In John Searle’s Minds, Brains, and Programs, he argues against the possibility of a digital computer capable of understanding. In particular, Searle puts forward the Chinese room thought experiment, which appears to neatly dismiss the concept of a machine made to manipulate symbols thereby obtaining a mind. This thesis replies to Minds, Brains, and Programs by critically examining the Chinese room experiment and the conclusions Searle draws from it. This paper defends what Searle fterms the “systems reply” to the Chinese room, which proposes that in the Chinese room thought experiment, the total system of operator, instructions, and input-output may achieve understanding even if the operator alone does not. The defence of the systems reply requires rebutting Searle’s direct objections to it as well as a more general account of the possibility of obtaining semantic content from what appear to be a purely syntactic manipulations.

Concurrent programming can improve performance. However, it comes with two drawbacks. First, concurrent programs can be more difficult to design and reason about than their sequential counterparts. Second, error conditions that do not exist in sequential programs, such as data race conditions and deadlock, can make concurrent programs more unreliable. To make concurrent programming simpler and more reliable, while still providing sufficient performance gains, we present a concurrency framework based on an existing concurrency initiation mechanism called “Early-Reply”. Early-Reply is based on the idea that some functions can produce final return values long before they terminate. Concurrent execution begins when return value of a function is returned to the caller, allowing the rest of the work of the function to be done on an auxiliary thread. The simpler sequential programming model can be used by the caller, because the concurrency is initiated and hidden within the function body. Pike and Sridhar recognized Early-Reply as a way for sequential programs to get the benefits of concurrent execution. They also discussed using object-oriented programming to serialize access to data that needs synchronization. Our work expands on their approach and provides an actual C++ implementation of an Early-Reply based framework. Our framework simplifies concurrent programming for both users and implementers by allowing developers to use sequential reasoning, and by providing a minimal framework interface. Concurrent programming is made more reliable by combining the concurrency synchronization and initiation into one mechanism within the framework, which isolates where race conditions and deadlock can occur. Furthermore, this isolation facilitates the development of a simple set of coding guidelines that can be used by developers (through inspection) or static analysis tools (through verification) to eliminate race conditions and deadlocks. As a motivating example, we parallelize an instructional compiler that processes multiple input source files. For each input file; the parsing and semantic analysis execute on the calling thread, while the code optimization and object code generation execute on an auxiliary thread. Speedups of 1.5 to 1.7 were observed on a dual processor confirming that sufficient performance gains are possible.

In John Searle’s Minds, Brains, and Programs, he argues against the possibility of a digital computer capable of understanding. In particular, Searle puts forward the Chinese room thought experiment, which appears to neatly dismiss the concept of a machine made to manipulate symbols thereby obtaining a mind. This thesis replies to Minds, Brains, and Programs by critically examining the Chinese room experiment and the conclusions Searle draws from it. This paper defends what Searle fterms the “systems reply” to the Chinese room, which proposes that in the Chinese room thought experiment, the total system of operator, instructions, and input-output may achieve understanding even if the operator alone does not. The defence of the systems reply requires rebutting Searle’s direct objections to it as well as a more general account of the possibility of obtaining semantic content from what appear to be a purely syntactic manipulations.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld är vanligt förekommande inom psykiatrin. Hur sjuksköterskan bemöter en aggressiv eller våldsam patient kan vara avgörande för om mer aggression eller våld trappas upp. Konflikter som kan leda till att hot och våld uppstår sker oftast i interaktionen mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Därför behöver hon kunskaper om olika faktorer som har betydelse för bemötandet av hotfulla eller aggressiva patienter.Syfte: Syftet var att belysa faktorer som har betydelse för sjuksköterskans bemötande i hot- och våldssituationer inom psykiatrin.Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie och resultatet är baserades på elva vetenskapliga artiklar.Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre kategorier som hade betydelse för sjuksköterskans bemötande i hot- och våldssituationer. Dessa var sjuksköterskans kommunikationsförmåga, relation till patienten och personlighet.Diskussion: Våldsincidenter inom psykiatrin kan begränsas om sjuksköterskan har kunskap om vad hon förmedlar genom sin attityd, kommunikation och känslor. Slutsats: Utbildning i bemötande av hot och våld behövs för en tryggare vård för patienten och en säkrare arbetsplats för sjuksköterskan. / Background: Threats and violence occurs frequently within the field of psychiatry. How the nurse communicate and act towards an aggressive or violent patient can determine if the aggression escalates into violence. Conflicts that can lead to threats and violence often emerge from the interaction between patient and nurse. Therefore the nurse needs knowledge of different factors that are of importance in her reply towards threatening and violent patients.The aim: The aim of the study was to describe factors that are significant for the nurse´s reply in threatening and violent encounters.Method: The study is conducted as a literature study, and the result is based on eleven scientific articles.Result: Three categories that were significant for the nurse reply in threatening and violent situations emerged in the result. The categories were the nurse´s communicative skills, relation with the patient and her personality. These factors can affect violent situations.Discussion: Violent incidents within the field of psychiatry can be limited if the nurse has knowledge of what she convey´s thru her attitude, communication, and feelings. Conclusion: Education in how to act and reply in threatening and violent encounters is needed for a safer care of patients and a more secure workplace for nurses.

