<p>The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data.</p><p>From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security.</p><p>The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.”</p><p>The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI.</p><p>The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations.</p><p>The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps:</p><p>1. Understand main rationale for the security investment</p><p>2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics)</p><p>4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>DISCLAIMER</p><p>This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data. From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security. The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.” The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI. The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations. The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps: 1. Understand main rationale for the security investment 2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals 3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics) 4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals DISCLAIMER This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.

Submitted by Rodolfo Zeidler (rodolfo.zeidler@gmail.com) on 2014-10-14T12:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_RodolfoZeidler_MPFE_27.09.2014.pdf: 1031393 bytes, checksum: f0f0d7d38e2df5bf53a35f847db68555 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-10-14T12:55:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_RodolfoZeidler_MPFE_27.09.2014.pdf: 1031393 bytes, checksum: f0f0d7d38e2df5bf53a35f847db68555 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-14T13:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_RodolfoZeidler_MPFE_27.09.2014.pdf: 1031393 bytes, checksum: f0f0d7d38e2df5bf53a35f847db68555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-13 / O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar procedimento de back-test da Magic Formula na Bovespa, reunindo evidências sobre violações da Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente no mercado brasileiro. Desenvolvida por Joel Greenblatt, a Magic Formula é uma metodologia de formação de carteiras que consiste em escolher ações com altos ROICs e Earnings Yields, seguindo a filosofia de Value Investing. Diversas carteiras foram montadas no período de dezembro de 2002 a maio de 2014 utilizando diferentes combinações de número de ativos por carteira e períodos de permanência. Todas as carteiras, independentemente do número de ativos ou período de permanência, apresentaram retornos superiores ao Ibovespa. As diferenças entre os CAGRs das carteiras e o do Ibovespa foram significativas, sendo que a carteira com pior desempenho apresentou CAGR de 27,7% contra 14,1% do Ibovespa. As carteiras também obtiveram resultados positivos após serem ajustadas pelo risco. A pior razão retorno-volatilidade foi de 1,2, comparado a 0,6 do Ibovespa. As carteiras com pior pontuação também apresentaram bons resultados na maioria dos cenários, contrariando as expectativas iniciais e os resultados observados em outros trabalhos. Adicionalmente foram realizadas simulações para diversos períodos de 5 anos com objetivo de analisar a robustez dos resultados. Todas as carteiras apresentaram CAGR maior que o do Ibovespa em todos os períodos simulados, independentemente do número de ativos incluídos ou dos períodos de permanência. Estes resultados indicam ser possível alcançar retornos acima do mercado no Brasil utilizando apenas dados públicos históricos. Esta é uma violação da forma fraca da Hipótese do Mercado Eficiente. / The main purpose of this work is to back-test the Magic Formula in the Bovespa Stock Exchange, gathering evidences of violations of the Efficient Market Hypothesis in the Brazilian market. The Magic Formula was developed by Joel Greenblatt and consists in a methodology for stock picking that creates portfolios of stocks with high ROICs and high Earnings Yield, following the Value Investing philosophy. Many portfolios were created in the period between December 2002 and May 2014 combining different number of assets per portfolio and different holding periods. All the portfolios, independently of their number of assets or holding periods, presented returns higher than Ibovespa. The differences between the CAGR from the portfolios and from the Ibovespa were significant, the worst performance portfolio presenting CAGR of 27,7%, as compared with 14,1% of Ibovespa. The portfolios also held positive results after being adjusted for risk. The worst return-volatility ratio was 1.2, as compared to 0.6 from Ibovespa. The portfolios containing the assets with the lowest scores also presented good results in the majority of the scenarios, contradicting the initial expectations and the results observed in other works. In addition, simulations were performed for various 5-year periods aiming to check if the results were robust. All the portfolios presented higher CAGR than Ibovespa in all the simulated periods, independently of the number of assets included in the portfolio or the holding period. These results indicate that it is possible to reach above-market returns using historical public data in Brazil. This is a violation of the Efficient Market Hypothesis in its weak form.

