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L’étude des effets respiratoires d’aérosols d’oxydes métalliques par inhalation chez la souris est motivée par les observations chez les patients soudeurs. En effet, les soudeurs développent des pathologies cardio-respiratoires qui pourraient être directement ou indirectement liées à l’exposition aux fumées de soudage. Ces fumées de soudage sont composées de différentes espèces chimiques, de poussières mais aussi de nanoparticules (NP). En effet, on retrouve des NP jusqu’à 80 % en nombre et 11% en masse dans les fumées de soudage. Dans le but d’évaluer le rôle de la composante nanoparticulaire des fumées de soudage, mon sujet de thèse est centré sur l’étude des effets respiratoires d’expositions répétées aux aérosols de NP d’oxydes de fer et de manganèse par inhalation chez la souris Dans le précédent rapport, nous avions présenté la technique de génération des aérosols d’oxydes de NP / Traduction de Reverso en Anglais The study of the respiratory effects of sprays of metal oxides by inhalation to the mouse is motivated by the observations at the patients welders. Indeed, the welders develop cardio-respiratory pathologies which could be directly or indirectly bound to the exhibition in smokes of soldering. These smokes of soldering are consisted of various chemical species, dusts but also nanoparticles (NP). Indeed, we find NP until 80 % in number and mass 11 % in smokes of soldering. With the aim of estimating the role of the component nanoparticulaire smokes of soldering, my thesis subject is centered on the study of the respiratory effects of exhibitions repeated to the sprays of NP of iron oxide and manganese by inhalation to the mouse

abstract: In a trial, jurors are asked to set aside their emotions and make judgments based solely on evidence. Research suggests jurors are not always capable of this, particularly when exposed to gruesome photographic evidence. However, previous research has not looked at the potentially moderating effect of when and for how long jurors are exposed to emotionally disturbing photographs, nor how many photographs they see. In two experiments I tested the impact of the timing of and extent of exposure to gruesome photographs on jurors’ emotions, verdicts, and punishment recommendations. In Study 1, I investigated the effect of timing and exposure duration to a single gruesome photograph of a victim in a murder case (no exposure, brief early exposure, brief late exposure, and prolonged exposure) on mock jurors’ emotions and case judgments. Prolonged exposure (relative to no or brief exposure, regardless of timing) increased disgust, which in turn was associated with harsher punishment. Contrary to previous research, the photograph manipulation did not influence verdicts. The results were mixed and inconclusive regarding brief early versus late exposure. In Study 2, I compared repeatedly viewing a single gruesome photograph to viewing a set of four similar, but unique gruesome photographs—holding the exposure time constant—to assess the impact of quantity of photos on jurors’ emotions and case judgments. Viewing multiple gruesome photos (relative to no photos) led to increase in guilty verdicts through increased disgust, replicating previous research. Viewing a single gruesome photo (relative to no photo) led to increase in guilty verdicts through disgust, differing from Study 1 findings. Viewing multiple gruesome photos and a single gruesome photo led to more disgust, compared to viewing no photo. However, differing from Study 1, gruesome photographs did not lead to an increase in punishment recommendations. There were no significant differences between exposure to a single or multiple gruesome photos on disgust, verdicts, or punishments. Overall, greater exposure to gruesome evidence led to increased disgust and punitiveness, relative to those with less exposure. However, jurors with greater exposure to the same or different photographs did not differ in reported emotions, verdicts, or punitiveness. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

<p>  </p> <p>Sensory perception and acceptance of disliked healthy foods can be improved through strategies such as repeated exposure. Yet, minimal work has investigated whether these approaches are effective in adult populations. Further, for interventions that do demonstrate modifications of perception or acceptance, we lack understanding of the full spectrum of contributing factors influencing the improvement of the sensory experience. For example, animal data suggest that factors such as saliva and salivary proteins are modifiable by diet and play a direct role in the perception of aversive bitter and astringent compounds, but minimal work has verified this in humans. Additionally, we know that there are myriad barriers and facilitators to healthy food consumption, but there are few investigations of these factors related to empirical assessments of liking. The work presented in this dissertation begins to address these gaps using untrained participants within a general student-aged adult population. We tested effects of repeated consumption of a bitter flavanol “tea” on bitterness intensity and salivary protein composition, demonstrating reduced bitterness intensity after repeated oral sensory exposure of the flavanol, with limited alterations in salivary protein composition attributable to flavanol exposure alone. Next, in a separate intervention, we tested the effect of repeated vegetable flavor exposure within a novel exposure matrix on liking of green vegetables. Using a game that challenged players to identify flavors in vegetable flavored gummy candies, we showed that repeated exposure using this method increased liking of initially disliked chopped vegetables. In a subsequent secondary analysis of data collected during this intervention, we identified variables related to sensory perception, food attitudes and behaviors, and other individual factors that explained variation in vegetable liking in ways that were unique between vegetables, underscoring the complexity of liking. Other chapters included in this dissertation accentuate these complexities through a methodological lens, providing evidence that stimuli choice, study population, and questionnaire design can all significantly impact results from sensory evaluations. Overall, repeated exposure is a promising strategy to help alleviate taste-related barriers to healthy eating in adults but is not a one-size-fits-all approach. Future work should investigate the generalizability of these methods in different adult populations and investigate impacts on dietary intake.</p>

