The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy. I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties.. The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik. Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa. Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.

In schools today, we expect student performances and achievements to be exceptional. Having good reading and writing skills are essential if students want to excel at their school assignments. Students with reading and writing difficulties have to work much harder than their other classmates. Their having to work harder coupled with being teenagers and facing all the uncertainties which are present at that age, these students face the difficult task of trying to find out who they are and who they want to be. In other words, they try to create their own individual identities. This study investigates the experiences of students with reading and writing difficulties in their interactions with other students and school personnel, in different situations. The collection of data has been done through group interviews. Thirteen, 15 year old students participated in these interviews. Some of the factors which characterise a hermeneutic approach have helped to form the basis on which the study lies. A hermeneutic approach suggests that the data collected is sorted and analysed to enable the identification of differences and patterns. These patterns are arranged to give results that are subjective and which also show an interpretation of the data collected. The results show that students are more comfortable with their identities, when they are diagnosed or made aware that their performances in school are directly affected by their reading and writing difficulties. The study also shows that having reading and writing difficulties tells the students who they are but, at the same time, plays an important role in their interactions with other classmates and adults. The outcomes of these interactions greatly affect the formation of their identities. The way in which school personnel treat students is also shown to be of great importance.

One of the most important goals of school is to teach children how to read and write. But there are also children with great problems in reading and writing/dyslexia at school. In the Swedish School Plan you can, for example, read that one of the school’s most important goals is to give these children with special needs the help that they need. This study will investigate how six young people with reading and writing problems/dyslexia experienced the first nine years at school. There has been very little research regarding students´ experiences of having reading and writing problems/dyslexia early in school, which is strange because school is a place where children spend most of their time. This study will raise the questions about how young people were treated by their teachers, what they think of having a diagnosis, what kind of individualization they received and how they think about continuing their education. To fulfil the study’s purpose I did six qualitative interviews with young people between the ages of 18 and 24 years. The primary theoretical basis in this study was identity formation, inclusion, exclusion and integration. The results show, for example, that five out of the six young people sometimes experienced that their teachers didn’t understand their writing and reading problems and that resulted in inappropriate treatment from the teachers. The young people could feel anxiety which often led to low self-confidence. The diagnosis was difficult for three of them, but none of the interviewed felt that the diagnosis had affected them. The results also show that a good individualization was difficult for the teachers to accomplish in practice, and it also showed that previous experiences in school perhaps influenced whether they chose to continue their studies or not. One of the conclusions is that it is very important to discover a child’s reading and writing problem at an early age and to give the child a lot of help. Otherwise the child can develop a low self-esteem, and it is negative for a child’s identity formation.

Syftet med denna studie är att ge en insikt i hur elever med kombinerade läs- och skriv och matematiksvårigheter tänker och resonerar vid problemlösning. Tre elever i år 8, som alla ingår i samma specialundervisningsgrupp i matematik, har arbetat med olika typer av matematisk problemlösning, såväl individuellt som i grupp. Med utgångspunkt i deras arbete skapas början till en grundad teori. I forskningssammanhang behandlas ofta denna kategori elever (med kombinerade problem) som en enhetlig kategori som jämförs med t ex elever med enbart matematiksvårigheter, normalpresterande elever osv. Denna undersökning visar dock att de svårigheter eleverna uppvisar är av mycket olika karaktär. Studien omfattar tre delar: en presentation av fältstudien och resultaten från denna, en metoddel innefattande en pilotstudie som koncentreras på datainsamlingsmetoden samt en omfattande litteraturstudie som behandlar problemlösning och inlärningssvårigheter.

This research explores the annotation and note-taking practices of graduate students and reports on the sets of activities, habits, objects, tools and methods that define the practice. In particular, this empirical study focuses on understanding the integration of annotation practices within larger scholarly processes. This study therefore aims to describe and analyze annotation not only as material externalities of the research process, but also as crucial epistemic practices allowing students to progress from one research activity to the other. Interviews are supplemented by document collection and analyzed using a multi-perspectival framework. The findings describe an annotation lifecycle and suggest a new model of the scholarly process using annotation practices as units of analysis. The study further discusses annotation as a primitive epistemic practice and examines the productive tensions fostering the student’s progress towards her goals. This research finally proposes requirements for future tools supporting scholarly practice.

