The Swedish bus and railway sectors have been recognised as important early cases of regulatory reforms that led to both vertical and horizontal disintegration as well as market-opening. This thesis investigates the origin and evolution of these reforms from 1979 to 2009, focussing on the markets for passenger services. The aim is to improve our understanding of the background, resulting nature, and consequences of these regulatory reforms. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses has been applied; e.g. the thesis makes use of a unique database of longitudinal industry statistics. This thesis shows that the origins of the Swedish reform process were internal and largely unrelated to any objectives of deregulated market-opening. However, a combination of the nature of the initial reforms, the behaviour of market actors, and certain key events accidentally sparked a trend towards deregulation, which has had profound effects on market structure and performance. The step-by-step evolution, in particular the introduction and expansion of competitive tendering, is shown to have had path-dependent characteristics. Swedish competitive tendering of bus and railway services has had important effects on costs and subsidies, but has also generated the problematic behaviour of strategic bidding. Included within are detailed articles which make additional contributions to relevant theories and offer normative advice concerning the design and implementation of regulatory reforms in these as well as other sectors.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-04-27T19:06:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carina C. Coelho.pdf: 619431 bytes, checksum: 399cdc20dd245e1b67336c5680daaa97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2011-04-27T19:07:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carina C. Coelho.pdf: 619431 bytes, checksum: 399cdc20dd245e1b67336c5680daaa97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-03T12:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carina C. Coelho.pdf: 619431 bytes, checksum: 399cdc20dd245e1b67336c5680daaa97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / This study aimed to analyse the potencial and obstacles of the adoption of the Regulatory Impact Analysis and the oversight body in the Brazilian context. For this, we carried out a field research with representatives of institutions involved with AIR, such as regulatory agencies and Civil House, as well as experts with publications on the top. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted around questions compiled from the previously explored in the theoretical knowledge of the work. It was concluded that from an environment of concern for regulatory quality in Brazil, both the central administration and regulatory bodies investigated have undertaken efforts to achieve a more effective regulatory system. However, there is a long way to go and many hurdles to overcome. Concerning the RIA and the oversight body, the strength, technical expertise, institutional design are some of the obstacles that must be overcome to reach the Brazil actually an improvement of regulatory quality. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a potencialidade e obstáculos da adoção da Análise de Impacto Regulatório e do órgão supervisor no contexto brasileiro. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo com representantes de instituições envolvidas com a AIR, com as agências reguladoras e a Casa Civil da Presidência da República, além de especialistas com publicações relativas ao tema. Foram realizadas assim, doze entrevistas semi-estruturadas em torno de perguntas previamente elaboradas a partir dos conhecimentos explorados no referencial teórico do trabalho. Concluiu-se que a partir de um ambiente de preocupação com a qualidade regulatória no Brasil, tanto a esfera mais central da administração – a Casa Civil como os entes reguladores investigados, têm empreendido esforços em prol de um sistema regulatório mais eficaz. Entretanto, há um longo caminho a ser percorrido e diversos obstáculos a serem ultrapassados. Com relação à AIR e ao órgão de supervisão, a resistência, a especialização técnica, o desenho institucional são alguns desses percalços que deverão ser transpostos a fim de que o Brasil alcance de fato uma melhoria da qualidade regulatória

This thesis provides an understanding of how new audit regulation affect firm growth and how audits affect the cost of capital. To investigate the effect of audit reforms on employment growth, we exploited a Swedish reform made in November 2010 that gave certain firms the option to opt out of previously imposed statutory audits. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.39%. Furthermore, the reform was also exploited to investigate if audited financial statements add value for firms in the private debt market. We find that firms with audited financial statements, on average, save 1.26 percentage points on cost of debt compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. Thus, the reform creates a possibility for firms that have the ambition to grow in employment to do so by not auditing, and those who want to grow by investments in capital to do so by reducing the cost of such investments by auditing. However, the current ceiling of the reform is also likely to force some firms to operate at sub-optimal levels, those without having the option to opt out of audit even though they might not accrue any benefit from auditing, at least in the short-run. One can argue that is partly due to how institutions evolve, generally slower than other actors in the society do.

過去二十多年來，不論是OECD或非OECD的會員國，都致力於所謂的「管制改革」，以確保政府具有高品質的管制治理能力，然而反觀我國的情況，對於管制改革的觀念多半停留在解除管制階段，並且普遍缺乏解除管制後的專責管制機關。因此，本研究希望透過歐美經驗的比較分析，試圖釐清下列的問題： 一、管制改革真正意涵為何？與傳統的政府管制有何不同？ 二、管制治理的主要興起背景為何？當中有何特色？ 三、各國政府如何提升管制政策的治理能力？有無共同的制度設計？ 四、歐美等國所呈現的運作經驗，對於我國有何種啟示？以及學習之處？ 此外，本研究藉由檢閱相關文獻與比較分析，期望能達成以下的研究目的： 一、經由文獻分析，說明歐美各國為何要進行管制改革的原因、管制改革的實質意義，如何透過相關制度的設計，提升本身的治理能力與政策品質。 二、以歸納分析的方式說明管制治理意義，建構民主取向的良善管制治理所必須具備的要件。 三、藉由比較分析，參照英美與歐盟在此方面的運作經驗，針對我國再進行相關制度設計與實務運作，提出一些省思與建議。 總之，本研究主要是探討在管制改革風潮下，所呈現的政府治理型態轉變，以及詳述英、美與歐盟等國的運作經驗，以比較方式分析出當中的異同，並且對照我國的發展情況，提出相關的建議，並且大致上可以分為三個部分：首先、說明管制治理模式的興起背景，發現1980年代末期因財政困境所導致的政府失靈，以及人民對於政府的不信任，兩者是管制治理模式轉變的重要背景因素；其次、歐美的管制治理運作經驗分析，並且分別從發展歷程、課責機制、諮詢制度，以及影響分析等四個角度，詳述其主要內涵與可能遭遇的問題；最後、透過比較分析與經驗對照，分別說明對我國產生何種啟示，以及未來在制度設計與發展上有那些值得學習與參考之處。 經由文獻的分析、歐美等國的經驗說明，以及闡述我國的現況與問題，本章先針對前述治理模式背景與歐美運作經驗等部分，歸納整理相關的研究發現；其次，參照歐美等國的發現，就我國目前所進行的革新作法，提出一些思考方向與建議；最後，針對本研究的不足之處進行檢討，指出後續可行的研究方式與重點。

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.

L’interdépendance entre les différents métiers de la banque s’est considérablement renforcée au cours des deux dernières décennies. En effet, la globalisation financière a accru la porosité entre les différents métiers bancaires notamment lors de chocs qui bien qu’initialement circonscrits sur un segment de l’activité des banques contaminent maintenant rapidement la santé financière globale des banques. Cet état de fait est étayé par la crise des subprimes. L’échec de la réglementation bancaire révélé à travers la crise financière globale nous oblige à réexaminer le régime réglementaire en vigueur et à accorder une grande importance aux réformes réglementaires dans le système bancaire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’identifier les carences de la réglementation bancaire et d’analyser les pistes de réforme réglementaire pour remédier à ces lacunes du régime réglementaire actuel. Ce travail de thèse fournit des évidences empiriques sur le fait que la mise en œuvre conjointe d’une stratégie de levier élevé et d’une stratégie de liquidité risquée a déstabilisé les banques au cours des années récentes. Les réglementations futures doivent donc s’orienter vers la complémentarité entre la réglementation de la capitalisation et la réglementation de la liquidité. En accord avec ces résultats empiriques, ce travail de thèse propose finalement un cadre théorique pour montrer que la prise en compte de la réglementation de la liquidité en tant que le complément de la réglementation de capitalisation est socialement optimale. / The interdependence between different banking businesses has significantly increased over the past two decades. In fact, financial globalization increased the porosity between banking businesses in the case of shocks that rapidly infects the global financial health of banks, although they were initially limited to one segment of banking activities. That was shown by the Subprime crisis. The failure of banking regulation, as the global financial crisis demonstrated, is forcing us to review the existing regulatory regime and to pay attention to regulatory reforms in the banking system. This thesis aims to identify the flaws in the banking regulation and to analyze possible reform avenues. In this study, we provide empirical evidence on the joint use of risky leverage strategy and risky liquidity strategy by banks over the past years. Consequently, the future regulatory reforms have to shift towards the complementarity between capitalization regulation and liquidity regulation. In line with our empirical results, we finally propose a theoretical framework in order to establish that implementing liquidity regulation, as complement to the actual capitalization regulation is socially optimal.

Submitted by Rafaela Moraes (rafaela.moraes@fgv.br) on 2016-09-12T13:53:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final - Eduardo Nunes - 110911.pdf: 2445774 bytes, checksum: 5a9e59fca83a6a50ff485c12ef6ce047 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafaela Moraes (rafaela.moraes@fgv.br) on 2016-09-12T13:54:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final - Eduardo Nunes - 110911.pdf: 2445774 bytes, checksum: 5a9e59fca83a6a50ff485c12ef6ce047 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafaela Moraes (rafaela.moraes@fgv.br) on 2016-09-12T13:55:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final - Eduardo Nunes - 110911.pdf: 2445774 bytes, checksum: 5a9e59fca83a6a50ff485c12ef6ce047 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T13:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final - Eduardo Nunes - 110911.pdf: 2445774 bytes, checksum: 5a9e59fca83a6a50ff485c12ef6ce047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The regulatory system varies depending on the country's institutional endowment. A component of the regulatory system is regulatory governance, namely the set of safeguards that limit discretionary actions of the regulator. In Brazil, one of the safeguards is the institutional design of regulatory agencies. This design consists of a series of factors among which stands out autonomy, commonly divided into administrative, financial and political. The ultimate goal of this study is to evaluate the financial autonomy of federal regulatory agencies. The greater financial autonomy is, the more robust regulatory governance tends to be, because the institutional design plays a better role as safeguard. Strengthened governance contributes to the stability of rules, reduces regulatory risk and enhances the attraction of private investments, which ultimately leverage the country's economic development. To achieve the ultimate goal, it will be held an exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. The means used are bibliographic, documentary and multiple cases. Each case is selected in a non-probabilistic way by typicality and accessibility, in that order, in order to reach contrasting results (theoretical replication). These criteria determine the choice of all federal regulatory agencies, with the exception of ANAC, because of the accessibility of its budgetary and financial data. Thus, from data of ANEEL, ANATEL, ANP, ANVISA, ANS, ANA, ANTAQ, ANTT and ANCINE for the years 2002 to 2010, four indicators are calculated: budget availability, budget execution, financial execution, and budget and financial overlay. The averages of these partial indicators comprise a comprehensive indicator of financial autonomy. The results are compared between the agencies, between the generations of the agencies and between the sectors of activity of the agencies, using the technique of analysis of variance with a significance level of five percent. The evaluation of the financial autonomy of federal regulatory agencies is unexpected. Rejecting the initial hypotheses, the regulatory agencies of first generation have inferior results to those agencies from second and third generation, and infrastructure agencies have inferior results to social agencies. These results highlight the need to revise the model of budgetary and financial management designed for federal regulatory agencies. The legal provision of own sources of funds is not sufficient to ensure the financial autonomy of agencies to the extent that the central government makes use of increasingly frequent resources impoundments. / O sistema regulatório varia conforme a dotação institucional do país. Um componente do sistema regulatório é a governança regulatória, isto é, o conjunto de salvaguardas que limita ações discricionárias do regulador. No caso brasileiro, uma das salvaguardas é o desenho institucional das agências reguladoras. Este desenho é formado por uma série de elementos entre os quais se destaca a autonomia, comumente dividida em administrativa, financeira e política. O objetivo final deste estudo é avaliar a autonomia financeira das agências reguladoras federais. Quanto maior a autonomia financeira, mais robusta tende a ser a governança regulatória, pois melhor é o papel desempenhado pelo desenho institucional das agências como salvaguarda. Fortalecida, a governança contribui para a estabilidade de regras, reduz o risco regulatório e potencializa a atração de investimentos privados, o que, em última análise, alavanca o desenvolvimento econômico do país. Para alcançar o objetivo final, realiza-se pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e explicativa. Os meios utilizados são bibliográficos, documentais e estudo de múltiplos casos. Cada caso é selecionado de forma não probabilística por tipicidade e por acessibilidade, nesta ordem, a fim de se chegar a resultados contrastantes (replicação teórica). Estes critérios determinam a escolha de todas as agências reguladoras federais, com exceção da ANAC, em virtude da acessibilidade de seus dados orçamentários e financeiros. Assim, a partir dos dados da ANEEL, ANATEL, ANP, ANVISA, ANS, ANA, ANTAQ, ANTT e ANCINE referentes aos anos de 2002 a 2010, são calculados quatro indicadores: de disponibilidade orçamentária, de execução orçamentária, de execução financeira e de sobreposição orçamentária e financeira. As médias aritméticas desses indicadores parciais compõem um indicador global de autonomia financeira. Os resultados encontrados são comparados entre as agências, entre as gerações das agências e entre os setores de atuação das agências, utilizando-se a técnica da análise de variância a um nível de significância de cinco por cento. A avaliação da autonomia financeira das agências reguladoras federais é surpreendente. Rejeitando as hipóteses iniciais, as agências reguladoras de primeira geração obtêm resultados inferiores às agências de segunda e terceira geração, e as agências de infraestrutura resultados inferiores às agências sociais. Estes resultados evidenciam a necessidade de revisão do modelo de gestão orçamentária e financeira concebido para as agências reguladoras federais. A previsão legal de fontes próprias de recursos não é suficiente para assegurar a autonomia financeira das agências na medida em que o governo central faz uso cada vez mais frequente de contingenciamentos de recursos.

國內規章之規範工作在服務貿易總協定第六條第四項即表明須加以進行，且此類貿易障礙確有處理之必要。本論文鑑於規範國內規章之必要性以及談判上之困難，擬探討服務貿易總協定第六條第四項就資格要件、程序、技術標準與核照條件等措施擬定必要規範之可行性。 為減少資格要件與核照要件不必要之貿易障礙，各會員國在就此等要件作規定時，最重要的就是必須將對外國服務供給者或廠商的一切要求予以具體明文化，而這些要求只須確保達到服務品質即可，而不必過於苛刻、意圖阻礙貿易。在國內規章規範中要求會員國去除與服務品質無關且會造成服務供給限制之規定，並可鼓勵會員國間簽定相互承認協定或單方自主給予認許，另外也應鼓勵會員國參考相關國際機構所制定之標準。 在資格程序與核照程序方面，國內規章規範中應要求會員國將資格程序與核照程序事先設立、公開可取得、客觀、去除與服務品質無關且會造成服務供給限制之程序規定，並鼓勵各國主管當局推動簡化的行政程序，減少不必要之人力、物力浪費。 在規範技術標準上，可要求會員參考相關國際組織所發展出來的國際標準，或鼓勵會員間簽定相互承認協定就彼此採用之技術標準予以承認，並要求會員客觀考量其他會員採用的技術標準，若不准許該項標準應提出拒絕理由以避免會員採取之規章措施不合理而造成貿易障礙。此外，在國內規章規範中要求會員公布有關之技術資訊。 有些貿易障礙並不顯見於國內規章上，無法透過查看他會員之法令規定就足以斷定有阻礙貿易之嫌，況且，有時情況國內體制僵化無法立即作出改變，或國家資源與財力有限無法作出變革，而非會員故意藉此來阻撓貿易，這些障礙並無法單靠規範國內規章就可以解決，往往須配合政府體制之革新，以達成去除不必要障礙之目的。故，規範國內規章與政府國內規章革新應是相輔相成的。 由本論文的討論可知規範國內規章基本上是可行的，只是在談判上須兼顧各國面對的困難及國家間的利益衝突，才可很快地制定出國內規章規範，而規範之具體成效的展現，尚須各國政府內部國內規章革新之配合，才能去除不必要之貿易障礙，早日達成服務貿易真正的自由化。