Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre de l'interprétation d'images satellite à haute résolution, et concerne plus spécifiquement la mise à jour de bases de données cartographiques grâce à des images optique et radar à haute résolution. Cette étude présente une chaîne de traitement générique pour la création ou la mise à jour de bases de données représentant les routes ou les bâtiments en milieu urbain. En fonction des données disponibles, différents scénarios sont envisagés. Le traitement est effectué en deux étapes. D'abord nous cherchons les objets qui doivent être retirés de la base de données. La seconde étape consiste à rechercher dans les images de nouveaux objets à ajouter dans la base de données. Pour réaliser ces deux étapes, des descripteurs sont construits dans le but de caractériser les objets d'intérêt dans les images d'entrée. L'inclusion ou élimination des objets dans la base de données est basée sur un score obtenu après fusion des descripteurs dans le cadre de la théorie de Dempster-Shafer. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse illustrent l'intérêt d'une fusion multi-capteurs. De plus l'intégration aisée de nouveaux descripteurs permet à la chaîne d'être améliorable et adaptable à d'autres objets. / This work takes place in the framework of high resolution remote sensing image analysis. It focuses on the issue of cartographic database creation or updating with optical and SAR images. The goal of this work is to build a generic processing chain to update or create a cartographic database representing roads and buildings in built-up areas. According to available data, various scenarios are foreseen. The proposed processing chain is composed of two steps. First, if a database is available, the presence of each database object is checked in the images. The second step consist of looking for new objects that should be included in the database. To determine if an object should be present in the updated database, relevant features are extracted from images in the neighborhood of the considered object. Those features are based on caracteristics of roads and buildings in SAR and optical images. The object removal/inclusion in the DB is based on a score obtained by the fusion of features in the framework of the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory. Results highlight the interest of multi sensor fusion. Moreover the chosen framework allows the easy integration of new features in the processing chain.

M. Tech. (Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology): Vaal University of Technology / Presently there exist a lot of controversies about the mechanical properties of nanomaterials. Several convincing reasons and justifications have been put forward for the controversies. Some of the reasons are varying processing routes, varying ways of defining equations, varying grain sizes, varying internal constituent structures, varying techniques of imposing strain on the specimen etc. It is therefore necessary for scientists, engineers and technologists to come up with a clearer way of defining and dealing with nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. The parameters of the internal constituent structures of nanomaterials are random in nature with random spatial patterns. So they can best be studied using random processes, specifically as stochastic processes. In this dissertation the tools of stochastic processes have been used as they offer a better approach to understand and analyse random processes. This research adopts the approach of ascertaining the correct mathematical models to be used for experimentation and modelling. After a thorough literature survey it was observed that size and temperature are two important parameters that must be considered in selecting the relevant mathematical definitions for nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. Temperature has a vital role to play during grain refinement since all severe plastic deformation involves thermomechanical processes. The second task performed in this research is to develop the mathematical formulations based on the experimental observation of 2-D grains and 3-D grains deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing. The experimental observations revealed that grains deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing are elongated when observed from the rolling direction, and transverse direction, and equiaxed when observed from the normal direction. In this dissertation, the different experimental observations for the grain size variants during grain refinement were established for 2-D and 3-D grains. This led to the development of a stochastic model of grain-elongation for 2-D and 3-D grains. The third task was experimentations and validation of proposed models. Accumulative Roll-Bonding, Equal Channel Angular Pressing and mechanical testing (tensile test) experiments were performed. The effect of size on elongation and material properties were studied to validate the developed models since size has a major effect