The aim of this study is to analyse the factors underlying successful reading and writing education and the educational conditions promoting reflective didactic skills, focusing on the students’ develop­ment of reading and writing abilities. Large international surveys indicate that the consensus concerning read­ing and writing education achieved by science during the past decade has had limit­ed impact on class­room activities. Thus, an underlying question is how research results can be implement­ed in every­day schoolwork. This study uses a praxis-oriented approach by working with classroom observations and reflective communication with teachers about learning processes and pedagogical methodology. The importance of the teachers having a solid theoretical background is underlined since it enables them to identify the students’ developmental stage, to adapt the instruction accordingly and to instant­ly grasp pedagogical opportunities to interpret and utilize the diagnostic signals. Another conclusion is that successful reading and writing education must be viewed in a context of language develop­ment as a whole, involving both its oral and its written aspects. This study also demonstrates that re­search results are perceived by teachers to be more accessible and relevant when the focus is on applied peda­gogics, allowing theory and practical applications to interact. The teachers’ professional development is shown to be an on-going, interactive, social process in which organisation, time and communicative meetings play an important part. Abduction proves to be an effective learn­ing strategy in the development of professional competence whereby academic know­ledge and on-the-spot know-how are allowed to coalesce in practically useful know­ledge. The study’s praxis-oriented approach has made it possible to define the teachers’ experience-based know­ledge at the same time as the theoretical knowledge in the field has developed. This opens up possibilities for scientific theories to establish themselves in practical school work. / <p>En bearbetad version av Catharina Tjernbergs avhandling, med titeln "Framgångsrik läs- och skrivundervisning: en bro mellan teori och praktik", ISBN 9789127137387, finns utgiven på förlaget Natur och kultur 2013.</p>

This research explores the annotation and note-taking practices of graduate students and reports on the sets of activities, habits, objects, tools and methods that define the practice. In particular, this empirical study focuses on understanding the integration of annotation practices within larger scholarly processes. This study therefore aims to describe and analyze annotation not only as material externalities of the research process, but also as crucial epistemic practices allowing students to progress from one research activity to the other. Interviews are supplemented by document collection and analyzed using a multi-perspectival framework. The findings describe an annotation lifecycle and suggest a new model of the scholarly process using annotation practices as units of analysis. The study further discusses annotation as a primitive epistemic practice and examines the productive tensions fostering the student’s progress towards her goals. This research finally proposes requirements for future tools supporting scholarly practice.

