A madeira é a principal variável de custo na produção de polpa celulósica. A polpa celulósica obtida a partir da madeira de folhosas é principalmente utilizada para produção de papéis de escrita e impressão assim como, a produção de papéis para fins sanitários; para estes usos normalmente a polpa celulósica deve ser branqueada. Mundialmente, várias espécies de madeira de folhosas são utilizadas para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta, estando entre as principais o híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (Brasil), Betula pendula (Finlândia) Eucalyptus globulus (Portugal). Este projeto teve por objetivo: i-avaliar e comparar o desempenho de madeiras de principais espécies utilizadas mundialmente, para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta, considerando os aspectos relacionados à qualidade da madeira e polpa, o consumo de reagentes químicos na polpação e também os aspectos relacionados ao rendimento e a capacidade de produção de polpa celulósica; ii-fornecer informações estratégicas para o setor celulósico nacional com relação as possíveis ameaças e as oportunidades apresentadas pelos materiais não utilizados no Brasil, visando o conhecimento e posicionamento em competitividade destas madeiras no mercado mundial de celulose e papel; iii-fornecer subsídios para o programa genético e de melhoramento florestal; iv-posicionar a polpa celulósica de Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla em relação as suas principais concorrentes. Para realização deste trabalho foram coletadas 5 árvores de todas as espécies, sendo considerado o diâmetro médio do povoamento, transportando a madeira em forma de discos e transformadas em cavacos de forma manual; com relação à madeira foram determinadas, densidade básica, dimensões de fibras, composição química e análise anatômica através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura; as condições de cozimento foram ajustadas visando à obtenção de polpa branqueável (número kappa de 17±0.5). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as espécies de Eucalyptus globulus e E. grandis x E. urophylla 2 apresentaram melhor desempenho no processo de polpação; atingiram a mesma intensidade deslignificação (expressa como número kappa), sendo necessário menor nível de álcali ativo. As matériasprimas citadas apresentaram maior rendimento, maior viscosidade e menor teor de ácidos hexenurônicos. As diferentes matérias-primas estudadas neste trabalho apresentaram características bastante distintas que implicam em diferentes eficiências nos processos de polpação e branqueamento. / Wood is the main variable in the cost of pulp production, besides being a strong component in the final quality of the paper product. Pulps obtained from hardwoods are mainly used in the production of printing and writing papers as well as tissue papers; for these uses, the pulp must be bleached. Several species of hardwoods are used in the production of pulp worldwide. The main ones are the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla (Brazil), E. globulus (Portugal), Betula pendula (Finland). The objectives of this research was: 1) to evaluate and compare the performance of woods from the main species used worldwide for hardwood cellulose pulp production, considering the aspects regarding the quality of the wood and pulp, chemicals consumption during pulping, and aspects related to the yield and capacity pulp production; 2) to supply strategic information for the Brazilian pulp and paper sector regarding possible threats and opportunities presented by materials which are not used in Brazil in order to know and compete with these woods in the world market of pulp and paper. In order to accomplish this work, chips were manually obtained from disks. Regarding the wood, the basic density, fibers dimensions, chemical composition and anatomic analysis were conducted. The cooking conditions were adjusted in order to obtain the bleachable pulp (kappa number 17±0.5). The results had shown that the species of Eucalyptus globulus from Portugal and hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla 2 had better performance in the kraft pulping process; they had reached the same delignification level, as number kappa, requiring lesser active alkali. The mentioned raw materials showed higher yield, greater