Evidence is cited in this paper which suggests religion is gaining in influence on American life. Although interest in religiosity is increasing, mental health research into the area is meager. As psychological researchers grow cognizant of the impact of social systems on the individual, it becomes important to examine the impact of religion and religious belief on the emotional health of the individual. The literature also suggests that attitudes toward death and the individual's perception of power/helplessness, which are elements closely associated with religious belief, are also important factors in determining one's state of psychological well-being. This study is an attempt to look more closely at the role of religion, attitudes toward death, and perception of power/helplessness in a psychiatric population as compared to a nonpsychiatric population. The major variable under consideration, religious orientation, was measured with the Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation Inventory which measures the nature of one's involvement with religion. The individual with an intrinsic orientation toward religion is believed to exhibit a healthier adjustment than the individual with an extrinsic orientation toward religion. It was hypothesized that healthier religious adjustment would be related to lower death anxiety, as measured by the Death Anxiety Scale, and lower locus of control scores, as measured by the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Further, it was assumed that whether or not one's religious belief system includes a belief in punishment after death would exert some influence on death anxiety. The information obtained in this study suggests that the most important factor of concern to psychiatric patients in the area of religious orientation and death anxiety is belief in punishment after death and its relationship to locus of control. Death anxiety was greatest in psychiatric patients who believed in punishment after death. Overall subjects who believed in punishment after death tended to exhibit higher external locus of control scores. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Plusieurs études québécoises ont montré que certains immigrants, notamment ceux originaires du Maghreb, vivent du racisme dans leur vie quotidienne. Plus encore, les personnes de confession musulmane au Québec racontent subir des préjugés relatifs à leur religion. Ces préjugés, selon leurs témoignages, se retrouvent dans différents environnements, notamment dans les milieux de travail et dans les institutions éducatives. Dans ce dernier cas, certains chercheurs soulignent que ces expériences du racisme vécu en milieu scolaire affectent les rapports que les parents immigrants entretiennent avec les enseignantes et les enseignants ainsi qu’avec les chefs d’établissement ; les parents immigrants se sentent parfois incompris dû à leur origine. Cela met en exergue la question de leur intégration sociale et de la collaboration école-familles pour soutenir la scolarisation de leurs enfants. En effet, une collaboration s’avère nécessaire entre l’école et la famille pour assurer la réussite éducative des élèves. Cette étude vise à analyser les expériences et les relations quotidiennes des mères d'origine maghrébine en milieu scolaire. Elle se base sur le concept du racisme ordinaire qui se manifeste lors de leurs interactions avec les membres de la communauté éducative de leurs enfants dans un contexte scolaire marqué par l'application de la loi 21 au Québec. Nous inscrivant dans une posture épistémologique interprétative, nous avons mené des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de dix mères originaires du Maghreb qui ont des enfants fréquentant des écoles primaires et secondaires publiques de Montréal. L’analyse des résultats a notamment révélé ceci : les mères ont raconté que le racisme ordinaire qu'elles ont vécu est généralement de nature silencieuse, subtile, indirecte et discrète. Dans un contexte d’application de la loi 21, elles ont révélé divers marqueurs causant le profilage racial et la discrimination, tels que le port du voile islamique et/ou le fait d'avoir un prénom arabe, etc. Ces marqueurs conduisent, selon elles, à une diminution de la confiance qu’elles ont envers le milieu scolaire et vice versa. Dans ce contexte, elles adoptent ainsi diverses stratégies s’inscrivant dans un continuum (allant de faire face au racisme avec courage jusqu’à camoufler des traits ethniques et religieux). En conclusion, le racisme ordinaire auquel les mères immigrantes d'origine maghrébine se disent confrontées pourrait être associé aux notions d'islamophobie ou d'arabophobie exprimées sous diverses formes par les membres d'autres communautés, notamment les Québécois du groupe majoritaire. L'adoption de la loi 21, selon ces mères, aurait contribué à exacerber leur sentiment de vivre du racisme ordinaire. / Several Quebec studies have shown that some immigrants, especially those from the Maghreb experience racism in their daily lives. Furthermore, people of the Muslim faith in Quebec report being prejudiced against their religion. These prejudices according to their testimonies are found in different environments, particularly in the workplace and in educational institutions. In the latter case, some researchers point out that these experiences of racism experienced in schools affect the relationships that immigrant parents have with teachers as well as with school principals; immigrant parents sometimes feel misunderstood due to their origin. This highlights the issue of their social integration and school-family collaboration to support the education of their children. Indeed, collaboration is necessary between school and family to ensure the educational success of students. This study aims to analyze the experiences and daily relationships of mothers of North African origin in the school environment. It is based on the concept of ordinary racism that manifests itself during their interactions with members of their children's educational community in a school context marked by the application of Law 21 in Quebec. Inscribing ourselves in an interpretive epistemological posture, we conducted semi-structured interviews with ten mothers from the Maghreb who have children attending public primary and secondary schools in Montreal. In particular, the analysis of the results revealed the following: Mothers reported that the ordinary racism they experienced is generally silent, subtle, indirect and low-key in nature. In the context of the application of Law 21, they revealed various markers causing racial profiling and discrimination, such as wearing the Islamic veil and / or having an Arabic first name, etc. These markers lead, according to them, to a decrease in the confidence they have in the school environment and vice versa. In this context, they thus adopt various strategies that fit into a continuum (ranging from facing racism with courage to camouflaging ethnic and religious traits). In conclusion, the ordinary racism that immigrant mothers of Maghrebian origin say they face, could be associated with notions of Islamophobia or Arabophobia expressed in various forms by members of other communities in particular Quebeckers from the majority group. The adoption of Law 21, according to these mothers, would have contributed to exacerbating their feeling of living off ordinary racism.

This study unveils the perceptions, real-life experiences and thought-processes of contract workers who dedicate their lives to the Christian faith, values and belief-system, but simultaneously endeavour to establish and follow a successful career in the volatile, cut-throat, non-Christian-based (“hedonistic”) occupational entertainment commerce. The researcher embarked on this study with a qualitative, interpretivist research approach. Data was gathered through in-depth, unstructured, face-to-face interviews with a sample of nine research participants. The sample consists of student entertainers; entertainers in the public eye, but not yet established; as well as entertainers who have successful established careers with loyal national and international audiences in the Entertainment Industry. The researcher explores and seeks to understand the core values and belief systems of the research participants with regards to their Christian religious orientation, which is statistically verified to be the most prevalent religious practise in South Africa (Nation Master, 2013; Religious affiliation by country, 2010). Hence, the research findings with regards to Christians’ approach and attitude towards their careers will contribute to a better understanding and management of the majority of the workforce in South Africa. Moreover, the expected norms, values and work ethic of the Entertainment Industry in South Africa are exposed in this study. Although existing literature upholds that the Entertainment Industry is an exceptionally unstable work environment compared to other corporate industries, this research study adds significantly to current literature as viable causes for the unstable occupational environment are also investigated and presented. Previous research only addressed several aspects of the effect on one’s career advancement if an individual’s core value system differs from the accepted norms in an organisation or industry in general. This study subsequently reveals the personal- and occupational challenges that Christian entertainers encounter in an Entertainment Industry in South Africa and how they subsequently aim to decrease the cognitive dissonance that they experience due to continuous role conflict between moral obligation and the vital necessity for employment and career advancement. The findings of this study correlate with previous research as it indicates that the research participants will generally choose and prioritise their personal core values- and moral belief system above contradictory social and professional career demands and expectations. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

La tesi approfondisce il complesso rapporto tra diritto, religione e sanità nella realtà americana, concentrandosi in particolare sulle problematiche scaturenti dall’orientamento religioso del paziente, del care provider e della struttura sanitaria. La prima sezione si propone di studiare, sempre in chiave giuridica, l’evoluzione del rapporto tra fede e medicina, presentando altresì due casi di studio: i nativi americani e christian science. Nella seconda sezione, invece, si ricostruiscono le linee interpretative essenziali del primo emendamento con specifico approfondimento tanto della Free exercise clause che dalla establishment clause. Parimenti, viene tracciato un disegno di sintesi del sistema sanitario americano, soffermandosi tanto sugli aspetti pubblicistici che su quelli privatistici dello stesso. La ricerca, poi, si sofferma sull’analisi dettagliata delle problematiche evidenziate dalla giurisprudenza americana con riferimento al care receiver, al care provider e, soprattutto, al contenzioso in materia pediatrica. L’ultima parte è dedicata allo sviluppo di due distinti filoni, ovvero: il rapporto tra scienza e diritto ed il ruolo dell’economia. Questo ultimo aspetto viene approfondito sotto due diversi punti di vista. In primo luogo si ricostruisce l’impatto economico delle policy che garantiscono la libertà religiosa sul “sistema sanità”. In secondo luogo, si approfondisce il tema dell’influenza del dato economico sullo sviluppo della libertà religiosa in ambito sanitario. / This work deals with the complex relationship between law, religion and the sanitary system in the U.S. setting, by focusing on the problems emerging from the religious view of the patient, of the care provider and the religious orientation of the hospital or HMO. The first section of the work aims to study, from a legal point of view, the evolution of the relationship “medicine-religion”, and focuses on two case studies: native Americans and Christian science. In the second section the essential interpretative streamlines about the first amendment are presented, through a deep analysis of the Free Exercise Clause and of the Establishment Clause. At the same time, the American (U.S.) sanitary system is deeply studied both in the private sector and the public one. The research then focuses on a detailed analysis of the jurisprudence related to the care provider and the care receiver, while a specific section is dedicated to the litigation concerning pediatric patients and the related litigation cases. The last part develops two different subjects: the relationship between science and law, and the role of economy. This last subject is deeply analyzed under two different points of view: the economic impact of the religious freedom on the “sanitary system” on the one hand; and the influence of the economic data on the development of religious freedom in the health care system setting on the other.