This research is inserted in Curriculum, Teaching and School Practices line at Postgraduate Program in Education from UFSM. It had as purpose to know the ideas from teachers about admission of children, aged six, to obligatory school and its implications in the organization of beginning reading and writing teaching process. Studies from Ferreiro and Teberosky (1999), Ferreiro (1993, 2001, 2002), Bolzan (2001, 2002, 2007), Vygotski (1994, 1995), among others, were utilized as theoretical basis to develop this investigation. This research was carried out in Municipal System of Teaching from Santa Maria/RS, between April and December, 2007. The participants were twelve teachers, who developed their profession at first grade groups of Elementary School. The investigation was done through a qualitative narrative study, which focused on the teachers speeches/voices/narratives. The data search was carried out through some semi-structured interviews. The teachers, expressing their understanding about the children admission to school, allowed the construction of three categories: conceptions of childhood and children, conceptions of reading and writing and conceptions of pedagogical organization. In the elaboration of these categories, two movements arose: a retrospective movement and a prospective movement. In the retrospective movement, the teaching enlargement is thought in a retrospective view, from what the students do not know, and, thus, the teaching processes are organized, not considering the childhood as a period of development, what makes occur, in this way, the educational formalization. In the prospective movement, it was noticed that the organization of this first grade addresses to think of producing the childhood and of formalizing the education processes in a prospective way. We realized, thus, an educational construction movement directed to the students possibilities. In this way, it was pointed out that there are two realities being produced inside schools; on the one hand, the practice has been the motivator for of a wide children development and, on the other hand, the practice addresses to the existence of activities which ignore the children sociocultural nature. At last, the research allowed to perceive that to think, prospective or retrospectively, makes part of the own school production movement, which needs to be, constantly, reviewed and questioned in the institution as a whole. / Esta pesquisa insere-se na linha de Currículo, Ensino e Práticas Escolares do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da UFSM. O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as idéias de professoras sobre o ingresso da criança, aos seis anos de idade, na escolaridade obrigatória e sua implicação na organização do processo de ensino da leitura e da escrita iniciais. Os estudos de Ferreiro e Teberosky (1999), Ferreiro (1993, 2001, 2002), Bolzan (2001, 2002, 2007); Vygotski (1994, 1995), entre outros, foram utilizados como aportes teóricos para o desenvolvimento dessa investigação. A pesquisa foi realizada no Sistema Municipal de Ensino de Santa Maria/RS, entre abril e dezembro de 2007. As participantes foram doze professoras que desenvolviam seus trabalhos com turmas do primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental. A investigação foi feita através de um estudo qualitativo narrativo, tendo por foco as falas/vozes/narrativas das professoras. A busca dos dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. As professoras, ao expressarem seus entendimentos sobre o ingresso da criança na escola, permitiram a construção de três categorias: concepções sobre infância e criança, concepções sobre leitura e escrita e concepção sobre organização pedagógica. Nesse processo de elaboração das categorias, emergiram dois movimentos: um movimento retrospectivo e um movimento prospectivo. No movimento retrospectivo, a ampliação do ensino é pensada a partir daquilo que os sujeitos não sabem, pois precisam ser lapidados e completados, pois lhes faltam habilidades e competências para aprender, assim, o processo de escolarização é organizado abandonando-se a visão de infância como período de desenvolvimento. No movimento prospectivo, percebeu-se que a organização desse primeiro ano remete a um pensar os processos de produzir a infância e de formalizar o ensino de maneira a valorizar as possibilidades de avançar de cada sujeito, notando-se, assim, um movimento de construção de uma escolarização voltado às capacidades do sujeito. Dessa maneira, evidenciou-se que existem duas realidades sendo produzidas nos espaços escolares; de um lado, as narrativas sobre a prática têm se constituído como motivadora de um amplo desenvolvimento das crianças, e de outro, essas mesmas narrativas remetem a existência de atividades que desconsideram a natureza sociocultural das crianças. Enfim, evidencia-se que pensar e implementar a escolarização de nove anos gerou a concomitância desses dois movimentos: o prospectivo e o retrospectivo, levando-se a afirmar que ambos fazem parte do próprio movimento de produção da escola, o qual precisa ser, constantemente, revisto e problematizado no conjunto da instituição.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-27T13:52:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoiceAp.S.Pinto.pdf: 2509044 bytes, checksum: 6d6b33368e7e64f0548de9bf8e26833b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-27T13:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoiceAp.S.Pinto.pdf: 2509044 bytes, checksum: 6d6b33368e7e64f0548de9bf8e26833b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / This paper discusses stories and storytelling as educational value in the West, in dialogue with Arabic pedagogy, based in storytelling: amthal (the Arabic word (with cumulative sense) connections between abstract and concrete, narratives (amthal, in general) can play a decisive role in the decision-making process: bringing values to “here and now”, providing analogies in order. To bring someone’s life experience to this concrete situation, since they are more easily stored in memory. It also discusses the pedagogical potential of storytelling in new media, in order to encourage reading and writing from “pedagogical” and “philosophical” amthal. This approach leads to understanding, from a concrete approach, how language, decisions and choices. Are important in education concerned with values, ethics, solidarity, integrity; key factors for inclusion of students in society as critical citizens and protagonists of their own history. / Este trabalho discute as narrativas e os valores pedagógicos do contar histórias no ocidente e oriente e, ao mesmo tempo, dialoga com a pedagogia árabe e a forma de pensamento relacionada ao contar histórias, fábulas, piadas, provérbios, parábolas, o que se denomina amthal. Essas narrativas articulam-se entre o abstrato e o concreto e estão diretamente entrelaçadas com a própria experiência de vida, proporcionando analogias para alcançar a dimensão concreta no processo de tomar decisões, uma vez que são mais facilmente guardadas na memória. Discute-se também o alcance pedagógico de veicular os contos em novas mídias, a fim de estimular a leitura e a escrita a partir dos diálogos pedagógicos e filosóficos apresentados. Dessa forma, levar a entender que o crescimento se dá a partir da linguagem e do modo de agir, com uma proposta de educação integrada com situações concretas presentes nas mais variadas práticas diárias, resgatando valores, como: ética, respeito e solidariedade; fatores essenciais para a inserção dos educandos na sociedade como cidadão crítico e protagonista de sua própria história