viscosity and minor levels of acid hexenurônicos. The raw-materials considered in the research showed clearly distinct characteristics that lead to differences in the pulping and bleaching processes efficiencies and strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T16:54:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Alex Oliveira Barradas Filho.pdf: 3027425 bytes, checksum: 63f427132994ab4f584101b97cb4cc80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / Alternative fuels have the potential to replace gradually the petroleum derivatives, and the biodiesel, that is a biofuel obtained from transesterification of triglycerides, is pointed as a substitute for mineral diesel. The present work focus on the optimization and application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) on the prediction of viscosity, iodine value, induction period, cetane number, specific gravity and cold filter plugging point of biodiesel, which are properties inherent to the composition. The input variables were the percentage of 13 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) more common in biodiesels and, once the transesterification does not modify the fatty esters profile of the raw materials, the ANN method allowed the prediction of the six properties, even before the transesterification, after synthesis of the biodiesel or during the storage. Therefore, this method can be useful as a tool to evaluate the potential of raw materials to produce a biodiesel with good quality and to reach improvements on official methods. The optimization process of ANN occurred in three steps: test of algorithms for adjusting weights, test of stopping condition and test of activation functions, and the physicochemical properties were treated independently. For the set of test samples, which simulates real samples, the application of the optimized ANNs provided results with root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 0.55 mm²/s, 3.49 g/100g, 0.89 h, 2.06, 2.89 kg/m³ and 2.61 °C for viscosity, iodine value, induction period, cetane number, specific gravity and cold filter plugging point, respectively, what ensures the feasibility of the proposed method. A comparison between the proposed method and linear methods from literature, both based on the biodiesel composition indicate that our ANN model is much more adequate to the problem addressed. / Na busca por combustíveis alternativos que possam substituir gradualmente os derivados de petróleo, o biodiesel é apontado como um substituto para o diesel mineral e é definido como um biocombustível obtido a partir da transesterificação de triglicerídeos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a otimização e aplicação de redes neurais artificias (ANNs) na predição de viscosidade, índice de iodo, período de indução, número de cetano, massa específica e ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (PEFF) de biodiesel, propriedades inerentes à composição. As variáveis de entrada foram os percentuais de 13 ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (FAMEs) mais comuns em biodieseis e, como a transesterificação não altera o perfil de ésteres de ácidos graxos da matéria-prima, o método ANN permitiu a predição das seis propriedades, seja antes da transesterificação, após a síntese de biodiesel ou durante o armazenamento. Portanto, este método pode ser útil como uma ferramenta para avaliar o potencial de matérias-primas para produzir um biodiesel com boa qualidade e para alcançar melhorias relativas aos métodos oficiais. O processo de otimização da ANN ocorreu em três etapas: teste dos algoritmos para ajuste de pesos, teste das condições de parada e teste das funções de ativação, e as propriedades físico-químicas foram tratadas de forma independentes. Para o conjunto de amostras de teste, que simula as amostras reais, a aplicação das ANN otimizadas forneceu resultados com a raiz do erro médio quadrático (RMSE) de 0,55 mm²/s, 3,49 g/100g, 0,89 h, 2,06, 2,89 kg/m³ e 2,61 °C para viscosidade, índice de iodo, período de indução, número de cetano, massa específica e PEFF, respectivamente, o que assegura a viabilidade do método proposto. Uma comparação entre o método proposto e métodos lineares, ambos com base na composição de biodiesel, indica que o modelo de ANN é mais adequado para o problema abordado.

