch couplée à un ensemble de nanocristaux colloïdaux fluorescents. Nos mesures, soutenues par des calculs numériques, montrent une acceleration de l'émission fluorescente d'un facteur 80 ainsi qu'une augmentation de la directivité de l'émission. Nous décrivons ensuite le procedé de fabrication d'une structure patch metal-semiconducteur-métal pour laquelle la source fluorescente est un puits quantique émettant dans le proche infra-rouge. Nous montrons que l'antenne permet d'augmenter l'extraction fluorescente d'un facteur 8. Enfin, nous considérons le cas d'une structure sphérique composée d'un unique nanocristal fluorescent au centre d'une bille de silice entourée par une fine coquille métallique. Cette structure plasmonique accélère l'émission d'une facteur 10 et permet de supprimer le scintillement caractéristique de l'émission des nanocristaux. La coquille métallique permet également d'isoler chimiquement le nanocristal de l'environnement, assurant ainsi une grande photostabilité et une toxicité réduite. L'émetteur ainsi obtenu est donc un candidat prometteur pour des applications de marquage de fluorescence in-vivo. / The present work focuses on the modification of spontaneous emission of fluorescent emitters using metallic nano-structures. These structures support confined plasmonic modes that strongly increase the local density of optical states. Consequently, the plasmonic structure enhances the spontaneous decay rate of the emitter. We use both numerical simulations and experimental results to demonstrate the potential of plasmonic antennas as tools to control spontaneous emission. First, we study a metal-dielectric-metal planar structure called patch antenna. This structure is coupled to an ensemble of quantumdots emitting visible light. We show that, in the presence of the patch antenna, the fluorescent emission is accelerated by a factor 80 and that its directivity is increased. Then, we use a similar plasmonic structure coupled to a quantum well emitting in the near infrared. Using an ad hoc hyperspectral imaging setup, we show that the antenna increases the extracted light by a factor 8. Finally, we study a spherical geometry composed of a single fluorescent quantum dot at the center of a silica bead coated with a thin gold shell. This plasmonic structure

Les plasmons polaritons de surface, modes supportés par des nanostructures métalliques permettent de confiner la lumière à des échelles sub-longueurs d’onde. En s’affranchissant de la limite de diffraction, ces modes constituent des pistes intéressantes pour l’adressage et le contrôle de nanosources optiques (molécules, boites quantiques...). Par exemple, un nanofil métallique constitue un guide plasmonique unidimensionnel qui permet d’exciter une nanosource ou encore de coupler deux émetteurs avec des applications possibles pour la réalisation de composants nano-optiques intégrés. En revanche, la perte d’énergie dans le métal diminue la portée de ces dispositifs. Une stratégie consiste donc à travailler sur une configuration hybride : plasmonique et fibre optique, pour coupler efficacement l’émission de la nanosource à un mode de fibre. Ceci ouvre la voie à la réalisation d’une nanosource fibrée de manipulation aisée pouvant être utilisée comme source de photon unique pour la cryptographie quantique ou plus simplement comme une sonde de champ proche optique haute résolution.Après une étude des principaux canaux de relaxation d’une molécule fluorescente à proximité d’un guide plasmonique, nous discutons de l’optimisation du couplage entre l’émetteur et le guide plasmonique en jouant sur sa forme et la longueur d’onde d’émission. Ensuite, nous nous intéressons au comportement d’une structure hybride composée d’une fibre optique étirée et métallisée. Enfin, nous montrons que l’optimisation du transfert d’énergie d’une molécule fluorescente en présence de cette structure permet de collecter plus de 50% de l’énergie lumineuse d’un nano-émetteur posé sur un substrat vers une fibre optique par le truchement d’un plasmon. / Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) can confine light on subwavelength dimensions. Since they are not diffraction limited, they are of great interest for addressing and controlling optical nanosources. For example, a metal nanowire defines 1D plasmonic waveguide with a great potential for either addressing or coupling quantum emitters. Therefore, SPP opens great opportunities for integrated optical applications. However, SPP suffer from ohmic losses that jeopardize the applications of plasmonic components. In this context, we study the possibilities provided by an hybrid plasmonic-photonicstructure to couple efficiently an emitter to a fiber mode. Such a structure paves the way for fibered single photon nanosource or high resolution optical probe. In this thesis manuscript, we first study the coupling rate between a fluorescent molecule and a metallic nanowire thanks to Green’s dyad formalism. This leads us to distinguish the different relaxation channels and the enhancement of the energy transferred into the plasmonic guided mode by optimizing the shape of the guide (crystalline nano-wire,slow modes). Then, we investigate the energy propagation in a metal coated taperedoptical fiber. Finally, we achieve an optimal configuration for which more than 50% of the energy emitted by a quantum emitter laid on a substrat is transferred into an optical fiber.