A typical online knowledge-sharing environment would generate vast amount of formal knowledge elements or interactions that generally available as textual documents. Thus, an effective management of the ever-increasing volume of online knowledge documents is essential to organizational knowledge sharing. Reply-semantic relationships between knowledge documents may exist either explicitly or implicitly. Such reply-semantic relationships between knowledge documents, once discovered or identified, would facilitate subsequent knowledge access by providing a novel and more semantic retrieval mechanism. In this study, we propose a preliminary taxonomy of reply-semantic relationships for documents organized in reply-replied structures and develop a SEmantic Enrichment between Knowledge documents (SEEK) technique for automatically annotating reply-semantic relationships between reply-pair documents. Based on the content-based text categorization techniques and genre classification techniques, we propose and evaluate different feature-set models, combinations of keyword features, POS statistics features, and/or given/new information (GI/NI) features. Our empirical evaluation results show that the proposed SEEK technique can achieve a satisfactory classification accuracy. Furthermore, use of keyword and GI/NI features by the proposed SEEK technique resulted in the best classification accuracy for the Answer/Comment classification task. On the other hand, the use of keyword features only can best differentiate Explanation and Instruction relationships.

In this paper, we present a new routing protocol which using the characteristic of Bluetooth on Bluetooth-based mobile ad hoc networks. After observing the existing ad hoc routing protocol, we found there exist some useless routing packets which was helpless to build the routing path and increasing the load of network. We present a new Bluetooth routing protocol (BRP) which use the limited routing table in master device to reducing the routing table size and routing packets. In the simulation results, we show that BRP can reduce the routing overhead in network and avoid to product useless routing packets.

Bakgrund: Lidande är den subjektiva upplevelsen av att uthärda smärta och elände, och hos den suicidnära personen är den mentala smärtan en bidragande orsak till att hen ser suicid som en utväg från detta. För att vårda dessa patienter krävs det att sjuksköterskan har en icke-dömande attityd och visar engagemang och hopp. För att ta reda på en suicidnära patients suicidtankar och planer görs en riskbedömning där olika faktorer bedöms. Anses patienten ha en hög risk för suicid är extravak något som ordineras, vilket innebär att patienten har ständig tillsyn av vårdpersonal för att förhindra att hen suiciderar. Det finns i dagsläget få studier gjorda på hur sjuksköterskorna och patienterna upplever detta. Den finländske omvårdnadsteoretikern Katie Eriksson omvårdnadsteori kring vårdlidande och livslidande användes som teoretisk referensram. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskor och patienters upplevelse av extravak vid risk för suicid. Metod: Systematisk litteraturöversikt med 13 artiklar för att besvara syftet. Data analyserades utifrån Evans tolkande dataanalys. Resultat: Hur patienter och sjuksköterskor upplevde extravak vid risk för suicid delades in i två teman; ökat välmående - extravak som vårdhandling, och minskat välmående - extravak som övervak. Varje tema hade flera subteman, för ökat välmående handlade subteman om det som var positivt med extravak. För minskat välmående handlade subteman om det negativa med extravak. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Katie Erikssons teori om vårdlidande och livslidande, där känsla av maktlöshet hos både patienter och sjuksköterskor ledde till ökat lidande, och där förmågan att ta tillvara patientens resurser och kunskap om sitt liv ledde till minskat lidande. / Background: Suffering is the subjective experience of enduring pain and misery, and for the suicidal person it is the mental pain that is a contributory reason why he or she sees suicide as a way of escaping this. To care for these patients requests by the nurse to have a non-judgmental attitude and show commitment and hope. To find out if a patient has suicide-plans and suicide-thoughts a risk assessment is done, where different factors are assessed. If the patient is considered to have a high risk of committing suicide then he or she is put under special observation, which means that the patient is under constant observa-tion around the clock by caregivers in order to prevent a suicide. To-day there are few studies made on how the nurses and patients are experiencing this. The Finnish nursing theorist Katie Eriksson theory of nursing about suffering in nursing and suffering in life will be used as a theoretical framework. Aim: To describe how nurses and patients experience constant observation at the risk of suicide. Method: A systematic review of literature with 13 articles was used to answer the aim. Data was analyzed with the help of Evans descriptive data. Results: How nurses and patients experience constant observation at the risk of suicide was divided into two themes; increased prosperous - con-stant observation as an act of nursing care, and decreased prosperous - constant observation as monitoring. These two themes had several sublimes, for increased prosperous was the sub themes about the pos-itive aspects of constant observation. For decreased prosperous was the sub themes about the negative aspects of constant observation. Discussions: The result was discussed using Katie Eriksson’s nursing theory of suffering of care and suffering of life, where a feeling of impotence in both nurses and patients increased their suffering and where the ability to take advantage of the patient’s resources and knowledge about his or her life led to decreased suffering.