on material’s properties. The fourth task was obtaining results and discussion of theoretical developed models and experimental results. The following facts were experimentally observed and also revealed by the models. Different approaches of measuring grain size reveal different strains that cannot be directly obtained from plots of the corresponding grain sizes. Grain elongation evolved as small values for larger grains, but became larger for smaller grains. Material properties increased with elongation reaching a maximum and started decreasing as is evident in the Hall-Petch to the Reverse Hall-Petch Relationship. This was alluded to the fact that extreme plastic straining led to distorted structures where grain boundaries and curvatures were in “non-equilibrium” states. Overall, this dissertation contributed new knowledge to the body of knowledge of nanomaterials’ mechanical properties in a number of ways. The major contributions to the body of knowledge by his study can be summarized as follows: (1) The study has contributed in developing a model of elongation for 2-D grain and 3-D grains. It has been generally reported by researchers that materials deformed by Accumulative Roll-Bonding and Equal Channel Angular Pressing are generally elongated but none of these researchers have developed a model of elongation. Elongation revealed more information about “size” during grain refinement. (2) The Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed the grain shape in three directions. The rolling direction or sliding direction, the normal direction and the transverse direction. Most developed models ignored the different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. Most existing models dealt only with the equivalent radius measurement during grain refinement. In this dissertation, the different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties have been considered in the developed models. From this dissertation an accurate correlation can be made from microscopy results and theoretical results. (3) This research has shown that most of the published results on nanomaterials’ mechanical properties may be correct although controversies exist when comparing the different results. This research has also shown that researchers might have considered different approaches to measure nanomaterials’ mechanical properties. The reason for different results is due to different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties as revealed in this research. Since different approaches of measuring nanomaterials’ mechanical properties led to different obtained results, this justify that most published results of nanomaterials’ mechanical properties may be correct. This dissertation revealed more properties of nanomaterials that are ignored by the models that considered only the equivalent length. (4) This research has contributed to the understanding of nanomaterials controversies when comparing results from different researchers.

In the introduction of theoretical part, a sport discipline In line skating is described. Legislative aspect together with use of cycle paths is considered.The second chapter describes system of cyclopaths in the cities. Following chapters are describing the concept of parks and cyclopaths development in the rural area until 2020. Next, the work establishes criteria for evaluation of locations discussed in charter 5. Theoretical part of this work discusses in chapter six general rules for cyclopaths and park use. In chapter seven traffic signalization and in line skaters' equipment are discussed. Further chapters focus on sport and safety equipment. In the end of theoretical part of chapter ten and eleven I comment on particularities of in line skating education for children 7- 10 years old. Practical part describes mapping and evaluation of 10 selected cyclopaths located on the left side of Vltava River and close surroundings in chapter 12-13. Chapter 14 is dedicated to in-line skating and its categories. In the end of the practical part, the structure and methodology of teaching lesson of in-line skating is depicted together with description of basics of in line skating. Appendix consists of graphical comparison of results from public survey Keywords In-line skating, skating lessons, mapping of...

Cycle tourism presents for the Czech Republic an opportunity to address new touristic segment of relative higher purchasing power and attract tourists to regions. Cycle tourism presents also opportunity for economic growth in rural, often less developed, areas. It is one of the most popular sorte of sustainable tourism, which doesn't harm the enviroment. However, there are still reservers in the cycling infrastructure of the Czech Republic. The obstacles of getting investments for its development are missing economic arguments. The aim of this thesis is to design a method to quantify economic gains of cycling infrastructure. Based on the designed methodology, a large analysis of Greenways and long-distance cycling routes economic gains should take place.

