Rubbing alignment is widely used in display industry, Rubbing cause anisotropy in rubbed polyimide thin film influence the alignment of Liquid Crystal. The major part of this article is to analyze surface optical anisotropy of rubbed polyimide thin film. RAS signals and surface free energies of rubbed polyimide thin film with different rubbing strength are measured, and relationship between anisotropy of surface and rubbing strength is discussed. The mechanism of alignment can be understood by this work. Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy (RAS) has been used in Semiconductor as a tool to monitor crystal growth for many years. RAS is a non-contact and non-destructive measurement method. It only measures the difference of two orthogonal complex reflection signals and optical anisotropy of surface. It¡¦s very sensitive to the anisotropy of surface. In the current studies, RAS has been used to detect surface anisotropy of rubbed polymer. We measured the surface free energy of the rubbed polyimide thin films. It has been found that surface free energy is of anisotropy due to the application of mechanical rubbing to the polymer surface. Pretilt angle influences the alignment of liquid crystals. The molecule orientation of PI surface and anisotropy of rubbed PI surface effect pretilt angle¡CPretilt angles measured by pretilt angle measurement system compare with RAS signals. RAS signals, anisotropy of surface free energies, and pretilt angles are increasing with increasing rubbing strength.

We investigated the role of Shc¡BPYK2¡BGrb2-sos binding complex¡BRas and Raf proteins at the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), the origin of sympathetic neurogenic vasomotor tone, in mevinphos (Mev) intoxication. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital (45 mg/kg) and maintained by propofol (20-25 mg/kg/hr) were used. Bilateral microinjection of Mev (10 nmol) into the RVLM elicited two distinct phases of cardiovascular responses, designated Phase I (sympathoexcitatory) and Phase II (sympathoinhibitory) Mev intoxication. Pretreatment with microinjection of a phospho-Shc-tyrosine 317, phospho-PYK2-tyrosine 402, phospho-PYK2-tyrosine 579/580 antibody (1:20), Grb2-sos complex inhibitor (SH3b-p), Ras specific inhibitors (manumycin A or FTA) or Raf specific inhibitor (GW5074) into the bilateral RVLM blunted the magnitude of the Mev-elicited sympathoexcitatory cardiovascular effect without affecting the duration. The Mev-elicited sympathoinhibitory cardiovascular effect was not influenced. Our results suggest that signaling pathways that involve Shc, PYK2, Grb2-sos complex, Ras or Raf protein in the RVLM participate in the sympathoexcitatory phase of Mev intoxication.

<p>Signaling pathways converge on the translation machinery and influence protein synthesis globally or specifically on certain classes of transcripts. The experiments described in this thesis focus on regulation of translation initiation through the cap-binding protein eIF4E. </p><p>Aberrant regulation of eIF4E has important roles in several pathologies and, most notably, in tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the understanding of the molecular con-sequences of changes in eIF4E activity remains incomplete. We employ a cell-free system to demonstrate that eIF4E function is required for efficient cap-dependent translation but inhibitory for translation of both cellular and viral RNAs relying on cap-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of eIF4E favors cap-independent translation in vitro. </p><p>To verify that our findings in the cell-free system are representative of an in vivo system, we also analyzed growth of an oncolytic poliovirus, relying purely on cap-independent translation, in the context of varying activity of signaling pathways. Data obtained from this virus helps to confirm that phosphorylation of eIF4E does indeed result in increased cap-independent translation. Additionally, these experiments provide important information for the clinical application of this oncolytic poliovirus, as they help to explain virus specificity and might allow for rational patient selection.</p> / Dissertation

For ras gene mutation analysis in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model system, a partial trout ras sequence was identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two synthetic oligonucleotides based on rat K-ras gene sequence were used as primers for the PCR procedure. A 90 base pair (bp) sequence, referred to as the trout K-ras, was amplified from trout genomic DNA and cDNA. Cloned 90 by PCR products from several normal liver tissues were sequenced resulting in the same sequence. Large-sized PCR products, 111 and 237 bp, were also cloned and sequenced indicating that these fragments included the 90 by sequence information expressed in mRNA. This 5'-terminal partial trout K-ras nucleotide sequence was 88% homologous to that of the goldfish ras gene, and less homologous to those of mammalian ras genes. Based on the partial sequence information of two trout ras genes, K-ras and H-ras, DNA from trout tumors induced by chemical carcinogens, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidene (MNNG), were analyzed for the presence of point mutations. Using the PCR and oligonucleotide hybridization methods, a high proportion (10/14) of the AFB1-initiated liver tumor DNA indicated evidence for ras point mutations. Of the 10 mutant ras genotypes, seven were probed as G to T transversions at the second position of codon 12, two were G to T transversions at the second position of codon 13, and one was a G to A transition at the first position of codon 12. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cloned PCR products from four of these tumor DNAs provided definitive mutation evidence in each case, which seemed to occur in only a fraction of the neoplastic cells. However, no mutations were detected in exon 1 of the trout K-ras gene, nor in DNA from trout normal livers. Results indicated that the hepatocarcinogen AFB1 induced similar ras gene mutations in trout as in rat liver tumors. By comparison, the mutation specificity of MNNG in trout liver tumors was for G to A transitions, but no ras mutations were detected in trout kidney tumors. This investigation was the initial study of experimentally induced ras gene point mutations in a lower vertebrate fish model. / Graduation date: 1991

RasGRP1 is an intracellular signaling protein expressed in lymphocytes that is responsible for activating Ras GTPases. Positive regulation of RasGRP 1 requires translocation to cellular membranes where lipid-anchored Ras can be accessed. Plasma membrane localization of RasGRP 1 in response to antigen receptors requires both the Cl domain and the plasma-membrane targeting (PT) domain. The Cl domain binds to diacylglycerol (DAG) at membranes. The PT domain binds its putative ligand at the plasma membrane and is negatively regulated by an adjacent suppressor of PT (SuPT) domain. RasGRP1 also contains a pair of EF-hands, with Ca²⁺-binding capability, but with no known regulatory role. In DT4O cells, RasGRP1 translocates to the plasma membrane and activates the Ras ERK pathway in response to B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. By introducing point mutations in the Ca²⁺-binding loops of each of the EF-hands, I found that a potential Ca²⁺- interaction loop in the first EF-hand is required for RasGRP1 translocation and the consequential activation of the Ras-ERK pathway in response to BCR signaling. However, RasGRP1 translocation is not regulated by BCR-generated Ca²⁺ flux. EF-hands were not required for Cl domain-mediated membrane localization, but were needed for PT-mediated plasma membrane targeting. EF-hands enhanced PT-domain mediated plasma membrane localization by repressing the SuPT domain. The REM and GEF domains, which co ordinately bind to and catalyze guanine nucleotide exchange on Ras GTPases, needed to be present and Ras-bound for this EF-hand mechanism to be effective. When not bound to Ras, the REM-GEF domain complex suppressed both plasma membrane and endomembrane targeting of RasGRP 1 by an EF-hand independent mechanism. Finally, membrane localization and activation of a naturally occurring splice variant of RasGRP 1, found overexpressed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SEE) patients, was examined. This splice variant lacks exon 11, which encodes the segment of RasGRP1 between the GEF domain and the first EF-hand. Removal of exon 11 resulted in a defect in plasma membrane localization that was partially overridden by deletion of SuPT, while membrane localization control via the REM-GEF complex was not affected. Therefore, exon 11 deletion via alternative splicing appears to functionally disable the first EF-hand of RasGRP1.

Las proteínas de la familia de las anexinas se caracterizan su unión a los fosfolípidos de la bicapa lipídica de forma dependiente de calcio, a través de los motivos "repetición anexina" presentes en su secuencia. Esta capacidad ha sido descrita mediante ensayos in-vitro, aunque poco se conoce de la funcionalidad de este comportamiento en los sistemas biológicos. Además del calcio, otros componentes celulares, como el citoesqueleto de actina, podrían modular in-vivo la unión de anexinas a las membranas biológicas.En trabajos previos nuestro grupo determinó in-vivo como la anexina A6 era capaz de reclutarse hacia el compartimento endocítico en paralelo a la internalización de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), uno de cuyos componentes mayoritarios es el colesterol. En el presente trabajo describimos como el colesterol por si sólo es capaz de inducir este reclutamiento, de forma independiente de calcio. En primer lugar, se determinó que existía una población de anexina A6, asociada a membranas (totales o endosomales) aisladas en ausencia de calcio, y que ésta era liberada al solubilizar el colesterol presente en la bicapa (con digitonina). Además, la acumulación de colesterol en el compartimento endocítico tardío (mediante el tratamiento de las células con la droga U18666A) inducía el reclutamiento in-vivo de anexina A6 hacia éstas membranas, proceso observado mediante fraccionamiento celular (aislamiento de endosomas e immunodetección por western blot) e immunocitoquímica (co-localizando, en estos endosomas a la anexina con el lípido no esterificado -marcado con filipina-). El incremento de la asociación colesterol-dependiente se observó asimismo para la anexina A6 añadida de forma exógena (a membranas aisladas carentes de anexina endógena) descartando la afectación del tráfico intracelular como causa del efecto observado. A continuación se determinó la funcionalidad derivada de la interacción de otro tipo de lipoproteínas involucradas en el metabolismo de colesterol, las HDL (de alta densidad), con la superficie de células CHO. Describimos la activación de Ras de forma subsiguiente a la unión de la partícula a la membrana. involucrando a uno de sus receptores más importantes, el Scavenger Receptor Type B-I (SR-BI). Al estudiar el efecto de la sobreexpresión de anexina A6 sobre esta señalización a partir de las HDL y su receptor SR-BI, en células CHO, se observó una disminución de la activación de Ras y Raf (pero no del resto de MAPKs). Por otro lado, la observación in-vivo (videomicroscopía) de la distribución celular de anexina A6-GFP sobreexpresada en células CHO, muestra como incrementos del calcio intracelular ejercen un reclutamiento masivo y muy rápido de la anexina A6 hacia la membrana plasmática (o dominios subyacentes a ésta), siguiendo un patrón similar al observado para algunas GAPs (GTPase activating proteins). Esta observación, así como la interacción ya descrita in-vitro entre la anexina A6 y p120GAP, sugiere la hipótesis que la translocación calcio-dependiente de la anexina hacia la membrana modularía la concentración de p120GAP, colaborando así en la desactivación de Ras. En este sentido, observamos como la sobreexpresión de anexina A6 induce, en células CHO, un incremento de la asociación de p120 GAP a fracciones de membrana enriquecidas en Ras.La caracterización de estos dominios de concentración de anexina A6 en la membrana indica que se trata de lipid rafts (dominios enriquecidos en colesterol) con presencia de citoesqueleto de actina. Postulamos que, en la célula viva, el calcio, el colesterol y el citoesqueleto de actina colaboran determinando la localización de la anexina en la membrana, desde donde actuaría como un modulador de la señalización a través de Ras. / The annexin family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a tandemly repeated calcium dependant - phospholipid binding domain, called "annexin repeat". However, other cell constituents, like actin cytoskeleton or cholesterol, have been proposed to play a role in annexin binding to biological membranes. In this sense, here we demonstrate in-vivo that cholesterol itself is able to modulate the intracellular distribution of membrane-associated annexin A6, in a calcium - independent manner. Concretely, cholesterol accumulation in the late endocytic compartment, upon treatment of the cells with "U18666A", is accompanied by annexin VI recruitment to this structures. Also, treatment of crude membrane extracts from early or late endosomes with digitonin, a cholesterol-sequestering agent, is able to displace a significant membrane-bound population of annexin VI, associated in a calcium independent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that this redistribution correlates with an increased binding of recombinant GST-annexin VI to cholesterol-enriched endocytic membranes in-vitro.After determining the role of cholesterol in mediating annexin VI recruitment to membranes, we aimed to characterize the signalling pathway activated upon HDL (one of the key lipoproteins in cholesterol metabolism) binding to the cell surface of CHO cells. Here we describe that HDL activates MAP kinases through the small GTPase Ras. We involve in this activation one of the most physiologically important receptors for HDL, the "Scavenger Receptor Type B-I" (SR-BI). We then analyzed this activation pathway in an annexin VI-overexpressing derived cell line, finding that annexin VI partially inhibits the signalling through the small GTPase Ras and blocks the subsequent activation of Raf. This diminished Ras activation is completely dependant on the presence of the enzyme PKC, and does not ultimately lead to a deficient MAPK activation. We also observed that annexin VI overexpression promoted the association of p120 GAP (one of the Ras inactivators and also an annexin VI-interacting protein) with Ras - enriched membrane fractions, suggesting an increased Ras - p120 GAP complex formation in these cells. In summary, we suggest that annexin VI is able to modulate signalling activation from the membranes and that, in this process, both calcium- and cholesterol-mediated membrane recruitment of annexin VI are involved.

Today, a large quantity of waste is generated from the replacement of residential and commercial roofs. Many of the roofs being upgraded with previously constructed from asphalt shingles. Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) contain nearly 30% of asphalt cement by mass, which can be a useful additive to asphalt pavements. In addition, shingles can offer significant potential savings through recycling and recovery as a construction material in flexible pavement. Currently, one and a half million tons of roofing shingle waste is generated each year in Canada related to the replacement of residential and commercial roofs and 90% of this valuable material is sent to landfills. If engineered properly, the addition of RAS into Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) can provide significant benefits. The University of Waterloo’s Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) is committed to working with public and private sector partners to develop sustainable technologies for the pavement industry. Using RAS in HMA can lead to economical, environmental and social benefits. Examples of which are reduced waste going to landfills and a reduction in the quantity of virgin material required. This research has involved the Ontario Centres of Excellence (OCE) and Miller Paving Limited. It was conducted to evaluate the performance of HMA containing RAS in both field and laboratory tests. A varying percentage of RAS was added to six common Ontario surface and binder layer of asphalt mixes. The intent was to determine if RAS could be added to improve performance and provide longer term cost savings. Laboratory testing was performed to evaluate the mix behavior. The elastic properties, fatigue life and resistance to thermal cracking were all evaluated at the CPATT laboratory. The characteristics of the mixes were evaluated by carrying out Dynamic Modulus, Resilient Modulus, Flexural Fatigue and Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test (TSRST) tests following American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Field test sections were constructed from HMA containing RAS to monitor the pavement behavior under natural environmental and traffic loading conditions. Evaluation of the field sites was performed using a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) and carrying out distress surveys following the Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) guidelines. The results to date show the sections performing very well with minimal to no distress developing. The results of the laboratory testing and field performance evaluations have shown encouraging results for the future use of RAS in HMA. If RAS can properly be engineered into HMA it can be a useful additive in both the surface and binder layers of the flexible pavement structure. Ultimately, the use of RAS in HMA can provide both an environmentally friendly and cost effective solution to the Ontario paving industry.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Physiopathologie moléculaire, cellulaire et intégrée : Toulouse 3 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 273-274.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-151).