Les sociétés Mochica ou Moché (IIe-IXe s. apr. J.-C.) ont laissé un nombre important de sites archéologiques sur la côte nord du Pérou qui conservent des objets céramiques d’un caractère exceptionnel d’un point de vue morphologique, décoratif et technique. Ces dernières années, les céramiques Mochica ont été étudiées d’un point de vue archéologique et ethnoarchéologique. Notre étude vise à les étudier en employant les méthodes et les techniques de l’archéométrie. Nous proposons ainsi une étude croisée de sciences appliquées, d'archéologie et d’ethnoarchéologie pour tenter de répondre à des problématiques archéologiques parfaitement définies dans le temps (VIIIe-Xe s. apr. J.-C.) et dans l’espace (site archéologique Mochica San José de Moro dans la partie basse de la vallée de Jequetepeque). Nous nous interrogeons sur l’exploitation des ressources naturelles, la production et la consommation de céramiques rituelles. L’objectif de notre recherche est de discuter et de définir des choix techniques céramiques (locaux et régionaux) en définissant leurs spécificités: technologies, matières premières, importations ou productions locales. Cet apport permet de participer à la connaissance de l'histoire de cette civilisation et des civilisations contemporaines et voisines, notamment Cajamarca et Huari. Pour y parvenir, les principaux sujets de recherche qui ont été développés concernent l’étude des typo-chronologies Moché, l’étude archéologique des productions Mochica et Cajamarca, l’étude archéologique de l’exploitation des ressources en matières premières à l’échelle locale ou régionale, l’étude des procédés techniques employés dans la fabrication de céramiques découvertes à San José de Moro. Une discussion théorique est également menée sur les styles techniques des céramiques de ce site. Les résultats de nos recherches ont permis d’établir que les céramiques Mochica sont issues de processus productifs homogènes, d’affirmer que les objets à décoration polychrome ont été produits avec les mêmes matières employées pour la production des objets Mochica bichrome, et de définir que les potiers Mochica et Cajamarca n'ont pas échangé de matières premières pour la fabrication des pâtes céramiques. Enfin, l’existence des parallèles technologiques concernant les décors des céramiques entre ces deux sociétés, a été démontrée. / Mochica or Moche societies (2nd-9th c. A.D.) left a significant number of archaeological sites on the north coast of Peru which preserve ceramic objects of an exceptional character of a morphological, ornamental and technical point of view. In recent years, the Mochica ceramics have been studied by archaeological and ethnoarchaeological approaches. The first aim of our research is to study them thanks to the methods and the techniques of the archaeological sciences. In this context, we developed a crossed study of applied sciences (physico-chemical analyses of materials), archaeology and ethnoarchaeology approaches to try to answer archaeological problems perfectly defined in time (8th-10th c. A.D.) and space (archeological Mochica site of San José de Moro). The questions deal with the exploitation of raw material resources, the production, and in particular, the consumption of ritual ceramics. The major aim of our research is to discuss and define ceramic technical styles by defining technologies, raw materials, imports or local productions, in order to characterize and understand the history of this civilization and the history of contemporary and nearby civilizations (Cajamarca and Huari). The main subject in this research concerns the study of typo chronologies Moche, the archaeological study of the Mochica and Cajamarca productions, the archaeological study of the exploitation of the resources in raw materials at a local or a regional level, the study of the technical processes of ceramic productions discovered at San José of Moro. Then a theoretical discussion is carried out about the technical styles of ceramics preserved on the site. To conclude, our studies allowed, for example, to establish that Mochica ceramics were elaborated on homogeneous productive processes, to assert that Moche objects with poly-chrome decoration were produced with the same raw materials used for the production of Moche objects with bi-chrome decoration, and to define that Mochica and Cajamarca potters did not exchange raw materials for manufacturing ceramic bodies. Finally, the existence of technological parallels between these two societies, particularly as regards the decorations of ceramics, has been demostrated.

