The diploma thesis deals with the consolidation rules, particularly the elimination of intercompany profit system resulting from reciprocal market activities in consolidating companies. These rules are further examined in terms of the efficiency and administrative burden. In the practical part of the information is evaluated.

Universities are losing expected tuition revenues due to attrition of international undergraduate students. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that university leaders use to increase tuition fee revenues from international undergraduate students. The participants in this study were 3 former leaders of the European division of Laureate International Universities, a global university group with university locations in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Cyprus. The conceptual framework of this study was institutional theory as part of the change management of universities. Data collection included semistructured interviews of 3 former leaders of the European division of Laureate International Universities and a review of background and demographic information. Data analysis revealed 5 themes: business strategies, leadership, politics and governmental practice, social mobility, and attrition. These themes aligned with the institutional theory and change management conceptual framework. Recommendations for action include further research in the application of university business models to adopt or enhance a process for retaining international undergraduate students. The results of this study may contribute to social change by indicating how universities can be financially sustainable by providing international students access to an international education. University leaders may implement some of my recommendations and suggested strategies to avoid losing expected tuition revenues due to attrition of international undergraduate students. International undergraduate students may enroll in better prepared universities and therefore, succeed in completing and graduating from their selected studies.

In a developing oil-based economy like Libya the availability of finance is largely affected by the availability of oil revenues which are subjected to disturbances and shocks. Therefore, the decision to save and invest a certain ratio of the country's aggregate output is, to large extent, determined (and affected) by the shocks in the oil markets rather than the requirements of economic development. In this study an attempt is made to determine the optimal rate of saving and investment, both defined as a ratio of the aggregate output, according to the requirements of economic development. For this purpose, a neo-classical Ramsey-type model for Libya is constructed and applied to obtain theoretically and empirically the optimal saving and investment rate during the period (1965-1991). The results reveal that Libya was investing over the optimal level during the oil boom of 1970s and less than the optimal level during the oil crisis of 1980s. In addition, an econometric investigation of the determinants of actual investment by sector (agriculture, non-oil industry, and services) is carried out in order to shed lights on how possible it is for Libya to adjust actual investment towards its optimal level. It is found that, as expected, the most important factor which can be used in this respect is the oil revenues or, generally, the availability of finance. In addition, the study reveals that investment in agriculture is associated, during the period of study, with a very low marginal productivity of capital whereas marginal productivity was higher in both non-oil industry and services. Finally, the study investigates also the future potential saving and investment rates and concludes that the economy, which has already reached its steady state, can be pushed out towards further growth if the economy can be able to increase the level of per worker human capital, proxied by the secondary school enrolment as a percentage of population. / Secretariat of Higher Education in Libya and Libyan Interests Section in London

В науке и практике наибольшее внимание уделяется вопросам формирования налоговых поступлений, так как они составляют наибольшую долю поступлений в бюджет. Вместе с тем, учитывая противоречивые тенденции экономического развития и как следствие нестабильное поступление налоговых доходов, необходимо обратить внимание на формирование неналоговых доходов бюджета, в том числе доходов от приватизации унитарных предприятий и акций акционерных обществ, которые могут выступить в качестве дополнительной основы стабильности доходной базы бюджета. Неналоговые доходы являются составной частью доходов всех бюджетов бюджетной системы Российской Федерации. Целью исследования является теоретический и практический анализ формирования доходов от приватизации унитарных предприятий и акций акционерных обществ, а также поиск путей совершенствования их собираемости. Практическая значимость заключается в возможности использования рекомендаций по дальнейшему совершенствованию собираемости доходов от приватизации унитарных предприятий и акций акционерных обществ в Свердловской области и других субъектах Российской Федерации, что позволит повысить значимость неналоговых доходов при формировании бюджетов на очередной финансовый год. / In science and practice most attention is paid to questions of formation of tax revenues, as they account for the greatest share of revenues. However, given the contradictory trends of economic development and as a consequence unstable the tax revenues necessary to pay attention to the formation of non-tax budget revenues, including revenues from the privatisation of unitary enterprises and shares of joint stock companies, which can act as additional bases of stability of the revenue base budget. Non-tax revenues are an integral part of the income of all budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study is a theoretical and practical analysis of revenue generation from the privatization of unitary enterprises and shares of joint stock companies, as well as finding ways to improve their collection. Practical significance consists in possibility of use recommendations for further improvement in revenue collection from privatization of unitary enterprises and shares of joint stock companies in the Sverdlovsk region and other Russian regions, which will increase the importance of non-tax revenues in budget for the next fiscal year.