Le bus est le moins cher des transports en commun. En contrepartie, il est beaucoup plus difficile à exploiter que le tramway ou le métro qui sont mieux protégés des influences extérieures. Un exemple typique est l’apparition de trains de bus, groupes de véhicules appartenant à la même ligne et arrivant ensemble à un arrêt. Ce phénomène augmente le temps d’attente moyen des usagers aux arrêts et induit un mauvais usage des bus disponibles. Cette thèse développe les outils permettant de garantir la régularité des lignes. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse s’articulent suivant deux directions.Un premier constat est que les modèles de lignes de bus existants ne prennent pas en compte les éléments extérieurs que sont les feux de circulation et le trafic environnant. L’absence d’une modélisation mixte intégrant aussi bien les dynamiques internes des lignes que les influences extérieures contraint fortement la diversité des stratégies de contrôle qui ont été proposées jusqu’ici. En effet, les régulations s’appliquent principalement au niveau des arrêts par l’intermédiaire des conducteurs et ne cherchent jamais à réguler le trafic à l’aide des feux de circulation. Un premier axe de recherche développé dans cette thèse est le raffinement des modèles de bus pour prendre en compte le trafic.Plusieurs méthodes d’estimation de temps de parcours sur un boulevard à feu sont proposées. Elles sont basées sur le modèle LWR, compromis fort satisfaisant entre simplicité d’usage et robustesse pour reproduire des situations réelles.Un second constat est que les stratégies de régulation classiques ne sont que rarement basées sur une prévision à court-terme de l'état du système. Elles sont donc souvent actionnées une fois que la situation est trop dégradée, ce qui les rend parfois inaptes à compenser l'instabilité des lignes. Le deuxième axe de recherche consiste à appliquer les modèles raffinés dans un contexte d’exploitation en temps-réel. Le modèle prévoit l'évolution des lignes de bus à court terme, ce qui permet d’actionner préventivement une stratégie de régulation adaptée. En particulier, une méthode de prévision à court terme est développée et testée sur des données réelles. Elle est ensuite combinée à une méthode récente de contrôle des bus. / Bus is cheaper than other transport modes. However, maintaining optimal operations is harder than for streetcars or subways since buses are surrounded by traffic flows. Sometimes, buses of the same route bunch and travel together instead of keeping constant time headways. This phenomenon increases the average waiting time of passengers. As a result, they may tend to shift to other transport modes. This thesis proposes some methods to keep bus routes regular. Two main lines of research are investigated.First, classical models of bus routes do not account for external events like traffic signals and traffic flows. Due to this gap, existing control strategies only apply on buses through their drivers.Traffic flows are not controlled to favor buses compared to cars. Thus, the first area of research consists in refining bus models to account for external events. Several travel time estimation methods on urban arterials are proposed. They are based on the kinematic wave model (LWR). It is known to be a fine trade-off between simplicity and robustness to properly reproduce traffic dynamics.Second, control strategies are often applied once the bus route is too disrupted to be restored to regularity. Predictions of future bus route states could improve the efficiency of regulations. The second area of research consists in using the refined bus models in real time operations. The model forecasts the evolution of buses on their route for short-term. The predictions are evaluated thanks to real data to guarantee their quality. Then it enables regulations to be applied before bunching. In particular, height holding control methods are presented and compared in simulation.

O desafio para amenizar a degradação do meio ambiente, principalmente referente às mudanças climáticas, tem levado a um aumento no interesse em mecanismos que incentivem o desenvolvimento e a adoção de tecnologias verdes. Uma dessas tecnologias refere-se à exploração de energia por meio da radiação solar. Por meio de patentes sobre energia fotovoltaica (PV) classificadas no IPC Green Inventory e depositadas entre 1998, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender se as organizações proprietárias das tecnologias PV emergentes as desenvolvem por meio de cooperação tecnológica. A identificação das tecnologias emergentes ocorre por meio da análise de rotas tecnológicas bem como na observação da cooperação tecnológica entre titulares de patentes PV obtidas utilizando a metodologia de análise de redes sociais. Assim, foi possível descrever o perfil dos titulares das patentes PV, identificar as rotas e as tecnologias mais emergentes e promissoras e ainda mapear/caracterizar as redes de cooperação formada pelos titulares dessas patentes. Os resultados permitiram constatar que as organizações detentoras das principais patentes PV priorizam os seus desenvolvimentos exclusivamente nas suas áreas internas de P&D, abrindo mão de vantagens amplamente discutidas na literatura sobre a cooperação tecnológica. Também se concluiu que a indústria PV é predominante fechada, com relações de cooperação prioritárias entre organizações de mesma nacionalidade, organizações japonesas e americanas são as maiores influenciadoras nessas redes de cooperação e a base tecnológica para as tecnologias PV mais emergentes estão concentrados nos escritórios em patentes dos Estados Unidos e Japão. Além disso, a China tem evoluído exponencialmente na produção