Les politiques environnementales unilatérales, destinées à corriger les défaillances de marché, peuvent échouer dans un monde globalisé. Dans cette thèse, j'analyse plusieurs mécanismes dans lesquels certaines réglementations environnementales peuvent conduire à un équilibre sous optimal dans une situation de libre-échange. J'étudie également la façon dont certaines politiques environnementales telles que les politiques de recyclages peuvent contribuer à atteindre d'autres objectifs politiques à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le premier chapitre de cette dissertation, j'analyse l'impact des différences de taxation sur la gestion des déchets entre différents pays sur les échanges bilatéraux de déchets entre les pays membres de l'Union Européenne. Je trouve qu'une différence entre les taux de taxes a un impact non négligeable sur la quantité de déchets exportés des pays à fort niveau de taxation vers les pays à faible niveau de taxation. Ce résultat illustre l'impact néfaste que peuvent avoir, en situation de libre échange, les comportements stratégiques de type « nivellement par le bas ». Ce résultat a d'importantes implications en termes de politiques publiques car ces comportements stratégiques peuvent conduire à une sous internalisation des dommages environnementaux. Les politiques de recyclages ont originellement été mises en place pour réduire les impacts environnementaux du traitement des déchets. En réalité, elles peuvent aussi contribuer à la diminution de la dépendance en matières premières à l'échelle d'un pays. Dans le second chapitre, je trouve que les politiques de recyclages, qui stimulent la production locale de matières premières secondaires, ont un impact négatif substantiel sur les importations de matières premières métalliques. Dans le troisième chapitre, je teste empiriquement si la délocalisation vers les pays à faible coût de production diminue la propension des entreprises à développer des technologies vertes. Je trouve que la capacité d'importer des matériaux en provenance des pays à bas coût a réduit de manière drastique l'innovation verte dans les pays à coût de production élevé durant les dernières décennies. Dans le dernier chapitre, j'utilise des données sur les entreprises industrielles françaises pour tester empiriquement la majorité des hypothèses formulées par Porter et van der Linde. Mon analyse empirique rejette l'hypothèse de Porter bien que l'impact négatif des réglementations environnementales sur la profitabilité des firmes soit plutôt faible. Ce résultat constitue une preuve d'une condition nécessaire mais non suffisante à l'existence de havres de pollution. / In a globalized world, unilateral environmental policies may fail to correct market failures from a global point of view. In this dissertation, I examine some mechanisms through which environmental regulations could lead to inefficient outcomes under free trade. I also investigate how particular environmental policies such as recycling policies can help to address other concerns at the country level. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I analyze how cross-country difference in waste taxes impacts the bilateral trade in waste between the member states of the European Union. I find that a higher asymmetry in the waste taxes is associated with a non negligible amount of waste exported from strict countries to lax countries. This result illustrates the harmful impact that "race to the bottom" behaviours can have under free trade. This result has important policy implications since these behaviours can lead to an insufficient internalization of the environmental damages caused by waste management activities. Recycling policies are implemented to reduce environmental impacts but they can also mitigate country dependence on foreign raw materials. In the second chapter, I find that recycling policies substantially reduce country dependence on foreign raw materials by stimulating domestic production of secondary raw materials. In the third chapter, I test empirically whether offshoring to low-production-cost countries reduces firms' propensity to innovate in clean technologies. I find that trade with low-cost countries may have significantly reduced green innovation in high production cost countries during the last decades. In the last chapter, I use micro-data on French manufacturing to test a major part of the assumptions made in the seminal work of Porter and van der Linde. I find evidence against the Porter Hypothesis although the negative impact of regulations on firm profitability is rather small. This is evidence of a necessary but not sufficient condition for the Pollution Haven Hypothesis.

Le sujet de cette thèse est d’aborder le fonctionnement économique des premières sociétés agro-pastorales dans les domaines insulaires de la façade Manche/Atlantique de la France, de la fin du Mésolithique au début de l’âge du Bronze. Les ressources des îles, à la fois limitées (surface exploitable réduite, gestion cynégétique complexe) et diversifiées (ressources terrestres et maritimes) ont-elles entraîné une adaptation des modes de vie ? Les populations ont-elles subi leur environnement ou ont-elles dépassé les contraintes grâce à un dynamisme de contacts et d’échanges ? Ces questionnements sont abordés par le biais des informations fournies par l'industrie lithique de plusieurs sites insulaires, dont les modalités d'approvisionnements en matières premières et les caractéristiques sont systématiquement comparées aux données disponibles sur les proches sites continentaux. Cette approche permet de cerner l'existence ou l'absence de particularismes insulaires, puis de mesurer le degré d'insertion des populations îliennes au sein des réseaux d'échanges à plus ou moins longue distance de matières premières. La présence de matières premières exogènes (telles que le silex du Cinglais ou encore le silex du Turonien supérieur de la région du Grand-Pressigny) sur certaines îles révèle l'existence de contacts entre communautés continentales et insulaires, ces dernières apparaissant comme ouvertes aux influx extérieurs. L'ensemble de ces informations sont remises en perspective grâce aux données fournies par d'autres productions matérielles (le mobilier céramique notamment). Il est alors possible de percevoir les interactions qui se sont maintenues du Néolithique au début de l’âge du Bronze entre les habitants de la côte et les îliens, et de mettre en valeur des disparités entre les îles. / The subject of this thesis is to address the economic operation of the first agro-pastoral societies on the islands from the Channel / Atlantic coasts of France, from the late Mesolithic to the early Bronze Age. The resources of these islands, both limited (exploitable surface reduced, complex hunting gestion) and various (terrestrial and marine resources), have they resulted in an adaptation of lifestyles? Populations have they suffered their environment or have they exceeded the constraints through a dynamic of contacts and exchanges ? These questions are addressed through the information provided by the lithic industry of several island sites. The terms of supply of raw materials and characteristics of lithic industry are systematically compared with available data on nearby continental sites. The presence of exogenous materials (such as flint of "Cinglais" or the Turonian flint of the Greater Pressigny) on some islands reveals the existence of contacts between mainland and island communities, the latters appearing as open to impulses outside. This approach identifies the existence or absence of insular peculiarities, then measure the degree of integration of islands populations within trade networks of long distance raw materials. All these information are put into perspective with data provided by others materials (including ceramic artefacts). Then, it is possible to perceive the interactions that are held from the Neolithic to the beginning of the Bronze Age between the inhabitants of the coast and the islanders, and also highlight disparities between islands.

Le mélange blé - légumineuse constitue une option prometteuse pour le développement de pratiques agricoles durables et la fourniture de protéines de bonne qualité nutritionnelle. Des filières de transformation des cultures associées intégrant la gestion d’un mélange jusqu’à la fabrication d’un produit céréalier enrichi en farine de légumineuse pourraient être conçues. Ceci implique de maîtriser la variabilité des matières premières entrantes en seconde transformation. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer un outil permettant de maîtriser la qualité de cakes enrichis en farine de légumineuse quelles que soient les variations de qualité des matières premières, par l’utilisation du procédé de fabrication. La qualité des cakes est définie par leurs propriétés de structure aux différentes échelles. Après un travail de caractérisation des propriétés de farines variables et d’étude du procédé de fabrication, un modèle multicritère multi-contraintes de maîtrise de la qualité a été mis en place par une démarche de plan d’expériences. La capacité de prévision du modèle a été validée, et son efficacité de correction a été confirmée du point de vue instrumental et sensoriel dans le cas de deux scénarii. Après une discussion de la durabilité de la filière dans son ensemble, les connaissances acquises lors de ce travail ont été rassemblées pour formuler des recommandations vis-à-vis des étapes amont de la filière (sélection, culture, tri, 1ère transformation) dans un objectif d’ingénierie reverse. / Mixing wheat and legumes is a promising way of developing sustainable agricultural practices in addition to supplying proteins of good nutri-tional quality. Food chains for the valorization of wheat-legume intercrops could be designed to handle such a mixture right up to the production of cereal products enriched with legume flour. This would involve monitoring the variability of the raw materials used by the secondary processing industry. The aim of this work was to develop a tool to enable the monitoring of the quality of cakes enriched with legume flour regardless of variations in flour quality, by using the processing variables. The quality of soft cakes is defined by their structural properties at different length scales. After characterization of the variable properties of flour and of the manufacturing process, a multi- objective model for the monitoring of cake quality was built thanks to an optimal experimental design. The prediction capacity of the model was validated, and its correction efficiency was confirmed both instrumentally and sensorially in two case studies involving variations in the proportions and particle sizes of wheat and legume in the flour. Following a discussion of the sustainability of the food chain as a whole, the knowledge acquired during the course of this study was used to make recommen -dations concerning the upstream stages of the chain (selection, cultivation, sorting, first processing) using a reverse engineering approach.

