Graduate medical education (GME) is a critical link in the educational chain for physicians. Graduating from a strict apprenticeship model, GME has become a highly structured educational system whose peer-review organization provides an intentional and direct approach to ensuring that GME not only addresses the public's expectations of the profession but also positions itself to be a foundational structure in the outcomes-focused healthcare environment of the nation. GME is currently in a state of accelerated change—grounded in both educational and patient outcomes. This article provides an update on the significant changes that have occurred in GME over the past 10 years, a review of current initiatives and the perspectives related to educating physicians-in-training. Additionally, an analysis is provided on the future of GME, including areas of continued focus and uncertainty.

PURPOSE: Effective interventions are needed to help adolescents with T1D develop independent self-management skills to prevent commonly observed deterioration of disease self-management resulting in poor health outcomes. Using a prospective RCT design, we assessed the impact of a nurse-led education program based on motivational interviewing (MI) in youth with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). DESIGN AND METHODS: After parental consent and youth assent, we prospectively randomized 66 adolescents 13-18 years old with T1D to either usual care (every 3 months visit with pediatric endocrinologist) or usual care supplemented by 2 in-person and 4 follow-up phone calls with a nurse educator in a pediatric endocrinology clinic of the University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia. We used MI sessions to support youth general and disease specific self-management skills. Outcomes were change, between baseline and 6 months, in TRAQ (a validated measure of youth self-management) scores and HbA1c values. RESULTS: Mean TRAQ scores (based on a 5-point Likert scale) increased by 1.44 points (s.d. = 0.56) in the Intervention Group versus 0.26 points (s.d. = 0.34) in the control group (p < 0.001). The mean HbA1C value decreased in the intervention group by 0.95 units versus a decrease of 0.12 units in the control group (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: We found that a brief, nurse-led MI-based educational intervention, integrated into specialty pediatric care, resulted in a significant improvement in both self-reported self-management skills and in HbA1c values. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04798937.

Eagle syndrome is a rare clinical condition that is characterized by either an elongated styloid process or a calcified stylohyoid ligament. This report describes the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with Eagle syndrome following the treatment of recurrent laryngeal carcinoma with ionizing radiation.

Stress cardiomyopathy can cause significant morbidity in the functional life of patients. The most common finding is apical ballooning of the left ventricle on cardiac catheterization. Some cases present with atypical imaging findings. This report presents a case of atypical stress cardiomyopathy with midventricular hypokinesis.

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Physical examination education begins early for medical learners. A hindrance to physical exam competency is lack of exposure to pathology in standardized patient settings. This research focuses on improving medical education through the utilization of cadavers that have undergone a soft-embalming technique: the Thiel method. Three scenarios were created in four Thiel cadavers: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tear, and sham incision. Students were asked to diagnose ACL tears using the Lachman exam. A total of 54 learners participated in the study. Post-surveys indicated most learners: (1) prefer to use standardized patients (SPs) and soft-embalmed cadavers in their physical examination courses, (2) increased their confidence in performing the Lachman exam on real patients, and (3) enhanced their Lachman technique. SPs ultimately cannot volitionally reproduce the physical exam findings of ACL deficiency. Consequently, learners cannot accurately identify positive versus negative examination findings. Thiel-embalmed cadavers are a valuable resource for physical examination education. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 30(2):112-115, 2021).

Polycystic ovary syndrome is the single most common endocrine abnormality of women of reproductive age and is a leading cause of female infertility. Common clinical features include hirsutism, various ovarian abnormalities, obesity, and insulin resistance. Expert consensus recommendations on diagnostic criteria vary, but the most recent focus on the presence of clinical features of hyperandrogenism, hyperandrogenemia, polycystic ovaries, and ovulatory and menstrual dysfunction to the exclusion of alternative diagnoses. In adolescence, diagnosis is more difficult because of the frequent presence of individual clinical findings in otherwise "normal" individuals. Laboratory tests and pelvic ultrasound are necessary to confirm polycystic ovary syndrome and exclude other disorders that may mimic this syndrome. Treatment is centered on the clinical manifestations and should be initiated early to prevent/limit long-term complications, including the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, endometrial carcinoma, and infertility.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the study was to determine the long-term effects of muscle weakness secondary to strokes on the bone mineral content of the hemiparetic limb. Patients who had experienced single recent strokes were studied. The bone mineral content of each limb was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry using the region of interest analysis program. Muscle strength of each muscle group was ranked using the Oxford scale, and the mean was calculated for each limb. Bone and muscle parameters were measured within seven days after the stroke and repeated thereafter at monthly intervals for up to 6 mo. A repeated measures analysis of variance, Newman-Keuls pair-wise comparisons, and orthogonal contrasts were done for each parameter. Significance levels were set at P < 0.05. Sixteen patients were included in this study. Demineralization was more pronounced in the upper than lower limbs. Demineralization of bones on the paralyzed side started during the first month after the stroke and gradually progressed. By the fourth month, the bone mineral content decreased by a mean of 9.3% (P = 0.01) and 3.7% (P = 0.01) in the upper and lower limbs, respectively, for the 11 patients followed for 4 mo. In the patients we followed for more than 4 mo, there was no further significant mineral loss. No change in bone mineral content was observed in the healthy nonparetic limbs. In conclusion, after a stroke, bone demineralization occurs in the paralyzed side and reaches its maximum within 3 to 4 mo. Arms are affected more than legs.