de patentes PV, mas ainda não se destaca como principal influenciador no desenvolvimento de inovações PV e as rotas tecnológicas também denotam um perfil de desenvolvimento não-colaborativo, com foco em criação interna ou aquisição de pesquisadores independentes. Os resultados também permitiram constatar o papel insignificante do Brasil no desenvolvimento de tecnologias PV. Apesar da crescente evolução nos últimos anos, os esforços têm sido tímidos e focados no fomento à geração de energia PV e não no desenvolvimento deste tipo de tecnologia. Apesar deste contexto, um conjunto de recomendações é dado para alavancar o potencial de desenvolvimento de tecnologias PV pelo Brasil com base em lições de países como China, Estados Unidos e Japão. Estes resultados também podem auxiliar pesquisadores, empresas e/ou universidades na identificação de tecnologias emergentes para a indústria PV. Além disso, pode apoiar nas decisões estratégicas sobre P&D, na priorização de investimentos, na identificação de potenciais parcerias (ou concorrentes) para desenvolvimento tecnológico e colaborar na definição de políticas públicas pautadas no fomento ao desenvolvimento e uso de energia PV / The challenge of mitigating the environment degradation, especially issues related to climate change, has led to an increase in interest in mechanisms that encourage development and adoption of green technologies. So, fostering innovation and development of green technologies becomes necessary for environmental and business sustainability. One of them, based on renewable and non-polluting resources, refers to the exploitation of energy through solar radiation called photovoltaic (PV). Through PV energy patents classified in the IPC Green Inventory and applied from 1998 to 2017 in the world\'s leading patent offices, this research aims to understand if assignees of emerging PV technologies develop them through technological cooperation. The identification of emerging technologies occurs using analysis of technological routes as well as the observation of technological cooperation between PV assignees is designed by analysis of social networks. Thus, it was possible to describe the profile of PV patents assignees, identify the technological routes and most promising and emerging PV technologies, and characterize technological cooperation between PV assignees. The findings pointed out that the organizations that own main PV patents prioritize their development exclusively in their internal R&D areas, leaving aside the widely discussed advantages of technological cooperation. It was also concluded that PV industry is predominantly closed in a collaborative point of view, prioritize relations between organizations of the same nationality, Japanese and American organizations are the major influencers in the cooperation networks of PV assignees and technological base of the most emerging technologies are concentrated in patent offices in the USA and Japan. In addition, China has evolved exponentially in PV patents production but still does not stand out as the main influencer in the development of PV innovations and the technological routes also denote a profile of non-collaborative development, with focus on internal creation or acquisition of independent researchers. The results also allowed us to verify the insignificant role of Brazil in the development of PV technologies. Despite the growing trend in recent years, efforts have been timid and focused on fostering PV power generation and not on the development of this type of technology. Despite this context, a set of recommendations is given to leverage the potential for development of PV technologies by Brazil based on lessons from countries such as China, the United States and Japan. These results may assist researchers, companies and universities to identify emerging technologies in the PV industry. In addition, it can support strategic decisions on R&D, prioritize investments, identify potential partnerships (or competitors) for technological development and collaborate in the definition of public policies based on development and use of PV solar energy

A bactéria Neisseria meningitidis é um diplococo Gram-negativo. Dentre os sorogrupos de N. meningitidis, o sorogrupo B é um dos principais causadores da doença meningocócica invasiva (DMI), de ocorrência mundial. Recém-nascidos e crianças são especialmente susceptíveis a este tipo de infecção, uma vez que os seus sistemas imunitários ainda estão em desenvolvimento, assim mais estudos sobre a utilização da imunização materna para a proteção contra esta doença, são necessários. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial imunogênico dos antígenos de membrana externa de N. meningitidis sorogrupo B em camundongos Swiss quanto ao efeito da imunização passiva na prole, além de analisar o efeito de diferentes adjuvantes na produção de anticorpos e transferencia materno-fetal destes. O hidróxido de alumínio (HA) e fragmentos de bicamada de brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB-BF) foram utilizados como adjuvantes junto às vesículas de membrana externa (OMVs) para a imunização de camundongos adultos fêmeas, o que resultou em um aumento dos títulos de anticorpos do isótipo IgG quando comparado a imunização apenas com o antígeno, tanto pela via de imunização subcutânea com booster intramuscular (SC/IM), quanto pela via intranasal com booster subcutâneo (IN/SC). Esses anticorpos foram transferidos para a prole, que apresentou títulos de anticorpos significantes até o período no qual os camundongos apresentavam cinco semanas de vida. A imunização com OMVs + DODAB-BF foi capaz de gerar o reconhecimento específico de um maior número de antígenos