In der Literatur wird die kieferorthopädische Bewegung auch als ätiologischer Faktor für die Entstehung gingivaler Rezessionen gesehen (Dorfman 1978; Toker und Ozdemir 2009). Bereits 1942 beschäftigte sich Oppenheim mit dem Einfluss der Kieferorthopädie auf das parodontale Gewebe und stellte bereits damals fest, dass selbst bei größter Sorgfalt negative Einflüsse auf das Parodont nicht vermieden werden können (Oppenheim 1942). Nach derzeitiger Datenlage scheint folgende Antwort gerechtfertigt zu sein. Im Zuge einer kieferorthopädischen Therapie kann es zu Rezessionen der marginalen Gingiva kommen und dies kann auch teilweise nicht verhindert werden. Die fachlich korrekt durchgeführte kieferorthopädische Therapie scheint per se kein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entstehung von Rezessionen zu sein. Dies setzt eine sorgfältige prätherapeutische Diagnostik, geeignete Kräfte und Verankerungselemente, Beibehaltung einer suffizienten Mundhygiene und die Beachtung anatomischer Limits voraus.

A review of the literature indicates that a universally enhancing relationship between market orientation and performance is not conclusively supported. Recent research suggests that the relationship between marketing investments and profit may be inverted U-shaped such that there is an optimal level of marketing investments which maximises profit (Mantrala et al 2007). In this study, it is proposed that market orientation has different curvilinear relationships with different types of performance. Using a performance categorisation suggested by Kirca et al (2005), it is theorised that market orientation s relationship with revenue-based performance (e.g. sales growth, market share growth) is subject to diminishing returns such that performance is enhanced for all levels of market orientation but the incremental benefits diminish as market orientation increases. For cost-based performance (e.g. profit, return on sales), it is proposed that the incremental costs of implementing market oriented activities may exceed the benefits. Thus, cost-based performance may have an inverted U-shaped relationship with market orientation. Three mechanisms by which diminishing returns affect the market orientation - performance relationship are identified; duplication, contradiction and prioritisation. A review of over 400 papers in the market orientation literature demonstrates that a research gap exists for different curvilinear relationships between market orientation and different types of performance. In particular, an inverted U-shaped relationship has not previously been found between market orientation and profit. A sampling frame was selected to control for both the macro-environment, and different performance levels in different industries (Dess and Robinson 1984). In a sample of 113 UK car dealers operating in the new car market the hypothesised relationships were tested using both objective and subjective performance measures. The findings relating to objective performance measures support the full inverted U-shaped relationship between market orientation and profit across the observed range of values. The relationship for objective revenue-based performance is more curvilinear with significant linear and curvilinear components. In highly competitive environments maximum profit shifts to a higher level of market orientation and overall the relationship is predominantly enhancing. Conversely, in uncompetitive environments profit is maximised at a lower level of market orientation and the relationship becomes detrimental at moderate market orientation levels. In recession, the profit for all new car dealers is reduced and maximum profit occurs at a lower market orientation level. In addition, the relationship between market orientation and sales growth turns negative in a recession. Interestingly, the results for subjective performance are distinctly different to, and sometimes contradict, the objective performance results. In particular, subjective performance predominantly has a positive linear relationship with market orientation.

This study examines the worsening position of jobless blue-collar workers in an increasingly meritocratic economy, and uses an innovative crossnational comparative approach to gauge how much the social safety net improves their well-being. I take pairs of unemployed autoworkers who did the same job in the same or similar firms—with the only difference being the country they live in—and compare their outcomes to measure policy effects. My analysis is based on in-depth interviews with seventy-one former autoworkers (divided among American and Canadian workers, and Detroit Three and parts factories) and thirty-six industry and community experts in Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario, two metropolitan areas right across the river from one another. It also draws from ethnographic observation within households and the larger Detroit and Windsor areas, which allowed me to put my interviews in context and assemble a rich narrative portrait of unemployment and economic distress. Whereas one school of thought stresses the powerlessness of government in the face of globalization and related economic shifts, and another tends to see an expanded welfare state as a panacea for social ills, I stake out a view somewhere in the middle, arguing that the stronger supports in Canada help unemployed workers cope better with job retraining challenges, health problems, financial difficulties, and fragile family structures, but are limited in their ability to overcome relative inequalities: large gaps in education, family stability, and resources that exist between blue-collar workers and other segments of the labor force. I offer a theoretical and historical framework for understanding the evolution of the labor market and its consequences for less-educated workers, conceiving of the current iteration of capitalism as meritocratic in its focus on human capital as the just arbiter of status, and differentiating this meritocratic orientation from other egalitarian and fraternal approaches to policy and morality in past historical periods. Finally, I examine the meritocratic ideology that blunts political responses to rising inequality, finding that such views, long associated with white-collar professionals, have come to affect the thinking of even unionized blue-collar workers. / Sociology

Macroeconomic events in the United States during the last ten years—the housing bubble, the financial crisis and the subsequent, deep recession—brought several puzzles to the attention of economists and policymakers. Why were there such large price booms and busts in places like Las Vegas and Phoenix, where land was readily available and construction markets were very active? Why are economies so slow to recover from recessions that coincide with financial crises? Can policymakers use fiscal stimulus to increase output and accelerate economic recovery after a recession?