Cross-cultural differences in the perception of pictorial material has long been established and documented. In the Republic of South Africa, which is increasingly globalized, and where it is appealing from financial, economic and training perspectives, the temptation is to use Western-based AAC symbol systems and strategies in intervention with clients from other language and cultural orientations. The aim of this study was to determine the translucency ratings of specific Blissymbols as rated by six-to seven-year-old Setswana-speaking children. A secondary aim was to determine whether the ratings changed after second and third exposures in order to determine the learnability of these symbols. A brief comparison was made between the results of the current study and the results reported in the Quist et al., study (1998). Thirty-five Setswana learners were exposed to 93 selected Blissymbols, based on a study by Quist et al., (1998). A three-point semantic differential scale, consisting of three faces accompanied each Blissymbol. Participants marked the face that best described his/her perception of the specific symbol’s iconicity. This procedure was repeated over a period of three days. The results indicated that the translucency ratings of the majority of the Blissymbols ranged from moderate to high. The research further demonstrated significant differences in translucency ratings between the first and second exposures, suggesting learning of the symbols. A smaller difference was noted between Days 2 and 3. A correlation in findings was noted between the current study and the Dutch and US studies (Quist et al., 1998). / Dissertation (M (Augmentative and Alternative Communication))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / MA / unrestricted

L’augmentation de la prévalence mondiale des pathologies respiratoires et allergiques depuis la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle ainsi que l’émergence de symptômes spécifiques liés à des environnements clos dans les années soixante-dix, ont contribué à incriminer l’exposition à la pollution de l’air intérieur, en particulier aux composés organiques volatils (COV), comme facteur de risque dans l’apparition de ces pathologies. Les différentes approches épidémiologiques et expérimentales existantes ont permis de renseigner la composition, les sources, les déterminants et les effets de cette pollution en particulier sur l’appareil respiratoire humain, première voie d’exposition. A l’heure actuelle, les politiques expérimentales visent à substituer les expérimentations animales par le développement de méthodes alternatives, dont les méthodes in vitro, pour des raisons économiques et éthiques. Cependant, les modèles in vitro permettant l’étude des polluants environnementaux sur les cellules de l’arbre respiratoire sont encore peu développés. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de proposer une approche expérimentale in vitro adaptée à l’étude d’impact des expositions de cellules épithéliales nasales humaines à des polluants environnementaux, en particulier les COV. La force de ce travail est d’avoir mis en place des méthodologies approchant les conditions réelles d’exposition, et de les avoir appliquées à des atmosphères d’environnement intérieur. Au terme de ces travaux, les acquis méthodologiques ont porté sur le modèle de cellules épithéliales nasales évoluant de la culture primaire à l’épithélium reconstitué, constitué de plusieurs types cellulaires, proche de l’épithélium respiratoire humain ; la génération d’atmosphère chargée en mono (formaldéhyde) ou multi-polluants (COV issus de peinture du commerce), et surtout son contrôle analytique, étape essentielle pour valider notre démarche expérimentale ; l’exposition répétée (jusqu’à 3 par semaine, de durée allant jusqu’à 2 heures, sur une période totale d’au moins un mois) en interface air-liquide, sans perte d’intégrité cellulaire, dynamique (sous flux d’air) pour les polluants gazeux, ou statique (sans flux) pour dépôt des particules ; l’étude morphologique et histologique de l’épithélium, développée comme marqueur d’effet complétant l’approche biologique centrée sur la réponse inflammatoire. L’exposition au formaldéhyde gazeux à une concentration proche des niveaux environnementaux intérieur, n’a pas eu d’effet sur les marqueurs de l’inflammation. Lors de l’exposition de l’épithélium reconstitué choisi (MucilAirTM, Société Epithelix) aux COV, une inhibition de la production spécifique d’IL-8 dépendant de la dose et du nombre d’exposition est observée, alors que l’intégrité tissulaire de l’épithélium n’est pas altérée. Le mécanisme de cette inhibition demande à être exploré plus avant. Pour autant, la réactivité du modèle, en matière de réaction inflammatoire et de changement de structure de l’épithélium a été validée lors d’expositions à un mélange environnemental complexe (particules de fumée de tabac). Notre approche in vitro innovante peut être élargie à l’étude d’autres atmosphères multi-polluants (chimiques, physiques et biologiques) afin d’être au plus proche des conditions réelles d’expositions, mais aussi à d’autres organes cibles. / Increase of respiratory diseases since the second half of the 20th century and emergence of specific symptoms related to closed environments contributed to suspect indoor air pollution, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOC), as a risk factor in the onset of these diseases. Epidemiological and experimental approaches are useful to determine its sources, determinants and effects on the human respiratory tract. Current experimental policies favor replacing animal experiments by alternative methods like in vitro methodologies, for economic and ethical reasons. Until now, in vitro models have been poorly developed to study environmental pollutants on respiratory cells. The objective of our work was to propose an experimental approach adapted to the study of the impact of environmental pollutants, particularly VOC, on human nasal epithelial cells. The strength of this work is to set up a methodology close to actual conditions of exposure, and apply them to indoor environment atmospheres. The methodology developed aimed to study reconstituted epithelium coming from primary culture of nasal cells, composed of several cell types, close to human respiratory epithelium; generate atmosphere charged with mono (formaldehyde) or multi-pollutant (VOC paint), and especially its analytical control (an essential step to validate our experimental approach); and repeated exposure (3 per week, until to two hours, over a total period of one month) at air-liquid interface without loss of cellular integrity, in dynamic conditions (under airflow) for gaseous pollutants, or static (without airflow) for particles. The setup of a morphological and histological approach allowed to complete biological effect (inflammatory response). Gaseous formaldehyde exposure at low concentration had no effect on inflammatory markers. VOC exposures on selected reconstituted epithelium (MucilAirTM, Epithelix Company) showed a decreased release of IL-8 depending on the dose and the number of exposure, without tissue damage. The mechanism of this effect needs to be further investigated. Responsiveness of the model, in terms of inflammation and structural changes of the epithelium was validated by assessing complex environmental mixture (tobacco smoke particles). Our innovative in vitro approach can be extended to the study of other multi-pollutant atmospheres (chemical, physical and biological) in order to get close to the actual conditions of exposure, but also by using other target organs.