que OMVs + HA, nos camundongos adultos fêmeas imunizados pela via SC/IM. A imunização com OMVs + DODAB-BF pela via SC/IM também resultou em anticorpos na prole que foram capazes de reconhecer antígenos proteicos da cepa homóloga e de cepas heterólogas, o que não ocorre quando essa imunização é realizada pela via IN/ SC. Apesar da presença de títulos de anticorpos na prole, estes irão apresentar funcionalidade diferente em comparação aos anticorpos da prole de mães imunizadas pela via SC/IM, sugerindo que a via SC/IM é melhor para a imunização materna com OMVs + DODAB-BF. / The Neisseria meningitidis bacterium is a Gram-negative diplococcus. Among the serogroups of N. meningitidis, serogroup B is one of the main causes of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), worldwide occurrence. Newborns and children are particularly susceptible to this type of infection, since their immune systems are still developing, so further studies about the use of the maternal immunization to protect against this disease, are needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential immunogenic antigens from outer membrane of N. meningitidis serogroup B in Swiss mice as to the effect of passive immunization in the offspring, in addition to analyze the effect of different adjuvants in the production of antibodies and maternal-fetal transfer of these. The aluminium hydroxide (HA) and bilayer fragments from dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB-BF) were used as adjuvants with the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) for immunization of adult female mice, which resulted in an increase of the antibodies titers of IgG isotype when compared to immunization with only the antigen, either by subcutaneous route of immunization with intramuscular booster (SC/IM), as by the intranasal route with subcutaneous booster (IN/SC). These antibodies were transferred to the offspring, which presented significant antibodies titers to the period in which the mice had five weeks of live. Immunization with OMVs + DODAB-BF was able to generate the specific recognition of a greater number of antigens than OMVs + HA, in adult female mice immunized by SC/IM route. Immunization with OMVs + DODAB-BF SC/IM route also resulted in antibodies in offspring that were able to recognize protein antigens of the homologous strain and heterologous strains, which does not occur when this immunization is carried out by IN/SC route. Despite the presence of antibodies in the offspring, they will present different functionality compared to antibodies of the offspring of mothers immunized by SC/IM route, suggesting that the SC/IM route is better for maternal immunization with OMVs + DODAB-BF.

Le problème de routage de véhicules avec fenêtres de temps et routes multiples (MTVRPTW) est une généralisation du problème de routage de véhicules avec fenêtres de temps (VRPTW). Dans le MTVRPTW, on autorise un véhicule à effectuer plusieurs routes durant une période de planification, ce qui permet d'optimiser les transports lorsque le nombre de véhicules est limité et peu élevé. Nous proposons dans cette thèse la première méthode exacte permettant de résoudre ce problème. Notre modélisation prend la forme d'un problème de couverture des clients dont les variables sont des routes. Des contraintes d'exclusion mutuelle expriment la disponibilité des véhicules. Nous utilisons la Génération de Colonnes, avec un sous-problème effectuant, par programmation dynamique, une recherche de plus court chemin élémentaire contraint en ressources. Notre méthode de programmation dynamique tient compte des dépendances de plusieurs ressources grâce à la notion de label représentatif, et est ainsi plus efficace qu'une approche classique. La méthode de Génération de Colonnes est incluse dans un schéma de Branch and Price composé de deux types de branchement, l'un basé sur les arcs, l'autre sur la résolution d'un VRPTW. Nous avons mis en place diverses méthodes accélératrices spécifiques du MTVRPTW. Nous donnons les résultats de l'algorithme sur les instances de Solomon. Des résultats issus de méthodes exactes étaient disponibles dans la littérature pour le MTVRPTW avec durée limite sur les routes. Nous avons proposé un nouvel algorithme plus performant, et basé sur nos méthodes, pour cette variante du problème. / The multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows (MTVRPTW) is a generalization of the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). In the MTVRPTW, one vehicle can perform several trips during a planning period. This allows optimizing the transport when the number of vehicles is limited and small.We propose here the first exact method for solving this problem.Our model is designed as a coverage problem for customers where the variables are trips. Mutual exclusion constraints express the availability of vehicles. We use a column generation scheme in which the sub-problem is an elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints (ESPPRC). Our dynamic programming method for ESPPRC takes into account dependencies of several resources through the concept of representative label. It is thus more efficient than a conventional approach. The column generation method is included in a Branch and Price scheme with two types of branching. One is based on arc selection, and the other on solving a VRPTW. We have implemented various accelerating methods which are specific to MTVRPTW. We give the results of our algorithm on Solomon instances.Results from exact methods were available in the literature for the MTVRPTW with time limit on the trips. We proposed a new and more efficient algorithm, based on our methods, to solve this variant of the problem.

Este trabalho tem como meta o estudo comparativo de duas rotas de síntese do megazol, tomando como base estudos feitos na Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da USP. Nestes foram observados que a obtenção do megazol pode ser feita por diferentes caminhos sintéticos, modificando processos e reagentes envolvidos na química de heterocíclicos, em particular os imidazóis. Foram avaliadas condições experimentais, rendimentos parciais e globais bem como as características de reagentes envolvidos nos processos indicados. / The scope of the present work is the analogy study over the two main routes on megazol synthesis, based on studies previously accomplished at the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of USP. In the results of the above referred studies, it was observed that the obtaining of the megazol can be achieved by different synthetic ways, by modifying processes and reagents related to the chemical properties of heterocyclic compounds, particularly with the imidazoles. Experimental conditions, both partial and final yields as well as the characteristics of the reagents evolved in the indicated processes were evaluated.

Le Conseil de l'Europe a lancé en 1987 le programme des itinéraires culturels européens qui vise à promouvoir l'identité culturelle à travers le tourisme en utilisant une politique touristique et culturelle. Les itinéraires culturels offrent un énorme potentiel de collaboration, mais il est nécessaire d'examiner quelles sont les pratiques qui caractérisent ce secteur. Cette thèse analyse les mécanismes et instruments mis en place par les itinéraires en réseau dès leur création et leur application sur le territoire par les acteurs concernés. Nous optons pour une analyse multiscalaire afin d'étudier les différentes échelles de gouvernance qui apparaissent dans un itinéraire et qui vont de l'Européenne jusqu'à la locale. Nous sélectionnons trois itinéraires réseaux pour un examen plus approfondie, lesquels ont leur représentation en Espagne et France : la Route européenne des cimetières, l'itinéraire européen du Patrimoine Juif et les Sites clunisiens en Europe. Ces itinéraires réseaux n'ont pas une identité antérieure ni d'interconnexions entre territoires à l'inverse des itinéraires linéaires. Il s'agit d'analyser les processus à chaque échelle pour bien comprendre la complexité de ces projets transnationaux dans leur fonctionnement en tant que produits touristiques unitaires compréhensibles pour les touristes. / In 1987, the Council of Europe launched the European Cultural Routes program, which aims to promote cultural identity through travelling using a tourist and cultural policy. Cultural Routes offer enormous potential for collaboration, but it is necessary to examine the practices that characterize this sector. This thesis analyses the mechanisms and instruments put in place by the network routes from their creation and their application in the territory by the actors concerned. We opt for a multi-scalar analysis for the study of the different governance scales that appear in a route ranging from European to local. For a more in-depth examination we select three network routes represented in Spain and France: the European Cemeteries Route, the European Route of Jewish Heritage and the Cluniac Sites in Europe. ln contrast to linear routes, these network routes do not have a previous identity or interconnections between territories. This means analysing the processes at each scale in order to fully understand the complexity of the transnational projects needed for them to function as unitary tourism products that are understandable to tourists.