No description available.

In the past few years, intensive research efforts have been devoted to studying new approaches to controlling the photon emission of quantum emitters (QEs), especially for telecommunication applications. These approaches rely on tailoring the QE\'s radiation, usually assessed via well-known figures-of-merit such as lifetime (τ) and quantum efficiency (η). Controlling the QE\'s photon emission is important because the faster its photons are emitted, the greater is the number of times it returns to the excited state per second. Therefore, it is crucial to create additional decay channels to reduce τ, which necessarily requires increasing the Purcell factor (P). One of the most promising approaches to increase P involves a new class of metamaterials, known as hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM). This class of materials exhibits pronounced anisotropy, with the parallel and perpendicular permittivity tensor elements (with respect to the anisotropy axis) presenting opposite signs, resulting in an open hyperboloidal isofrequency surface (IS). This unusual IS shape leads to the most outstanding feature of HMMs, namely, the existence of photonic modes with wavenumber (k) much larger than those in free-space (k0), known as high-k modes. By engineering these modes, it is possible to manipulate the HMM photonic density of states (PDoS), thus controlling the QE\'s radiation parameters. The simplest approach to designing HMM is by means of a planar stack of alternating thin metal and dielectric layers. However, the finite thickness of these layers induces spatial dispersion, making the extraction of effective parameters (homogenization) of these media a challenging task. In this context, we propose in this thesis a new constitutive parameter retrieval approach that takes spatial dispersion into account for all electromagnetic parameters of the medium. We demonstrate that the real part of the dispersion curve flattens out (correspondingly with a large imaginary part) because of the absence of propagating modes inside the metamaterial. This flat region is strongly dependent on the layer thicknesses and is a direct manifestation of spatial dispersion. Moreover, we demonstrate that the QE\'s lifetime calculation is overestimated if this effect is not taken into account in the homogenization procedure, which is detrimental for telecommunication applications. Moreover, we demonstrate how to enhance P by a factor greater than 100 with the use of HMMs. However, most of the QE dissipated power couples into the HMM as high-k modes (which do not propagate in free-space). Therefore, the energy is thermally dissipated inside the HMM with a consequent reduction of η . Some authors have resorted to nano-patterned HMMs (NPHM) to convert the high-k modes into free-space modes (k≤k0) aiming at increasing η. However, much of the NPHMs designs still rely on computationally costly three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. Thus, we also propose in this thesis a new semi-analytical method to model, both in two- and three-dimensions (2D and 3D, respectively), the radiation emission of QEs interacting with nano-patterned structures. The low computational cost of this method makes it attractive for mapping P and η as function of the QE and NPHM relative position. This mapping is a helpful tool to understand the decay behavior of the whole system since QEs are arbitrarily distributed and oriented inside the NPHM. The analytically calculated decay curve allows the systems effective quantum efficiency (ηeff) and Purcell factor (Peff) to be directly obtained assuming multiple arbitrarily distributed electromagnetic sources. In this sense, we propose here a new procedure to optimize the NPHM geometrical parameters to maximize ηeff while achieving the desired Peff. We apply the proposed model to an NPHM composed of nine Ag/SiO2 layers, with the polymer host layer embedded with Rhodamine 6G, to maximize ηeff for a specified tenfold increase of Peff. This procedure allowed ηeff to be increased by 69% and 170% for one- and two-dimensional nano-patterning, respectively. Moreover, the time required to build the P and η maps (used in the calculation of the decay behavior) is reduced by approximately 96% when compared to those numerically calculated via FDTD. This procedure paves the way to the realization of new high-speed and efficient light sources for telecommunication applications. / Nos últimos anos, intensivo esforço tem sido devotado para o estudo de novas método para o