Cette thèse a pour objectifs d'étudier les réactions des groupes majoritaires et minoritaires face au site web marchand congruent à leur pays d'origine et au site web incongruent (site congruent au pays hôte/étranger), de mieux comprendre les effets de la congruence culturelle des sites marchands et d'évaluer les conditions d'efficacité du site culturellement incongruent. Nous avons élaboré un plan expérimental comportant trois variables à manipuler : la congruence culturelle du site web (faible versus forte), la fréquence d'exposition (1 exposition versus 2 expositions) et la population (minoritaire versus majoritaire). Deux sites web expérimentaux ont été conçus (le premier site est congruent à la population majoritaire et le second est congruent à la population minoritaire). Grâce à une analyse de contenu réalisée sur les sites locaux de la population minoritaire, nous avons identifié et sélectionné les marqueurs culturels dominants (tels que les couleurs, les polices, les images et les symboles) que nous avons manipulés pour concevoir les sites web expérimentaux. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le site culturellement congruent par rapport au site incongruent améliore l'attitude vis-à-vis du site, la confiance envers le site et l'intention de recommander. Toutefois, les effets positifs de la congruence culturelle du site web sur l'attitude et la confiance vis-à-vis du site sont plus forts pour la population majoritaire que pour la population minoritaire / This thesis aims to study the reactions of the majority and minority groups towards commercial website congruent with their country of origin and culturally incongruent website (site congruent with host country / abroad), to better understand the effects of commercial websites cultural congruity and to assess the conditions of culturally incongruent website effectiveness. We developed an experimental design with three variables to manipulate: website cultural congruity (low versus high), exposure frequency (1 exposure versus 2 exposures) and population (majority versus minority). Two experimental websites were designed (the first site is congruent with the majority population and the second is congruent with the minority population). Through a content analysis performed on the local sites of the minority population, we identified and selected the dominant cultural markers (such as colors, fonts, images and symbols) handled in designing experimental websites. The results show that culturally congruent site compared to incongruent site improves attitude, trust toward the site and intention to recommend. However, the positive effects of website cultural congruity on attitude and trust toward the site are stronger for the majority than the minority population. The results also indicate that repeated exposure to incongruent website improves attitude and trust toward the site, but it should be noted that repeated exposure has a stronger influence on attitude toward the incongruent site