Debido al crecimiento económico generado en los últimos años, así como el desarrollo del sector retail en el Perú, han brindado la oportunidad de aprendizaje de las mejores prácticas del canal moderno (cadenas de tiendas), incrementando su participación de mercado de consumo masivo llevando al shopper y/o consumidores a buscar mejores estándares de atención. Esto ha sido una oportunidad para empresas de capital peruano que se encuentran en crecimiento y que tienen la capacidad de poder atender a este nuevo consumidor, siendo el objetivo de la presente investigación determinar la relación que existe entre la estructura de capital y la generación de valor de una empresa retail de consumo masivo. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo y se utilizó una empresa peruana con una composición de venta elevada en el formato tradicional ( empresas independientes), y con indicadores de rentabilidad por debajo del mercado determinando que destruían el valor de la compañía, por tanto, se buscó desarrollar la estructura de capital más eficiente que permita cambiar los indicadores y poder generar valor en la compañía para lo cual se desarrolló un modelo financiero que tiene como pilar el indicador EVA (Valor Económico Agregado ). / Due to the economic growth in recent years, as well as the development of the retail sector in Peru, they have provided the chance to learn the best practices of the modern channel (chain stores), increasing their consumption market taking the shopper and/or consumers to seek better standards of serice. This has been an opportunity for growing peruvian companies that are able to serve this new consumer, being the objective of this research to determine the relationship between the capital structure and the generation of value. of a mass consumption retail company. The study is descriptive and we took as model a Peruvian company with a high sales composition in the traditional format (independent companies), and with indicators of profitability below the market, destroying the value of the company, therefore, we tried to develop the most efficient capital structure that allows to change the indicators and generate value in the company, for which a financial model was developed with the EVA (Economic Added Value) indicator as a pillar. / Trabajo de investigación

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAKRO - Final PDF.pdf: 865456 bytes, checksum: ca6647d9d943428c67d411680f2c4302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-04 / nenhum / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the strategies implemented by the management and the growth in shareholders wealth. The case study evaluates the Makro Atacadista S/A operation, a private Brazilian branch of a multinational wholesale distributor that operates in the self-service format. The strategy of this Company is based on having an efficient cash management and maximizing its customers results. This work uses different methods of valuation. The most important is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) followed by economic profit, MVATM and residual profit. The conclusion presents a comparison among the calculated valuations, its equity and last market value. There is also an evaluation of its strengths and threats based on structural industry analysis theory (Porter, 1986, pg. 22) / Esta dissertação consiste em um estudo de caso, que visa a analisar a relação entre as estratégias adotadas pela administração de uma empresa e a geração de riqueza para os acionistas. Para tanto, pesquisamos e avaliamos a operação do Makro Atacadista S/A, empresa de auto-serviço atuante no mercado atacadista distribuidor, que inclui uma administração financeira eficiente e a maximização dos resultados de seus clientes como parte de seus objetivos estratégicos. A avaliação foi realizada sob diversos enfoques. O principal foi pelo uso do DCF empresarial, ou fluxo de caixa descontado. Além desse, também foi mensurado o valor agregado pelos métodos de lucro econômico, MVA® e lucro residual. Nas conclusões, além da comparação entre o valor gerado com o patrimônio líquido contábil e com o último valor pago pela oferta de compra de ações promovida pela empresa, também foram analisadas suas forças e ameaças, com base na teoria de análise estrutural das indústrias (Porter, 1986)