controla da missão de fótons de emissores quânticos (EQs), especialmente para aplicações em telecomunicações. Estes métodos dependem da adaptação da radiação dos EQs, geralmente avaliadas por meio das bem conhecidas figuras de mérito, como o tempo de meia vida (τ) e a eficiência quântica (η). O controle da emissão de fótons é importante pois quanto mais rápido os fótons são emitidos, maior é o número de vezes que o EQ retorna ao seu estado excitado por segundo. Portanto, é crucial criar canais de decaimento adicionais para reduzir τ, o que necessariamente requer o aumento do fator de Purcell (P). Uma das abordagens mais promissoras para aumentar P envolve uma nova classe de metamateriais, conhecida como metamateriais hiperbólicos (MHs). Esta classe de materiais apresenta pronunciada anisotropia, onde os elementos paralelo e perpendicular do tensor de permissividade (em relação ao eixo de anisotropia) apresentam sinais opostos, resultando em uma superfície de isofrequência (SI) hiperboloidal aberta (IS). Essa forma incomum de SI leva à característica mais marcante dos MHs, a existência de modos fotônicos com número de onda (k) muito maior do que aqueles no espaço livre (k0), conhecidos como modos alto-k. Ao manipular esses modos, é possível manipular a densidade de estados fotônicos (DES) dos MHs, controlando assim os parâmetros de radiação do QE. A abordagem mais simples para a criação de MHs é por meio de uma pilha plana de camadas metálicas e dielétricas alternadas. Entretanto, a espessura finita dessas camadas induz a dispersão espacial, tornando a extração de parâmetros efetivos (homogeneização) destes meios uma tarefa desafiadora. Neste contexto, propomos nesta tese uma nova abordagem de recuperação de parâmetros constitutivos a dispersão espacial de todos os parâmetros eletromagnéticos do meio é levada em consideração. Nós demonstramos que a parte real da curva de dispersão se aplaina (correspondentemente com uma grande parte imaginária) devido à ausência de modos propagantes dentro do metamaterial. Esta região plana é fortemente dependente das espessuras das camadas e é uma manifestação direta da dispersão espacial Além disso, nós mostramos que se a dispersão espacial não for corretamente considerada no processo de homogeneização, o tempo de meia vida do EQ pode ser superestimado, o que é prejudicial para aplicações de telecomunicações. Além disso, demonstramos como melhorar P por um fator maior que 100 com o uso de MHs. a maior parte da potência dissipada pelos EQs são acopladas nos MHs como modos de alto-k (que não se propagam no espaço livre). Portanto, a energia é dissipada termicamente no interior do MH, resultando em uma redução de η. Alguns autores recorreram a MHs nano-estruturados (MHNE) para converter os modos alto-k em modos de espaço livre (k≤k0) visando o aumento de η. No entanto, muitos dos projetos do NPHM ainda dependem de simulações numéricas tridimensionais (3D) computacionalmente dispendiosas. Assim, também propomos nesta tese um novo método semi-analítico para modelar, tanto em duas como em três dimensões (2D e 3D, respectivamente), a emissão de radiação de EQs interagindo com estruturas nano-estruturadas. O baixo custo computacional deste método faz com que seja atrativo para o mapeamento de P e η em função da posição relativa do EQ e do MHNE. Esse mapeamento é uma ferramenta útil para entender o comportamento de decaimento de todo o sistema, já que os EQs são arbitrariamente distribuídos e orientados dentro do MHNE. A curva de decaimento calculada analiticamente permite que a eficiência quântica efetiva do sistema (ηeff) e o fator de Purcell (Peff) sejam obtidos diretamente, assumindo múltiplas fontes eletromagnéticas arbitrariamente distribuídas. Neste sentido, propomos aqui um novo procedimento para otimizar os parâmetros geométricos do MHNE visando a maximização de ηeff enquanto Peff é aumentado à um valor desejado. Aplicamos o modelo proposto a um MHNE composto por nove camadas de Ag/SiO2, com a camada de polímero embutida com Rodamina 6G, visando maximizar ηeff para um aumento de dez vezes de Peff. Este procedimento permitiu que o ηeff fosse incrementado em 69% e 170% para nano-estruturas uni e bidimensionais, respectivamente. Além disso, o tempo necessário para construir os mapas P e η (utilizados no cálculo da curva de decaimento) é reduzido em aproximadamente 96% quando comparado com os calculados numericamente via FDTD. Este procedimento abre caminho para o desenvolvimento de novas fontes de luz de alta velocidade e eficiência para aplicações de telecomunicações.

In the past few years, intensive research efforts have been devoted to studying new approaches to controlling the photon emission of quantum emitters (QEs), especially for telecommunication applications. These approaches rely on tailoring the QE\'s radiation, usually assessed via well-known figures-of-merit such as lifetime (τ) and quantum efficiency (η). Controlling the QE\'s photon emission is important because the faster its photons are emitted, the greater is the number of times it returns to the excited state per second. Therefore, it is crucial to create additional decay channels to reduce τ, which necessarily requires increasing the Purcell factor (P). One of the most promising approaches to increase P involves a new class of metamaterials, known as hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM). This class of materials exhibits pronounced anisotropy, with the parallel and perpendicular permittivity tensor elements (with respect to the anisotropy axis) presenting opposite signs, resulting in an open hyperboloidal isofrequency surface (IS). This unusual IS shape leads to the most outstanding feature of HMMs, namely, the existence of photonic modes with wavenumber (k) much larger than those in free-space (k0), known as high-k modes. By engineering these modes, it is possible to manipulate the HMM photonic density of states (PDoS), thus controlling the QE\'s radiation parameters. The simplest approach to designing HMM is by means of a planar stack of alternating thin metal and dielectric layers. However, the finite thickness of these layers induces spatial dispersion, making the extraction of effective parameters (homogenization) of these media a challenging task. In this context, we propose in this thesis a new constitutive parameter retrieval approach that takes spatial dispersion into account for all electromagnetic parameters of the medium. We demonstrate that the real part of the dispersion curve flattens out (correspondingly with a large imaginary part) because of the absence of propagating modes inside the metamaterial. This flat region is strongly dependent on the layer thicknesses and is a direct manifestation of spatial dispersion. Moreover, we demonstrate that the QE\'s lifetime calculation is overestimated if this effect is not taken into account in the homogenization procedure, which is detrimental for telecommunication applications. Moreover, we demonstrate how to enhance P by a factor greater than 100 with the use of HMMs. However, most of the QE dissipated power couples into the HMM as high-k modes (which do not propagate in free-space). Therefore, the energy is thermally dissipated inside the HMM with a consequent reduction of η . Some authors have resorted to nano-patterned HMMs (NPHM) to convert the high-k modes into free-space modes (k≤k0) aiming at increasing η. However, much of the NPHMs designs still rely on computationally costly three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. Thus, we also propose in this thesis a new semi-analytical method to model, both in two- and three-dimensions (2D and 3D, respectively), the radiation emission of QEs interacting with nano-patterned structures. The low computational cost of this method makes it attractive for mapping P and η as function of the QE and NPHM relative position. This mapping is a helpful tool to understand the decay behavior of the whole system since QEs are arbitrarily distributed and oriented inside the NPHM. The analytically calculated decay curve allows the systems effective quantum efficiency (ηeff) and Purcell factor (Peff) to be directly obtained assuming multiple arbitrarily distributed electromagnetic sources. In this sense, we propose here a new procedure to optimize the NPHM geometrical parameters to maximize ηeff while achieving the desired Peff. We apply the proposed model to an NPHM composed of nine Ag/SiO2 layers, with the polymer host layer embedded with Rhodamine 6G, to maximize ηeff for a specified tenfold increase of Peff. This procedure allowed ηeff to be increased by 69% and 170% for one- and two-dimensional nano-patterning, respectively. Moreover, the time required to build the P and η maps (used in the calculation of the decay behavior) is reduced by approximately 96% when compared to those numerically calculated via FDTD. This procedure paves the way to the realization of new high-speed and efficient light sources for telecommunication applications. / Nos últimos anos, intensivo esforço tem sido devotado para o estudo de novas método para o controla da missão