237 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-25T18:52:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Denise Aparecida.pdf: 1207287 bytes, checksum: 9738a9ab76ca8897d95bab8d2f429fd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-10T19:56:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Denise Aparecida.pdf: 1207287 bytes, checksum: 9738a9ab76ca8897d95bab8d2f429fd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T19:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Denise Aparecida.pdf: 1207287 bytes, checksum: 9738a9ab76ca8897d95bab8d2f429fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Ao contrário do que muita gente acredita, ninguém aprende primeiro para fazer depois. É fazendo que se aprende a fazer, é ensinando que se aprende a ensinar, é lendo que se aprende a ler. Porém, existe uma condição indispensável para que isso aconteça. Esta condição é pensar sobre aquilo que se faz ou se está fazendo. E foi a partir dessa condição, que este estudo, sobre as representações sociais dos professores de Educação de Jovens e Adultos sobre leitura e escrita, foi idealizado e realizado. O universo desta pesquisa foi composto por 149 professores, distribuídos em escolas públicas estaduais e municipais, em Vitória da Conquista-BA. Com a intenção de um maior conhecimento do problema de investigação, considerou-se ser indispensável a diversificação de respondentes a esses instrumentos, tornando-se sujeitos da pesquisa professores de diversas áreas, que atuam nessa modalidade de ensino. Desenvolveu-se um trabalho pedagógico visando investigar as representações sociais de professores de EJA sobre leitura e escrita em Vitória da Conquista-BA, e contribuir paralelamente, no que diz respeito à formação do professor/leitor/escritor, por ser esta uma proposta metodológica de leitura e escrita em serviço desse professor. Foram utilizadas as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, como os métodos mais adequados para atender às expectativas deste estudo, reunindo, através delas, mais elementos para se compreender as representações sociais dos professores de EJA sobre leitura e escrita, em Vitória da Conquista-BA. Este estudo permitiu-nos constatar que para esse ensino ser eficaz faz-se necessário, entre outros fatores, que o professor mude sua prática, invertendo as prioridades que são dadas hoje no ensino de língua, em que o estudo da metalinguagem ocupa maior parte das aulas de português, sobrando tempo mínimo para a leitura e reflexão sobre os problemas por ela enfocados. Portanto, desenvolveu-se um trabalho diagnóstico, visando investigar as representações sociais dos professores de EJA, nos ambientes assinalados, e contribuir, paralelamente, no que diz respeito à formação do professor/leitor/escritor, na construção de novas metodologias e propostas de aprendizado de leitura na prática docente dos professores de EJA, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento continuado do sujeito leitor. E só o professor leitor está apto a trabalhar o aprendizado de leitura com seus alunos. Para coerência desse trabalho, coletou-se dados dos docentes com base nas suas representações sobre leitura e escrita, por meio de questionários, entrevistas e observações dos encontros entre professores e coordenadores da rede estadual e municipal. Com os resultados obtidos, observouse que as representações de leitura e escrita dos professores permanecem ainda restrita a poucos textos, e que as práticas escolares deveriam orientar-se de forma mais refletida e sistemática para o fomento de atitudes favoráveis à leitura e ao seu aprendizado crítico, capazes de perdurar após o término da educação formal e resultar numa postura ativa na busca de oportunidades de desenvolvimento cultural e educação continuada. / Salvador