Submitted by Catarino Lacerda e Silva (catarinolacerda@gmail.com) on 2018-09-18T12:35:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarino Lacerda e Silva - ESTRATÉGIAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM AÇÕES .pdf: 1217319 bytes, checksum: 472a152e89a76ba49bfdb192b147d76f (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde, Catarino, Para que possamos aprovar sua Dissertação, serão necessárias as seguintes alterações: - A numeração de páginas começa na capa, porém deve aparecer A PARTIR da "Introdução" (pág 12) - A Ficha catalográfica deve conter o "texto" que existe fora do quadro, exatamente como foi enviado. Por gentileza, alterar e submeter novamente. Obrigada. on 2018-09-18T21:10:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by Catarino Lacerda e Silva (catarinolacerda@gmail.com) on 2018-09-19T10:54:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarino Lacerda e Silva - ESTRATÉGIAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM AÇÕES .pdf: 1219830 bytes, checksum: a2aa93b6d34310ed33ec91af8f364412 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-19T14:33:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarino Lacerda e Silva - ESTRATÉGIAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM AÇÕES .pdf: 1219830 bytes, checksum: a2aa93b6d34310ed33ec91af8f364412 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-19T17:39:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarino Lacerda e Silva - ESTRATÉGIAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM AÇÕES .pdf: 1219830 bytes, checksum: a2aa93b6d34310ed33ec91af8f364412 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T17:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Catarino Lacerda e Silva - ESTRATÉGIAS DE INVESTIMENTOS EM AÇÕES .pdf: 1219830 bytes, checksum: a2aa93b6d34310ed33ec91af8f364412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-27 / O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar quais indicadores levaram a retornos excedentes no mercado brasileiro durante o período de 31 de março de 2000 a 31 de março de 2018, através das carteiras de ações construídas anualmente com base em um indicador ou dois indicadores quantitativos. Sendo os fatores testados: Retorno sobre Capital Investido (ROIC), Retorno sobre Ativos (ROA), Earnings Yield, Preço sobre Valor Patrimonial (PVPA), Preço sobre Vendas (PSR) e Índice de Força Relativa 120 dias úteis. Nas estratégias de um fator, o primeiro quartil do indicador Earnings Yield mostrou ser o melhor para seleção de ações no período, com maior índice de Sharpe 0,571, com maior média dos retornos anuais 41,03%, maior alfa 27,82%, superando Ibovespa 88,89% do tempo e com maior discrepância entre os retornos dos quartis, tanto que o pior resultado foi 4º quartil do Earnings Yield. Nas estratégias de dois fatores, a combinação dos indicadores de valor PSR e Earnings Yield, P/VPA e Earnings Yield obteve os maiores retornos médios anuais 42,51% e 39,1%, maiores alfas 29,40% e 26,19%, superando o Ibovespa em 88,89% e 83,33% do tempo, respectivamente. Porém foram as estratégias que combinaram um indicador de valor com um indicador de retorno, ROIC e Earnings Yield, ROA e Earnings Yield, que apresentaram os maiores índices de sharpe 0,623 e 0,619, respectivamente. / The objective of this study is examine which indicators led to excess returns in the Brazilian market during the period from March 31 2000 to March 31 2018, through stock portfolios constructed annually based on one indicator or two quantitative indicators. The following factors were test: Return on invested capital (ROIC), Return on Assets (ROA), Earnings Yield, Price-to-book (PVPA), Price Sales Ratio (PSR) and Relative Strength Index 120. In the one-factor strategies, the first quartile of the Earnings Yield indicator was the best for stock selection in the period, with highest Sharpe ratio 0.571, with the highest average annual returns 41.03%, the highest alpha 27.82% outperformed the Ibovespa 88.89% of the time and with greater discrepancy among quartile returns, so much that the worse result was fourth quartile of the Earnings Yield. In the two-factor strategies, the combination of the PSR and Earnings Yield, P/VPA and Earnings Yield value indicators obtained the highest average annual returns of 42.51% and 39.1%, higher alpha 29.40% and 26.19%, outperformed the Ibovespa in 88.89% and 83.33% of the time, respectively. However, it was the strategies that combined a value indicator with a return indicator, ROIC and Earnings Yield, ROA and Earnings Yield, which had the highest Sharpe ratio of 0.623 and 0.619, respectively.

記憶體產業是最10年隨著電腦及通訊產業的發展而快速崛起的產業，但也由於國際及國內各大廠前仆後繼的投資擴產，最近幾年面臨產能過剩及供過於求現象，而2008年遇全球不景氣，消費性電子產品需求疲弱不振，即使減產也難挽頹勢；而在記憶體產業如此惡劣環境下，本研究之個案公司-創見資訊，仍能維持一相對高而穩定之獲利，本研究係透過對其所處產業—記憶體模組/通路商之產業分析、及其歷史性財務報表分析加上相關預測資料，據以作為評價的基礎，評估出創見資訊之真實價值，得到以下研究結論： 一、記憶體應用之產品，因低價電腦 (Netbook) 及固態硬碟 (SSD) 相繼問市，產業前景仍十分樂觀，但其同時存在有同業間彼此產品差異性不大，未來競爭更趨激烈。 二、創見資訊已具備如充沛的營運資金、具一定經濟規模及領先之市占率、高品牌知名度、實質緊密的供應商關係、產品組合差異化、分散的代理商客戶、遍及全球的運籌網路及快速的新產品的開發速度等記憶體模組/通路商應有之關鍵成功因素。 三、創見資訊MVA 與EVA 相關性分析中得知的相關性高達0.80326，由此得知EVA變化對MVA 變化有很大的解釋能力，顯示該公司較無資訊不對稱問題。 四、銷售利潤率的變化造成創見資訊 ROIC下降主因，其主要係受到上游關鍵性原材料供過於求導致價格急速下跌，進而影響終端產品售價下滑幅度；雖然創見資訊過去五的移動平均ROIC 雖超過30%，但移動平均ROS 則逐漸下滑，甚至低於10%，加上移動平均資本週轉率走高，推論近年來逐漸傾向於Commodity Business。 五、創見資訊除因2006年預期Vista效應將帶來業績成長而積極備貨，造成2006 年存貨指標略有惡化外；而毛利指標雖均大於0，係由於近年來無論是上游關鍵原材料IC (約占製造成本80%以上)及產品售價亦大幅下跌之影響，若與同業較，其銷貨毛利指標已明顯優於其他同業；其他二個指標均在0左右，顯示其應收帳款、管銷費用並無不當膨脹，整體盈餘品質尚佳。 六、在經營績效方面，無論是現金週轉天數、營運現金流量與稅後淨利相比方面，創見資訊均呈逐年改善趨勢，而威剛科技則有逐漸惡化現象。 七、本研究發現，即使價格波動幅度劇烈，無論是毛利率或是ROIC表現，創見資訊均明顯優於威剛科技，且在因應關鍵性材料價格波動之能力亦優於威剛科技。 八、在評價分析方面，由銷售導向DCF 法評價出來的每股股東價值區間在64.86元~102.10元之間而盈餘導向DCF 法評價出來的可能股東價值區間為85.40元~115.50元，若與最近12個月平均市價89.95元相較，則兩個方法評價結果，仍具參考價值。 九、根據企業評價分析，在敏感性分析後，本研究發現要提升公司價值之各個價值因子的重要性依序為邊際利潤率＞銷售成長率＞盈餘成長率＞資金成本＞總投資/銷售率，此研究結果可提供公司經營者在排列策略優先順序時的重要參考。

Mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A) are a popular way of growing a company. This is challenged by previous research that shows that an M&amp;A-transaction generally harms the financial key metrics of the acquiring company. The main focus of this report is to examine if there is an effect on financial ratios for Scandinavian companies partaking in an M&amp;A as an acquirer. The effect is captured by the movements in the key metrics return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), return on invested capital (ROIC), EBIT-margin. In addition, both ESG-ranking and underlying non-financial values, like if the deal was domestic or not, the age of the executives and board gender diversity, are looked at for a better understanding of what differences there are between the performance of M&amp;As.  A database of Scandinavian companies acting within Europe was created containing the specific deal characteristics over a period of three years prior as well as three years after the deal. The statistical methods used to analyze this data were Wilcoxon signed-rank test, bivariate Pearson Correlation and Independent Samples t-test. The generated results in the aggregated dataset showed a negative performance of ROE and ROIC in the period after the deal, compared to the period prior to the deal. This result was also seen in the sub-set of foreign deals with an additional negative performance of ROA for the acquirer while the sub-set of domestic deals did not show any significant negative performance in the period after the deal. We found that it was not possible to analyze the post-period effect on ESG-ranking as the data for our included companies was too scarce. Our findings suggest, when looking at our certain key metrics, that M&amp;A-transactions are not economically justified and that executives might be partially motivated by something other than economic performance when deciding upon an M&amp;A. It is furthermore possible to conclude that the disclosing of ESG data has not been a priority for companies in the past and continues to be ignored by the masses which makes it difficult to progress academically in this field.

Anecdotal data affirms that companies applying Lean Six Sigma in their operations not only deliver higher quality products and services, but also obtain superior financial results. The goal of this research was to empirically verify anecdotal data. The study proposed to analyze a group of publicly traded manufacturing companies with the intent of verifying if a correlation exists between companies being lean and the attainment of superior returns on investments. The researcher performed a series of statistical tests comparing key Financial Performance Indicators (FPI) extracted from annual reports (10-K) from a large pool of companies. The outcome of this study showed that superior financial rewards result from a systematic application of lean and quality tools. At the conclusion of this thesis we verified that companies having a business model that stimulates a high level of communication between them and their markets - because they are lean - obtained substantially higher financial advantages when compared to companies that still followed a more traditional mode of production. The results also revealed that lean companies obtained on average Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) 10% higher than mass producers. Therefore, companies wanting to strategically invest their capital should consider Lean Six Sigma as a source of competitive advantage. Another strategic insight derived from this study was the recognition of signs of a smart business. Potential investors should look for the presence of lean and quality improvement programs as one sign that capital is being wisely invested to generate value. Another sign is how well historically ROIC have performed against Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). The research revealed that, on average, lean companies had ROIC of 16%. Assuming that the hurdle rate (WACC) for most companies is near 10%, having ROIC of 16% is an incentive to become lean, thus allowing such companies to create value for their shareholders. Finally, we learned that many factors affect ROIC, namely, brand equity, market positioning, patents, core competency, innovation, leadership, etc. However, the presence of a Lean Six Sigma program in a manufacturing business was a strong positive factor impacting ROIC.