de fótons de emissores quânticos (EQs), especialmente para aplicações em telecomunicações. Estes métodos dependem da adaptação da radiação dos EQs, geralmente avaliadas por meio das bem conhecidas figuras de mérito, como o tempo de meia vida (τ) e a eficiência quântica (η). O controle da emissão de fótons é importante pois quanto mais rápido os fótons são emitidos, maior é o número de vezes que o EQ retorna ao seu estado excitado por segundo. Portanto, é crucial criar canais de decaimento adicionais para reduzir τ, o que necessariamente requer o aumento do fator de Purcell (P). Uma das abordagens mais promissoras para aumentar P envolve uma nova classe de metamateriais, conhecida como metamateriais hiperbólicos (MHs). Esta classe de materiais apresenta pronunciada anisotropia, onde os elementos paralelo e perpendicular do tensor de permissividade (em relação ao eixo de anisotropia) apresentam sinais opostos, resultando em uma superfície de isofrequência (SI) hiperboloidal aberta (IS). Essa forma incomum de SI leva à característica mais marcante dos MHs, a existência de modos fotônicos com número de onda (k) muito maior do que aqueles no espaço livre (k0), conhecidos como modos alto-k. Ao manipular esses modos, é possível manipular a densidade de estados fotônicos (DES) dos MHs, controlando assim os parâmetros de radiação do QE. A abordagem mais simples para a criação de MHs é por meio de uma pilha plana de camadas metálicas e dielétricas alternadas. Entretanto, a espessura finita dessas camadas induz a dispersão espacial, tornando a extração de parâmetros efetivos (homogeneização) destes meios uma tarefa desafiadora. Neste contexto, propomos nesta tese uma nova abordagem de recuperação de parâmetros constitutivos a dispersão espacial de todos os parâmetros eletromagnéticos do meio é levada em consideração. Nós demonstramos que a parte real da curva de dispersão se aplaina (correspondentemente com uma grande parte imaginária) devido à ausência de modos propagantes dentro do metamaterial. Esta região plana é fortemente dependente das espessuras das camadas e é uma manifestação direta da dispersão espacial Além disso, nós mostramos que se a dispersão espacial não for corretamente considerada no processo de homogeneização, o tempo de meia vida do EQ pode ser superestimado, o que é prejudicial para aplicações de telecomunicações. Além disso, demonstramos como melhorar P por um fator maior que 100 com o uso de MHs. a maior parte da potência dissipada pelos EQs são acopladas nos MHs como modos de alto-k (que não se propagam no espaço livre). Portanto, a energia é dissipada termicamente no interior do MH, resultando em uma redução de η. Alguns autores recorreram a MHs nano-estruturados (MHNE) para converter os modos alto-k em modos de espaço livre (k≤k0) visando o aumento de η. No entanto, muitos dos projetos do NPHM ainda dependem de simulações numéricas tridimensionais (3D) computacionalmente dispendiosas. Assim, também propomos nesta tese um novo método semi-analítico para modelar, tanto em duas como em três dimensões (2D e 3D, respectivamente), a emissão de radiação de EQs interagindo com estruturas nano-estruturadas. O baixo custo computacional deste método faz com que seja atrativo para o mapeamento de P e η em função da posição relativa do EQ e do MHNE. Esse mapeamento é uma ferramenta útil para entender o comportamento de decaimento de todo o sistema, já que os EQs são arbitrariamente distribuídos e orientados dentro do MHNE. A curva de decaimento calculada analiticamente permite que a eficiência quântica efetiva do sistema (ηeff) e o fator de Purcell (Peff) sejam obtidos diretamente, assumindo múltiplas fontes eletromagnéticas arbitrariamente distribuídas. Neste sentido, propomos aqui um novo procedimento para otimizar os parâmetros geométricos do MHNE visando a maximização de ηeff enquanto Peff é aumentado à um valor desejado. Aplicamos o modelo proposto a um MHNE composto por nove camadas de Ag/SiO2, com a camada de polímero embutida com Rodamina 6G, visando maximizar ηeff para um aumento de dez vezes de Peff. Este procedimento permitiu que o ηeff fosse incrementado em 69% e 170% para nano-estruturas uni e bidimensionais, respectivamente. Além disso, o tempo necessário para construir os mapas P e η (utilizados no cálculo da curva de decaimento) é reduzido em aproximadamente 96% quando comparado com os calculados numericamente via FDTD. Este procedimento abre caminho para o desenvolvimento de novas fontes de luz de alta velocidade e eficiência para aplicações de telecomunicações.