Orientador: Keizo Yukimitu / Resumo: Este trabalho visa o estudo da eficiência do uso da cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CBC) como defloculante para materiais cerâmicos do tipo porcelanato, disponibilizada pela indústria Villagres, em comparação ao aditivo defloculante atualmente utilizado mesma, o silicato de sódio. O estudo do reaproveitamento deste material residual de origem orgânica na indústria cerâmica tem motivações que envolvem causas de disponibilidade, sustentabilidade, inovação e rentabilidade, motivações essas que, para este estudo em específico, foram fomentadas por resultados bastante promissores obtidos através de um estudo prévio envolvendo algumas destas mesmas variáveis citadas, em termos de redução do tempo de escoamento, e consequentemente, viscosidade. Materiais argilosos (argilominerais) fazem parte de grande parte da composição de massas cerâmicas. Durante o seu processo de moagem via úmida, observa-se nas argilas uma interação superficial de atração pelas forças de Van der Waals. Para que esta interação diminua e consequentemente a viscosidade da barbotina, utiliza-se aditivos defloculantes à base de sódio. O silicato de sódio é capaz de promover a troca catiônica dos cátions bivalentes. Conforme o decorrer do projeto, foram testadas diferentes formulações e metodologias nas instalações da indústria de porcelanato Villagres, com adições de silicato de sódio e/ou CBC aos materiais cerâmicos, e assim medir das viscosidades das misturas com o equipamento Copo de Ford para que fosse anali... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Kreislaufwirtschaft ist ein Konzept, um den Rohstoff- und Ressourcenverbrauch wirksam zu reduzieren. Hierbei sollen bestehende Produkte und Ressourcen so lange wie möglich in wertschöpfenden Kreisläufen gehalten werden. Im Rahmen der Repurpose (Wiederverwendung) Strategie werden Bauteile und Ressourcen von ausrangierten Produkten in neue Produkte mit anderer Funktion wiederverwendet. Hierzu müssen Rohlinge für neue Produkte in Sekundärrohstoffen angeordnet und herausgetrennt werden. Bedingt durch den nicht standardisierten Zustand von Sekundärrohstoffen, wird ein intelligentes Nesting Verfahren eingesetzt, die Ressourceneffizienz zu verbessern. Der Einsatz von intelligentem Nesting im Rahmen der Kreislaufwirtschaft zeigt, dass der Einsatz von Sekundärrohstoffen gesteigert und die benötigte Energie für die nachfolgenden Fertigungsverfahren eingespart werden kann.

The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of production technology on the properties of forsterite. The theoretical part contains the fundamental parameters and the use of forsterite in the industry together with various possibilities of forsterite production. The main emphasis is placed on the characteristics of the raw materials for production as well as the raw materials possibilities of the Czech Republic. The end of the theoretical part contains a design for the production technology of forsterite, which will be verified in the practical part. The practical part verifies the use of various raw materials for the composition of the raw material mixture. The created test specimens were subjected to the X-ray diffraction analysis, the determination of tensile bending strength, thermal conductivity coefficient, apparent porosity, bulk density, apparent density, water absorption, permanent change in dimension on heating, refractoriness, thermal expansion coefficient, refractoriness under load and the thermal shock resistance. At the end of the practical part is the verification of the design of the production technology of forsterite.

In modern point of view of waste management is desirable to effectively process the grates possible amount of wastes. Sediments from cleaning of mined lime stones contains a lot of clay components, but there is also indispensable share of soft calcite. This composition makes these sediments a promising material for preparation of hydraulic binders. Production of common hydraulic binders, especially Portland cement, is very energy-intensive plus loads environment with considerable amount of combustion gases, therefore it is necessary to explore possibilities of alternative low - energy binders production and usage.