In today’s highly competitive environment, an imperative to the success and survival of hotels is an understanding of their competitive standing. This article describes and illustrates the application of a tool, Extended Quadrant Analysis (EQA), that can aid hoteliers in conducting competitive analysis. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: docdelivery@haworthpress.com Website: http://www.HaworthPress.com.

The turbulence structure over the sea was studied with the emphasis on humidity. The data sets used came from the island of Östergarnsholm outside Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The study included spectral and quadrant analyses of the wind, temperature and humidity parameters from one measuring level. The wave state of the sea was deduced from data from a wave rider buoy anchored 4 km from the site.Two turbulence instruments for humidity were compared, the MIUU instrument (hot wire) and an open pass infrared gas analyser from LI-COR. The comparison showed that the LI-COR instrument resolved the high frequency fluctuations of the humidity better. The unstable cospectra of the sensible and latent heat fluxes were studied and categorised. It was found that many cospectra have two or more maxima. The higher frequency maxima gained influence when the stratification became near neutral.The quadrant analyses showed that the structures of humidity flux were similar to those of the heat flux. The sources of the flux were studied using different ratios. The ratio between events of moist updrafts and dry downdrafts were extensively studied. It was shown that the events of moist updrafts were more dominating during swell than during growing sea. When the results of the spectral and quadrant analyses were combined, it was shown that the smaller sized eddies of heat dominate the events of warm updrafts and that the large eddies dominate the cold downdrafts. The bulk transfer number for moisture, the Dalton number (CE), was found to be almost constant with stratification for unstable runs. The mean value was calculated to (1.0±0.3)·10-3. / Målet för denna studie var turbulensstrukturer över hav med särskild tonvikt på fuktigheten. I denna studie har använts observationer från en mast på ön Östergarns-holm, strax öster om Gotland. Arbetet innefattar spektral- och kvadrantanalys av vind, temperatur och fuktighet från en mätnivå. Havets aktuella tillstånd mättes med en vågboj förtöjd 4 km från masten. Två turbulensinstrument för fuktighet jämfördes, MIUU-instrumentet (varmtråds-instrument) och ett instrument från företaget LI-COR som mäter infraröd absorption. Jämförelsen visade att LI-COR-instrumentet löser upp de högfrekventa fuktighets-fluktuationerna bättre. Instabila cospektra för sensibelt och latent värmeflöde studerades och kategoriserades. Det visade sig att många cospektra hade två eller flera maxima. Det högfrekventa maximumet fick ökad betydelse när skiktningen blev nära neutral. Kvadrantanalyserna visade att strukturerna för värme- och fuktighetsflödet är liknande. Källan för flödena studerades med hjälp av olika kvoter. Av särskilt intresse var kvoten mellan tillfällen med fuktiga uppvindar och torra nedvindar. Det visade sig att tillfällen med fuktiga uppvindar var mer dominerande vid dyning än vid upp-byggande vågor. När resultaten från spektral- och kvadrantanalysen kombinerades, visade det sig att de små virvlarna med värme dominerar vid tillfällen med varma uppvindar och att de stora virvlarna dominerar vid kalla nedvindar. Utbyteskoefficienten CE för fuktighet, även kallad Dalton-talet, är nästan konstant för de instabila fallen. Medelvärdet av CE beräknades till (1,0±0,3)·10-3.

This thesis concerns the occurrence of the large-scale bed and plan forms known as alternate bars and meandering, and the internal structures of the flow associated with their formation. The work is to be viewed as an extension of previous work by da Silva (1991), Yalin (1992), and Yalin and da Silva (2001). As a first step in this work, the criteria for occurrence of alternate bars and meandering of Yalin and da Silva (2001) is re-considered in view of additional field and laboratory data from the recent literature and data resulting from two series of experimental runs carried out in two sediment transport flumes. This leads to a number of modifications of the boundary-lines in the related existence-region diagram of Yalin and da Silva. The size of the largest horizontal coherent structures (HCS’s) of an alternate bar inducing flow was then investigated experimentally on the basis of three series of flow velocity measurements. These were carried out in a 21m-long, 1m-wide straight channel, conveying a 4cm-deep flow. The bed consisted of a silica sand having a grain size of 2mm; its surface was flat. The measurements were carried out using a Sontek 2D Micro ADV. The horizontal burst length was found to be between five and seven times the flow width. The effect of the HCS’s on the mean flow was also investigated. A slight internal meandering of the flow caused by the superimposition of burst-sequences on the mean flow was clearly detectable. Finally, with the aid of three new series of measurements in the same channel, an attempt was made to penetrate the dynamics and life-cycle of the HCS’s. For this purpose, quadrant analysis was used; the cross-sectional distribution of relevant statistical turbulence-related parameters was investigated; and cross-correlations of flow velocity along the flow depth and across the channel were performed. The analysis indicates that the HCS’s originate near the channel banks, with the location of ejections and sweeps being anti-symmetrically arranged with regard to the channel centreline, and then evolve so as to occupy the entire depth of the water and the entire width of the channel. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-03-09 10:20:53.596