The purpose of the study is to improve the accounting and analytical methods for the formation of indicators of the financial results of an industrial enterprise used in various forms of reporting. The scientific novelty of the research consists in summarizing the scientific and theoretical material on the methods used for various purposes to form the financial results of an industrial enterprise and to develop recommendations for improving the relevant accounting and analytical procedures. The practical significance of this work can be determined from the point of view of developing recommendations for improving the performance of UC RUSAL and the possibility for analysts to use the proposed improvements in the methods of analyzing the financial performance of an industrial enterprise in the interaction of retrospective and strategic analysis. Three provisions of scientific novelty presented in the master's thesis. 1. Components are structured and systematized that form the financial results of an industrial enterprise for the purpose of raising the information content of management accounting data used in the preparation of financial statements. An algorithm has been developed to streamline accounting information on revenues in the budgeting system in order to correctly transfer data for the preparation of financial statements under RAS and IFRS. 2. The methods for analyzing the direct material and labor costs of an enterprise have been improved for the purpose of increasing the control function of budgeting and speed of data transfer in the preparation of financial statements. 3. The interrelation of the retrospective (standard) analysis of financial results and indicators used for strategic planning (SWOT-analysis), allowing to increase the efficiency of enterprise finance management, is revealed. / Цель исследования - совершенствование учетно-аналитических методов формирования показателей о финансовых результатах промышленного предприятия, используемых в разных формах отчетности. Научная новизна исследования состоит в обобщении научно-теоретического материала о применяемых для различных целей методов формирования финансовых результатов промышленного предприятия и разработке рекомендаций по совершенствованию соответствующих учетно-аналитических процедур. Практическая значимость данной работы может быть определена с точки зрения разработки рекомендаций по повышению эффективности деятельности ОК РУСАЛ и возможности для аналитиков использовать, предложенные усовершенствования методов анализа финансовых результатов деятельности промышленного предприятия во взаимодействии ретроспективного и стратегического анализа. Три положения научной новизны, представленные в магистерской диссертации. 1.Структурированы и систематизированы компоненты, формирующие финансовые результаты деятельности промышленного предприятия для целей повышения информативности данных управленческого учета, используемых при составлении финансовой отчетности. Разработан алгоритм, позволяющий упорядочить учетную информацию о доходах, в системе бюджетирования с целью корректной передачи данных для составления финансовой отчетности по РСБУ и МСФО. 2. Усовершенствованы методы анализа прямых материальных и трудовых затрат предприятия для целей повышения контрольной функции бюджетирования и оперативности передачи данных при составлении финансовой отчетности. 3. Выявлена взаимосвязь ретроспективного (стандартного) анализа финансовых результатов и показателей, используемых для стратегического планирования (SWOT-анализа), позволяющая повысить эффективность управления финансами предприятия.

No description available.