In this paper we examine the extent of international trade synchronization during periods of international trade collapses and US recessions. Using dynamic correlations based on monthly trade data for the G7 economies over the period 1961-2011, our results suggest rather idiosyncratic patterns of international trade synchronization during collapses of international trade and US recessions. During the great recession of 2007-2009, however, international trade experienced the most sudden, severe and globally synchronized collapse. (author's abstract)

Bakgrund: Fonder är en sparform som har utvecklats och blivit en av de mest populära och framgångsrika placeringsformerna på marknaden. Många företag väljer därför, efter en högkonjunktur följd av möjlighet till reservsparande, att investera på fondmarknaden för att kunna öka sitt kapital under kommande lågkonjunktur. Att välja en stor och trögrörlig eller en liten och snabbfotat fond kan vara av avgörande karaktär när man ska se till utvecklingen. Problemformulering: Har fondstorleken betydelse vid placering i fonder under lågkonjunktur? Syfte: Klargöra huruvida fondstorleken har betydelse för avkastningen vid placering i svenska aktiefonder under lågkonjunktur. Metod: Studien använder sig av metodtriangulering där ett kvantitativt upplägg kombineras med ett kvalitativt inslag i form av en intervju. En deduktiv ansats anammas. Urvalet har valts ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval och datainsamling har skett i form av sekundärdata från Morningstar, Riksbanken samt Affärsvärlden. Med den informationen har uppsatsens empiri och resultat grundlagts och kunnat kopplas till teorier, tidigare forskning samt allmän uppfattning om fonder i analysen. Slutsats: Undersökningen visar att stora fonder, tätt följt av medelstora fonder, är den bästa investeringen under lågkonjunktur. Små fonder är mer snabbrörliga, har en högre standardavvikelse och risk men det innebär inte generellt att det utmynnar i en högre avkastning. / Background: Fund saving is nowadays a very popular investment strategy when it comes to putting money aside on the market. After a big economic boom, with the potential of gathering up assets, companies choose  to invest in the fund market with the possibility to increase their wealth when a recession is up and coming. When it comes to how well the fund is developing, one needs to make a critical decision and choose either a big and sluggish one or a small and swift-footed one. Problem formulation: Does fund size matter when investing in funds during recession? Purpose: Determine whether fund size has an impact on return rate when investing in Swedish mutual funds during recession. Method: Different types of methods will be used throughout the study to ensure good quality and enough quantity. Mainly quantitative layout (data gathering from the Swedish State Bank, Morningstar and Affärsvärlden) featuring a qualitative interview and a deductive approach. With established empirics and elicited results, the study has been able to connect the theories used, the previous research in the field and the common view of funds among society to its analysis. Conclusion: Theory suggests that large funds, closely followed by mediumsized funds are the best investment during recessions. Small funds are more fastmoving, has a higher standard deviation and risk but it does not, generally, out-flow into a higher return.