L'objet de cette thèse est le couplage entre des nanocristaux luminescents et des nanostructures métalliques. Ces structures présentent nombre d'intérêts dans un large panel d'applications de par l'apparition de modes électromagnétiques de surface (dénommés plasmons) que l'on contrôle via la géométrie de ces structures. Dans cette thèse, j'étudie deux types de nanostructures métalliques différentes : les plasmons « long-range» et les nanoantennes plasmoniques.Dans un premier temps je me suis intéressé à une géométrie qui couple deux plasmons propagatifs en deux modes hybrides au travers d'une fine couche de métal pour former des plasmons à forte longueur de propagations. En couplant des nanocristaux luminescents à ces modes, la répartition en énergie de l'émission dans les différents canaux de désexcitation disponibles a été étudiée. J'ai aussi montré que le métal pouvait augmenter leur taux d'émission spontanée d'un facteur 1,7. La contribution non négligeable des modes de guide conventionnels à l'émission dans ces structure a également été mise en évidence.Dans un second temps, j'ai étudié la potentielle utilisation de nanoparticules métalliques comme nanoantennes pour exalter et rediriger l'émission spontanée. La structure sera composée d'un dimère métallique créant un «point chaud » placé à proximité d'un plot métallique permettant la redirection. Des calculs FDTD montrent qu'une géométrie en pilier permet à la fois des pertes faibles (<10%), une forte augmentation de la cadence d'émission(>x80), une redirection de la lumière et ouvre la possibilité de multiplexage directif en longueur d'onde de l'information. Ces structures présentent l'avantage d'être compatibles avec les techniques modernes d'élaboration en couche mince. Des réalisations préliminaires ont alors été présentées / The object of this thesis is the coupling between luminescent nanocristals and metallic nanostructures. These structures show numerous interest in a large variety of applications thanks to the apparition of electromagnetic surface wave known as plasmons whose properties are tailored with the geometry of these structures. In this thesis, two types of geometry will be adressed : the long-range plasmons, and plasmonic nanoantennas. In a first time, the study focuses on a geometry in which two propagative surface plasmons are coupled through a thin metal film; creating a new type of plasmons with extended propagation lenghts. By coupling the emission of nanocristals in such a geometry, the energy repartition in the different desexcitation channels available has been adressed. The viccinity of the metal has also proved to increase the spontaneous decay rate up to 1.7. The non trivial contribution of conventional waveguide modes has also been demonstrated. In a second time, the potential of using metallic nanoparticles in a pillar geometry as nanoantennas to enhance and redirect the spontaneous emission has been investigated. The structure is composed of a metallic dimer creating a hotspot on top of which another metallic nanoparticles has been placed. FDTD simulations has shown that this kind of geometry can lead to few loss (<10%), a strong enhancement of the emission rate (>x80), a redirection of the emission and paves the way to wavelenght multiplexing possibilities. Besides, these structures present the advantage to be compatible with modern thin film elaboration techniques. Preliminary realisations have then been introduced

”The singer is always working through a text that in some way or another inspired the vocal line and its texture,” wrote American pianist, pedagogue, and author Thomas Grubb. But exactly how does a text inspire a composer to create this synergy between words and music? During the course of my studies at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, I gradually began to deepen my knowledge and awareness of Henry Purcell and Franz Schubert. I was at once astounded by their ability to seemlessly amalgamate the chosen texts to their music, and decided that this connection required greater research. The purpose of this study was thus to gain a deeper understanding of how Purcell and Schubert approached the relationship between text and music by studying the two pieces Music for a while and Erlkönig. I also wished to discover any similarities and differences between the composers’ approaches to word painting, in addition to discerning the role of the accompaniment to further illustrate the narrative. I began by reading literature about the two composers as well as John Dryden and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the poets whose texts were set to music. Once a greater understanding of them had been attained, I proceeded to analyze the texts and music for a greater comprehension of Purcell’s and Schubert’s methods. For early inspiration, I listened to numerous versions of the pieces by different musicians on YouTube. Both Purcell and Schubert used various tools in their compositional arsenals to accomplish their effortless combination of text and music. Amongst others, Purcell employed tonal ambiguity, unexpected harmonies, and repetition, while Schubert made use of vivid imagery, inventive treatment of chromaticism, and unmistakable rhythmic motifs. The analysis demonstrated that, while both composers painted lively and dramatic pictures in their compositions, their methods were strikingly different. The role of the accompaniment in Music for a while leaves much to the individual taste and ability of the instrumentalist(s) performing to assist the singer in setting the scene. In contrast, Schubert instructs the pianist in Erlkönig explicitly how they are to play, while additionally the piano personifies the fifth character in the story, the horse. Indeed, the role of the singer in the two pieces is equally at variance with the other. With Purcell, the singer portrays a priest, while the singer in Erlkönig personifies four different voices, each with their own melody, character, and tessitura. I hope this study will inspire others to delve deeper into the material with which they work to offer a more profound understanding to themselves and, ultimately, the listener.