Woodroll® is a gasification technology developed by Cortus that produces synthetic gas (syngas) from biomass. Syngas can be used in several different applications. One interesting option is to convert it further into biomethane, which can be used as automotive fuel or replace natural gas in gas grids. The revenues and profitability of biomethane production is heavily dependent on policy instruments and support schemes. These subsidies can be either direct, where the producer receives a feed-in tariff for biomethane production, or indirect, where consumption rather than production is stimulated. This work has investigated which revenues that can be expected from biomethane production via Woodrooll® in Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, the UK, France and Italy, both in terms of amounts and risks. A profitability analysis have also been carried out to preliminary compare the returns in the different countries, where two different scenarios for different revenues have been analyzed for two different feedstock prices. The results showed that the Netherlands and Italy provides the potentially highest revenues. However, there are uncertainty factors associated with all cases. Sweden and Germany offers indirect support and negative market trends. The Netherlands and the UK are the only options that provide a feed-in tariff for biomethane production via gasification. In the Netherlands the tariff can be secured before making investment decision but is only disbursed for 12 years. The UK offers a fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years but the tariff is secured first after plant start-up and the tariff may be reduced on a quarterly basis. In fact, the tariff has been reduced with 40 % over the last 24 months, but there are discussions on introducing a separate tariff for gasification. Italy has the support schemes that potentially offer the highest revenues, but gasification is currently not eligible for support. The latter also holds for France, which may be an interesting case in the future. If risk is to be minimized, Cortus may either focus on the Netherlands or await the discussions in the UK and France on introducing a gasification tariff. The work on standardization of biomethane use should also be followed since Italy offers the potentially highest return of the investigated countries. It is also recommended to look further for other cases. The best-case scenario for the risk averse is the one that provides a fixed tariff for 20 years and in which the tariff can be secured before an investment decision is taken. / Woodroll® är en förgasningateknik som utvecklats av Cortus som producerar syntesgas (syngas) från biomassa. Det finns en rad olika användningsområden för gasen. Ett intressant sådant är att omvandla den till biometan, vilket kan användas som drivmedel eller ersätta naturgas i gasnät. Dock så är intäktern och lönsamheten starkt beroende av stödsystem. Dessa subventioner kan antingen vara i form av en inmatningstariff, där biometanproducenten får en fast peng för biometanproduktion, eller i form av indirekt stöd där konsumtion snarare än produktion stimuleras. I detta arbete har det utretts vilka intäkter som kan förväntas för biometan-produktion genom Woodroll® i Sverige, Nederländerna, Tyskland, Storbritanninen, Frankrike och Italien, både i termer av belopp och risk. En lönsamhetsanalys har också gjorts för att preliminärt jämföra avkastningen för de olika länderna. Två olika scenarier för olika intäkter har analyserats för två olika råvarupriser. Resultatet visade att samtliga länder kan erbjuda attraktiv avkastning. Dock är samtliga fall förknippade med osäkerhetsfaktorer. Sverige och Tyskland erbjuder indirekt stöd och negativa marknadstrender. Nederländerna och Storbritannien är de enda alternativen som ger en feed-in-tariff för biometanproduktion. I Nederländerna kan tariffen säkras innan investeringsbeslut fattats men betalas endast i 12 år. Storbritannien ger en fast tariff i 20 år men kan justeras kvarstalsvis och nivån säkras först efter uppstart av anläggningen. Tariffen har reducerats med 40 % de senaste 24 månaderna, men det pågår diskussioner om att introducera en särskild tariff för förgasning. Italien erbjuder stödsystemet som ger högst potentiella intäkter men biometan från förgasning är inte berättigat för stödet. Det senare gäller också för Frankrike som kan bli ett intressant fall i framtiden. Om det önskas att minimera risken så bör Cortus fokusera antingen på Nederländerna eller invänta diskussionerna om förgasningstariffen i Storbritannien och Frankrike. Arbetet kring standardisering av biometan-användning bör också följas eftersom Italien erbjuder de potentiellt högsta intäkterna. Det rekommenderas också att Cortus tittar vidare på andra alternativ. Det bästa fallet för den risk-aversiva är fallet som ger en fast tariff i 20 år och där stödet kan säkras innan investeringsbeslut fattas.

１９５６年，C.M. Tiebout提出地方公共財理論﹕假定消費者具有充分的情報知識，瞭解各地區間公共財及租稅型態（財產稅）的差異，且消費者能充分的移動，以選擇能滿足其最大偏好的地區，並且地方政府的數目很多，以供消費者充分選擇；此外，由就業問題產生的區域移動限制灴予考慮，公共財在地方間亦無外部經濟與不經濟的現象；每一地區所提供的公共財，由原有居民偏好所決定。如此，該公共財的型態應有一最適地區規模，此一最適地區規模係指在最低平均成本下生產的區域人口收。因此，區域人口與提供設施平均成本的關係會決定居民之移進與移出。在這種情形下，除非處於均衡狀態，否則某些消費者將自其不滿意的社區公共財和租稅型態中移出，遷入其合意的地區，此種遷移行為充分顯示消費者對公共財及租稅型態（財產稅）的真正偏好，若此一調整達到均衡時，地方公共財提供水準也就達到最適狀態。本研究主要目的，即在理論上探討Tiebout 假設之內涵，並由此往的實證研究文獻中決定主要研究變數，透過台北都會區之實際資料驗證，以更進一步探討該假說之真義。本文共分為五章。第一章為緒論，說明本文研究動機、目的、內容、方法與流程。第二章為相關文獻回顧，分別對Tiebout 之假說，理論及實證文獻等課題予以探討，第三章為研究方法與變數選擇，首先檢討複迴歸在探討房地價時之注意事項，並且決定分析之變數；透過複迴歸了解居民選擇住宅區位的運作是否合乎Tiebout 的假說。第五章為結論與建議，並且提出在政策上應足採用之發現。