Darbuotojų motyvavimo klausimas yra aktualus ne tik viešojo, bet ir privačiojo sektoriaus organizacijoms. Vis dažniau akcentuojamas darbuotojų motyvavimo trūkumas, kas sąlygoja mažesnį veiklos efektyvumą, o tuo pačiu ir viso sektoriaus efektyvumą. Darbo tikslas – Remiantis apklausos duomenimis, įvertinti kaip keitėsi motyvavimo priemonių taikymas finansų sektoriaus įmonės darbuotojams ekonomikos nuosmukio metu. Darbą sudaro dvi pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje atskleidžiama darbuotojų motyvacijos samprata, reikšmė, apžvelgiamos pagrindinės motyvacijos teorijos bei pagrindinės darbuotojų motyvavimo priemonės. Antrojoje darbo dalyje atliktas finansų sektoriaus įstaigos darbuotojų nuomonės tyrimas apie ekonomikos nuosmukio poveikį motyvavimo priemonių taikymo kaitai. Atlikus kiekybinį empirinį tyrimą, kurio instrumentas – anketa, statistiškai apdorojus duomenis Microsoft Excel statistiniu paketu, remiantis sisteminimo metodu, t. y. grupuojant atsakymus, sudarant lenteles, atvaizduojant visus rezultatus grafiškai ir pateikus išvadas, paaiškėjo, jog didelė dalis respondentų yra patenkinti savo darbu finansų sektoriaus įmonėje. Klausimas, ar darbuotojai yra patenkinti savo darbu yra sietinas su pakankamu/nepakankamu jų motyvavimu. Taigi, galima teigti, kad darbuotojai yra pakankamai motyvuojami. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai darbu patenkinti respondentai, kurie įmonėje yra išdirbę 8 ir daugiau metų. Taip pat išsiaiškinta, kad kuo aukštesnes pareigas užima darbuotojas, tuo jo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Employees‘ motivation question is actual not just for public sector. It is actual for private sector organizations too. Increasingly, the lack of emphasis on employee motivation, which leads to reduced performance while at the same time the efficiency of the whole sector. The main aim of this work is to evaluate how economic recession influenced for financial sector organization‘s employees‘ motivation measures applicability. The work consists of two parts: theoretical and research (empirical) part. The theoretical part describes the employees’ motivation concept and analyzes the main issue in the modern theory of motivation. It also identifies methods, how to motivate workers in private sector. In the empirical part of work present the results of the research. After statistical analysis to supply present conclusions and recommendations. When research was done, it shows that a big part of respondents are satisfied for their job in financial sector organization. Question “Are employees satisfied for their job?” is associated with enough/insufficient their motivation. So, employees are motivated enough. It was found that most respondents satisfied with the work that the company has worked for eight years or more. It also found that the employee holds a senior position, at his job satisfaction is higher. Basically, it can be said that the economic ressesion had the greatest negative impact on the material means of motivation and their applicability.

<p>This dissertation consists of three essays on the topic of education policy. In the first essay, I evaluate the impacts of a teacher quality equity law that was enacted in California in the fall of 2006 prohibiting superintendents from transferring a teacher into a school in the bottom three performance deciles of the state's academic performance index if the principal refuses the transfer. The primary mechanism through which the policy should affect student outcomes is through the mix of the quality of teachers in the school. Using publicly available statewide administrative education data, and two quasi-experimental methodologies, I assess whether the policy had an effect on the district-wide distribution of teachers with varying levels of experience, education and licensure and on student academic performance. I extend the analysis by examining whether the policy has differential effects on subgroups of schools classified as having high-poverty or high-minority student populations. I find that, as a result of the teacher quality equity law, low-performing schools experienced a relative increase in fully-credentialed teachers and more highly educated teachers, but that did not necessarily translate to an increase in academic performance. I also find evidence that the dimension along which the policy was most effective was in improving teacher pre-service qualifications in schools with high minority student populations.</p><p>In the second essay, I estimate racial, ethnic, gender and socioeconomic differences in teacher reports of student absenteeism and tardiness while controlling for administrative records of actual absences. Subjective perceptions that teachers form about students' classroom behaviors matter for student academic outcomes. Given this potential impact, it is important to identify any biases in these perceptions that would disadvantage subgroups of students. I use longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 in conjunction with longitudinal, student-level data from the North Carolina Education Data Research Center to employ a variation of a two sample instrumental variables approach in which I instrument for actual eighth grade absences with simulated measures of eight grade absences. I find consistent evidence that teacher reports of the attendance of poor students are negatively biased and that math teacher reports of male attendance are positively biased. There is mixed evidence with regard to student race and ethnicity.</p><p>The third essay is a co-authored work in which we employ a quasi-experimental estimation strategy to examine the effects of state-level job losses on fourth- and eighth-grade test scores, using federal Mass Layoff Statistics and 1996-2009 National Assessment of Educational Progress data. Results indicate that job losses decrease scores. Effects are larger for eighth than fourth graders and for math than reading assessments, and are robust to specification checks. Job losses to 1 percent of a state's working-age population lead to a .076 standard deviation decrease in the state's eighth-grade math scores. This result is an order of magnitude larger than those found in previous studies that have compared students whose parents lose employment to otherwise similar students, suggesting that downturns affect all students, not just students who experience parental job loss. Our findings have important implications for accountability schemes: we calculate that a state experiencing one-year job losses to 2 percent of its workers (a magnitude observed in seven states) likely sees a 16 percent increase in the share of its schools failing to make Adequate Yearly Progress under No Child Left Behind.</p> / Dissertation

This paper examines the synchronization of business cycles across the G7 countries during US recessions since the 1870s. Using a dynamic measure of correlations, results depend on the globalization period under consideration. During the 2007-2009 recession, business cycles co-movements increased to unprecedented levels. (author's abstract)

<p>S. 1-50: sammanfattning, härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu