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Purchasing Power Party (PPP) has long been intensively studied in empirical researches. However, a unanimous conclusion has not been reached. As an alternative to a narrative literature review, this paper conducts a meta-regression analysis of a collection of thirty-three studies, in order to uncover the sources of variation in the empirical findings relating to PPP. We also test the validities of suggestions made by the narrative literature reviewers that the use of more years of data, more countries, more powerful tests, more general model specifications, and an allowance for non-linearity might mitigate the issue of PPP puzzle. We find that the proposition is true and that whether PPP holds in the long run mainly depends on the methodology employed, the regimes the data are sampled from, and the length of the sample of data that is used. When addressing the persistence of the deviations from PPP, it mostly depends on the methodologies adopted.

During the past decade, the law of one price and purchasing power parity theories have been empirically tested for their validity. IKEA, as a world famous furnishing company, sells identical products in different countries with different prices. The main emphasis of this paper is placed on the problem of if and why IKEA’s pricing actually departs from the law of one price and purchasing power parity. We focus on the following three main explaining factors: the existence of trade cost, the influences of non-traded parts cost of the goods, and other possible pricing behaviors of the firms. To be able to fulfill our objectives, a regression model combined with the theoretical framework and the institutional framework of IKEA have been used in this paper. The remarkable outcomes are gotten as below: (Ⅰ) The price variation still exist after removing the influences of transportation cost, trade barriers, taxes. (Ⅱ) Higher productivity contributes to higher national prices, but higher labor cost has no significant effect on price variation. (Ⅲ) Price discrimination and special market strategies in specific areas do play a role in the price variation.

<p>This paper tested the purchasing power parity hypothesis for Botswana and South Africa using cointegration analysis. The data used are the spot exchange rate between the two countries (rand and pula) and their consumer price indices.</p>

The thesis documents the changes in Italian public opinion towards the Euro. Its aim is to assess the relevance of economic factors for the decline in Italian support for the common currency. The thesis begins by assessing the extent to which support for the Euro has declined in Italy. While there has been popular, media and political comment on this issue, the thesis investigates the changes in attitude through the use of survey material and concludes that there is compelling evidence that public support for the Euro has declined in Italy. The thesis adopts a utilitarian/rational choice approach in order to investigate the reasoning behind the Italian public's developing relationship with the single currency from 1998 to the present. Its central question is: How have economic factors impacted on the Italian public's support for the Euro? The analysis focuses on Italians' perceptions - not their actual knowledge - of national and individual level economic changes brought about by the single currency. The thesis investigates how such perceptions have impacted Italian popular support for the Euro over the period 1998-2007. The method employed in this thesis is primarily based around analysing quantitative data gathered from Standard and Flash Eurobarometers. Other sources considered are academic literature and newspaper articles. The analysis clearly suggests that Italians' optimism towards their national and personal economic situations have all decreased since the Euro was introduced, concurrently with their diminishing support for the Euro. This work suggests that the main reason for decreased support lies in Italian perceptions that the Euro has contributed to worsening economic situations at both the national and individual levels. In particular, Italians believe the Euro has spurred inflation and diminished their purchasing power, and accuse it of failing to promote economic growth and jobs. However, Eurobarometer data combined with newspaper articles indicate that it is the perceived economic consequences at the individual level - loss of purchasing power due to Euro-related price increases, and pessimism towards their household financial situation - that more strongly determine Italians' decreasing support for the Euro.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 1999. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-175).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-176).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Stefan Norrbin, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, Dept. of Economics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 21, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xii,163 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-102).

O Brasil enfrenta o desafio de criar mais emprego e ampliar a geração de renda. O desenvolvimento dos pequenos negócios é condição fundamental para que esses objetivos sejam atendidos, pois são intensivos em postos de trabalho e estão em todos os municípios do país. A sociedade por meio do segmento das Micro e Pequenas Empresas prepararam uma proposta, amplamente discutida, tecnicamente elaborada e longamente negociada. A Lei Geral é o novo Estatuto Nacional das Micro Empresas e das Empresas de Pequeno Porte, Instituído pela Lei Complementar nº 123, de 14 de dezembro de 2006, vem estabelecer normas gerais relativas ao tratamento diferenciado e favorecido a ser dispensado às Microempresas - ME e Empresas de Pequeno Porte - EPP no âmbito dos Poderes da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios. Esta Lei vai preparar o Brasil para uma política efetiva de apoio promoção do desenvolvimento, da competitividade e prosperidade. Unifica impostos e contribuição da União, de Estados e Municípios, dispensa o cumprimento de certas obrigações trabalhistas e previdenciárias, facilita o acesso ao crédito ao mercado, confere preferência nas compras públicas para as empresas de pequeno porte e estimula a inovação tecnológica, entre outros benefícios. A utilização do poder de compra governamental significa dar uma função econômica e social à demanda por bens e serviços da administração pública, potencializando o papel do estado como promotor de políticas redistributivas e indutor do desenvolvimento econômico. A atual perspectiva de alterações na legislação brasileira sobre compras governamentais, as análises das experiências internacionais e, principalmente, das experiências bem sucedidas de governos estaduais, corroboram para a viabilidade de se utilizar o poder de compra do Estado de Roraima como um instrumento alternativo na busca pelo desenvolvimento econômico sustentável das Micro e Pequenas Empresas. Através dos dados sobre as compras governamentais do Estado de Roraima, verificou-se que não existe uma política de incentivos para que as compras sejam feitas localmente. Poucas MPE‟s participam da vendas para órgãos públicos. Quanto à dinâmica interna das compras governamentais, apurou-se um elevado desconhecimento por parte dos gestores públicos sobre a importância e o papel que às MPE‟s exercem na economia do estado. Despreparo dos empresários sobre o tema “Compras Públicas” e o que a empresa precisa para participar das licitações. E ainda um sentimento de pequenez dos empresários respondentes, diante dos concorrentes que participam das vendas para a administração pública. / The Brazil faces the challenge of creating more jobs and increase the generation of income. The development of small businesses is fundamental condition for which these objectives are met, as they are in intensive jobs, and are in all the municipalities of the country. The society through the segment of Micro and Small Enterprises, prepared a proposal, widely discussed, technically elaborate and extensively negotiated. The General Law is the new Statute of the National Micro and Small Enterprises in Porte, set up by Complementary Law No 123 of December 14, 2006, has established general rules to different treatment and favored to be waived and the Micro-ME Companies Small Porte de - EPP under the Powers of the Union, the states, the Federal District and Municipalities. The General Law will prepare Brazil for an effective policy to support the promotion of development, competitiveness and prosperity. It will bring to society and especially for small businesses a number of improvements. The General Law unifies tax and contribution of the Union of states and municipalities, waiver of compliance with certain obligations and labor schemes, facilitates access to credit to the market, gives preference in government purchases for enterprises of small and stimulates technological innovation, among other benefits. The use of government purchasing power means a function to social and economic demand for goods and services of public administration, strengthening the role of the state as promoter of redistributive policies and inducing economic development. The current view of changes in Brazilian legislation on government purchases, the analysis of international experiences, particularly the successful experiences of state governments, support for the viability of using the purchasing power of the state of Roraima as an alternative in the search the sustainable economic development of Micro and Small Enterprises. Using data on government purchases of the State of Roraima, we found that there is no policy of incentives for the purchases to be made locally. Few MEPs participate in sales to public bodies. As for the internal dynamics of government purchases, it was found that there is no knowledge ignorance by public managers on the importance and the role of the MEPs in the exercise of the state economy. Unpreparedness of entrepreneurs on "Public Procurement" and that the companies need to participate in bidding. And yet a sense of small entrepreneurs of respondents, ahead of competitors that participate in sales to the government.