Yes / This research work focuses on the wake flow region of a cylinder with a spoiler on a rough bed under steady flow conditions. The acoustic Doppler velocimetry was used for the measurement of three-dimensional velocity data for two Reynolds numbers in a fully developed turbulent flow around the cylinder with a spoiler. The mean flow velocities, second-order turbulence structures, and conditional statistics were investigated in the wake region of the spoilered cylinder. The flow was separated from the spoiler with the formation of two shear layers between free surface flow and recirculating flow. It is observed that the flow is reattaching to the bed at 11D irrespective of the Reynolds number. Downstream of the cylinder, the mean velocity distributions are asymmetric due to the wall–wake effect, and the point of inflection is observed for each velocity profile at z = 0.40ẟ. The turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, and TKE are highly enhanced in the wake region of the cylinder as compared to their respective upstream values for both runs. The turbulence intensities, Reynolds normal stresses, Reynolds shear stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy are attaining peaks at z = 0.4 ẟ for all the streamwise locations, and the peaks are found to be highest at x = 10D. The quadrant analysis results indicate that the sweeps are dominating bursting events in the inner and intermediate layers, while ejections are dominating in the outer layer of the wake region. As the hole size, H increases ejections stress fraction rises as compared to that of the sweeps in the wake region for z = 0.2–0.7 h.

Yes / Bridge pier is a common feature in hydraulic structure. Its impact to the river usually occurs in group form rather than single pier, so this challenging piers-group influence towards river hydraulics and turbulence needs to be explored. In this paper, the measurements were conducted using an Acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) to study velocities in three dimensions (longitudinal, transversal, and vertical). Based on the experimental data, we have observed reversed depth-averaged velocity vector after each pier in the group of three-pier. The analysis has been conducted on the contribution of each bursting event to Reynolds shear stress (RSS) generation, in order to identify the critical events and turbulence structures around the piers. In the upstream near-wake flow in the bed-wall layer, strong sweep and ejection events have been observed; while at downstream, sweeps were more dominant. The pattern of burst changed in the outer layer of flow, where ejections were more dominant. Furthermore, the contribution fractional ratio to RSS variation at hole size H = 0 indicates that sweeps and ejections were significantly generated at the near wake-flow in upstream.

Turbulent flow inside a street canyon was investigated in an open circuit wind tunnel and in a blow-down wind channel. Two geometries were used for comparison purposes: buildings with pitched roofs and with flat roofs. Both generate the flow of a different category, so the induced ventilation regimes are fundamentally different. Quadrant, Fourier and Wavelet analysis, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and vortex detection methods are used to identify coherent structures in the flow and establish their impact on the ventilation of pollution. Two types of the organised motions are detected: the compact areas of sweep and ejection with the scale comparable to the size of building and the small vortices generated in the shear layer behind the building roof. POD identifies the most dominant modes with high coherency in the flow and evaluates the relative contributions of each mode to the overall kinetic energy of turbulence. Rigorous analysis of the correctness of the physical interpretation for such a decomposition is carried out. Wavelet analysis is applied to the time-series of the POD expansion coefficients in order to reveal control mechanism of the dynamics of the modes. Vorticity, calculated from the original velocity data, is decomposed by POD as well. Finally, the correlation between the vorticity...

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR (Agence National de la Recherche) "Flowres" ayant pour objectif d’améliorer la prédiction des crues extrêmes. Il a récemment été démontré que le dérèglement climatique tend à augmenter la fréquence et l’intensité de ces événements extrêmes, provoquant ainsi de nombreux dégâts, notamment dans les zones urbaines. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier les configurations extrêmes, où une "canopée urbaine" est faiblement immergée. Cette étude repose sur une série de mesures expérimentales réalisées en canal hydraulique à surface libre, dans lequel différentes profondeurs de canopée et niveau d’immersion ont été considérées. Les canopées étudiées sont composées d’alignements d’éléments prismatiques. La première partie de ce travail à consister à élaborer le dispositif expérimental permettant d’acceder à la structure complète D de ces écoulements. Pour cela, un dispositif de PIV 2D-2C a été mis en place, couplé à l’utilisation de moyens techniques sophistiqués, comme des prismes transparents en verre BK7 ainsi qu’une optique télécentrique. Ce dispositif a permis d’obtenir des statistiques hautement résolues tant temporellement que spatialement, et ont aussi permis d’étudier la sensibilité de ces statistiques à l’échantillonnage spatial. Une fois le système de mesure mis en place, l’effet de l’immersion et de la profondeur de canopée sur la structure verticale 1D de ces écoulements a ensuite été étudiée. Les résultats montrent que la structure d’un écoulement dans une canopée profonde (k/` = 6) fortement immergée peut être décrite par différentes couches (sillage, couche de mélange, couche logarithmique). Cependant, la diminution de l’immersion et/ou de la profondeur de canopée tend à forcer les interactions entre les couches, et en supprimer certaines dans certains cas. De plus, on remarque que pour de très faibles immersions, le tenseur total devient négatif. Afin de comprendre et caractériser ce phénomène inattendu, une analyse par quadrant du tenseur de Reynolds a été effectuée. Dans le cas d’écoulements fortement immergés, les éjections (Q 2 ) et les balayages (Q4 ) contribuent majoritairement à l’écoulement. Cependant, la diminution de l’immersion est accompagnée d’une augmentation importante d’événements Q 3 dans la canopée, conduisant à un tenseur de Reynolds négatif pour des cas extrêmes. Pour finir, la compréhension de ces écoulements turbulents par l’intégration des profils verticaux 1D a permis de déterminer les lois de frottement globales associées. Il a été montré qu’il est nécessaire de définir correctement les grandeurs utilisées pour le coefficient de frottement f 0 , comme une vitesse débitante prenant en compte la porosité de la canopée ou encore une vitesse de frottement u 0 basé sur le fond du canal et non sur le sommet des prismes. On observe une corrélation entre l’immersion de la canopée et le coefficient de frottement f 0 . De plus, deux comportements distincts semblent émerger pour les faibles (h/k < 4) ou fortes (h/k > 4) immersions. / This PhD work is part of the ANR project "Flowres" where aims is to improve the prediction of nextreme flood events. It has been shown that the climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of these extreme events, leading to major damages, especially in urban areas. The objective of this PhD was to investigate extrem configurations where urban canopy is weakly submerged. This work is based on experimental analysis carried out in a hydraulic open-channel flume in which various canopy depth and submergence levels were investigated. The canopies were built by alignment of prismatic roughness elements. The first part of this PhD work aimed at developping the experimental set-up allowing to obtain the complete structure of the flow. To this end, a PIV 2D-2C apparatus was used, paired with the use of advanced technical tools, such as prisms of BK7 glass and a telecentric optics. This set-up has enabled to obtain highly converged statistics (spatially and temporally), allow an investigation of sensitivity of these statistics to the spatial sampling. Once the experimental set-up designed, the effect of the flow immersion and of canopy depth on the 1D vertical structure was then investigated. Our results have shown that the flow structure of a depth canopy with an high submergence can be described by different (layers wake layer, mixing layer, logarithmic zone). A decrease of the submergence and/or the canopy depth increase interactions between the different layers, and sometimes, cancel it. Additionally, for some low submergence flow regimes, the total stress becomes negative. In order to understand and better characterize this unexpected result, we performed a quadrant analysis of the Reynolds stress. In the case of highly submerged flow, ejections (Q 2 ) and sweeps (Q 4 ) mostly contribute to the flow. By contrast, the decrease of the submergence is coupled with an significant increase of the Q3 event within the canopy. It can lead to a negative Reynolds stress in some flow regimes. Finally, the understanding of turbulent flows through integration of the 1D vertical profiles allowed calculation of thes associated global friction law. It has been shown that it is necessary to properlydefine the quantities used for the friction coefficient f 0 , such as a flow rate taking into account the porosity of the canopy, and a speed of friction u 0 based on the bottom of the channel (and not on the top of the prisms). There is a correlation between canopy submergence and the coefficient of friction f 0 . Moreover, two different behaviour appear for low submergence (h/k < 4) or high submergence (h/k > 4).