La présente thèse porte sur l'analyse des impacts du crédit dans le cadre d'une problématique générale de la microfinance et en particulier sur un terrain empirique de la ville de Ouagadougou, au Burkina Faso. Notre thèse démontre d'abord les mécanismes par lesquels les crédits sont octroyés et gérés en mettant en perspective certains aspects de la théorie de l'agence. Du côté de l'offre, nous étudions trois Systèmes Financiers Décentralisés (SFD) et leurs politiques de crédit. Nous analysons comment les trois SFD s’efforcent de servir les exclus aux financements des banques classiques et d'encadrer toute recherche de profit dans cette même vision. De l'autre côté, il est question de la demande et de la gestion du crédit par les PME. Là, nous découvrons les facteurs déterminants de la demande de crédit ainsi que les modes de fonctionnement des PME. Cette thèse procède aussi à l'analyse de la performance socio-économique des SFD. Cette analyse nous révèle des signaux importants sur leurs performances et des questions pertinentes en ce qui concerne leur gestion. Nous saisissons également la dynamisation du milieu rural par le transfert de l'épargne de la ville vers la campagne comme une perspective de solidarité qui mérite un approfondissement et des appuis. La thèse expose la ramification des impacts notamment sur le revenu, l’emploi et l'exclusion sociale à l'instar du concept de la chaîne d'impacts tel que prôné par David Hulme. Par ailleurs, notre thèse révèle la nécessité d'évaluer les actions à partir des objectifs des acteurs en proposant une théorie dans ce sens. Enfin, la thèse fait une analyse critique des options possibles pour l'avenir de la microfinance. Dans tout cela, notre thèse démontre que les acteurs continuent d'afficher des positions souvent contradictoires en fonction de leurs logiques et stratégies. C'est en effet, dans ces conditions et particulièrement dans l'observation et l'analyse de ces logiques et stratégies que nous suggérons des recommandations par type d'acteurs avant de tirer des conclusions. / The present thesis relates on the analysis of the impact of the credit within the framework of general problems of microfinance and in particular to an empirical ground of the town of Ouagadougou, in Burkina Faso. This thesis shows initially the mechanisms by which the credits are given and managed by putting into perspective certain aspects of the agency theory. On the offer side, we study three Decentralized Financial Systems (DFS) and their credit policies. We analyse how the three DFS endeavour to finance people excluded from the financings of the traditional banks and to frame any search for profit in this same vision. On the demand side, it is a question of the demand and the management of the credit by SME. There, we discover the determining factors of the application for credit as well as the operating modes of SME. This thesis also carries out the analysis of the socio-economic performance of the DFS. This analysis reveals to us important signals on their performances and relevant issues with regard to their management. We also seize the dynamisation of the rural area by the transfer of the savings of the city towards the countryside as a prospect for solidarity which deserves a deepening and supports. The thesis exposes the ramification of the impact in particular in terms of income, employment and social exclusion following the concept of the chain of impacts as preached by David Hulme. In addition, this thesis reveals the need for evaluating the actions starting from the objectives of the actors by proposing a theory in this direction. Lastly, the thesis makes a critical analysis of the possible options for the future of microfinance. All in all, our thesis shows that the actors continue to post often contradictory positions according to their logics and strategies. It is indeed, under these conditions and particularly in the observation and the analysis of these logics and strategies, that we suggest recommendations by type of actors before drawing the conclusions.

In a developing oil-based economy like Libya the availability of finance is largely affected by the availability of oil revenues which are subjected to disturbances and shocks. Therefore, the decision to save and invest a certain ratio of the country's aggregate output is, to large extent, determined (and affected) by the shocks in the oil markets rather than the requirements of economic development. In this study an attempt is made to determine the optimal rate of saving and investment, both defined as a ratio of the aggregate output, according to the requirements of economic development. For this purpose, a neo-classical Ramsey-type model for Libya is constructed and applied to obtain theoretically and empirically the optimal saving and investment rate during the period (1965-1991). The results reveal that Libya was investing over the optimal level during the oil boom of 1970s and less than the optimal level during the oil crisis of 1980s. In addition, an econometric investigation of the determinants of actual investment by sector (agriculture, non-oil industry, and services) is carried out in order to shed lights on how possible it is for Libya to adjust actual investment towards its optimal level. It is found that, as expected, the most important factor which can be used in this respect is the oil revenues or, generally, the availability of finance. In addition, the study reveals that investment in agriculture is associated, during the period of study, with a very low marginal productivity of capital whereas marginal productivity was higher in both non-oil industry and services. Finally, the study investigates also the future potential saving and investment rates and concludes that the economy, which has already reached its steady state, can be pushed out towards further growth if the economy can be able to increase the level of per worker human capital, proxied by the secondary school enrolment as a percentage of population.