Anhöriga är en viktig del i vårdandet av en patient, sjukvårdspersonalen behöver därför ha kunskap om hur anhöriga vill bli bemötta. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva hur anhöriga vill bli bemötta i en akut vårdsituation på ett sjukhus. Studien gjordes utifrån en litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar granskades. Resultatet påvisade att anhöriga beskrev att de ville bli bemötta med respekt och värdighet i en akut vårdsituation genom att patienten vårdades med respekt och värdighet. Tillmötesgåendet från sjukvårdspersonalen relaterat till den anhöriges behov av att få vara nära patienten var betydande för den anhörige. Anhöriga satte stor vikt i att bli bemött från sjukvårdspersonalen med ärlig information som var begriplig, konsekvent och regelbunden. Anhöriga betonar att bemötande i form av stöd och trygghet till sig själva inte var av stor vikt, då anhöriga kände mer stöd och trygghet när patienten prioriterades. Det finns knapphändig forskning om vilka regler och riktlinjer sjukvårdspersonalen ska tillämpa vid bemötandet av anhöriga i akuta vårdsituationer. Det skulle behövas mer utbildning i sjuksköterskans grundutbildning om hur anhöriga generellt vill bli bemötta i vården. / Knowledge about how families want to be replied is essential for the health care team, because the family is an important part of nursing a patient. The aim of this study was to describe how families want to be replied in an acute care situation in hospital. The litterateur review was based on ten scientific articles. The result reveals that the family described that they wanted to be replied with respect and dignity in an acute care situation by the patient being treated with respect and dignity. Accommodating from the healthcare team related to the family’s needs to be close to the patient was significant for the family. The family wanted to be replied with honest information that was consistent, regular and understanding. The family emphasizes that reply in form of support and comfort to themselves was not of great importance, because the family felt more support and comfort when the patient was priority. There is scant research about which rules and guidelines the healthcare team can apply in the reply of the family. The nursing program would need more education in about how families generally want to be replied in the health care.

A regulação contra a discriminação de minorias pelos meios de comunicação de massa está normalmente restrita na maioria dos países (incluindo o Brasil) ao direito penal e a algumas sanções administrativas. Menor atenção é dada ao esfera civil. O a imagem minorias pode reforçar estereótipos, limitados à estigmatização de grupo e, claramente, provocar danos para cada membro dessa minoria. Eu diria que, embora o direito à própria imagem seja reconhecido como um direito pessoal, ele tem tanto aspectos individuais, quanto coletivos. Além disso, defendo que a estigmatização grupal acarretaria danos muito maiores para minorias, e que merece proteção jurídica. No entanto, desenhar os remédios legais capazes de garantir esta proteção não é uma tarefa fácil, e pode exigir uma nova doutrina legal. Na verdade, tal desenho deve reconciliar a reparação por danos individuais e coletivos, contra a exigência de um desempenho específico que exige a restauração da imagem do grupo e, acima disso, lidar com a regulação das concessões de TV e de rádio e com matérias de censura. Defendo o uso de direitos de resposta ou de retificação como uma medida possível para fazer valer os direitos das minorias. Ao forçar os violadores a produzirem e transmitirem as respostas das minorias para retrato injusto, estamos dando a devida voz e compensação para elas. / The legal discipline for prejudicial depict of minorities by mass media vehicles is usually restricted in most countries (including Brazil) to criminal law and some administrative sanctions. Much less attention is paid to civil litigation. The portrayal of those minorities could reinforce stereotypes to the limit of group stigmatization, and clearly give rise to damages to each member of this minority. I would argue that, although the right to ones own image is acknowledged as a personal right, it has both individual and collective aspects. Furthermore, I claim the damages a prejudicial characterization could entail would be far greater for minorities, and deserves legal protection. However, to design the legal remedies able to assure this protection is not an easy task, and may require a new legal doctrine. Indeed, such approach should reconcile individual and collective reparation for damages, tradeoff the payment of such damages against the demand for a specific performance requiring the restoration of the group image and, on top of that, deal with public regulation of TV and Radio concessions and censorship concerns. I personally advocate the use of the rights of reply or correction as one possible measure to enforce minority rights. By forcing violators to produce and broadcast the answers of minorities to unfair portrait, we are giving appropriate voice and compensation to them.

A regulação contra a discriminação de minorias pelos meios de comunicação de massa está normalmente restrita na maioria dos países (incluindo o Brasil) ao direito penal e a algumas sanções administrativas. Menor atenção é dada ao esfera civil. O a imagem minorias pode reforçar estereótipos, limitados à estigmatização de grupo e, claramente, provocar danos para cada membro dessa minoria. Eu diria que, embora o direito à própria imagem seja reconhecido como um direito pessoal, ele tem tanto aspectos individuais, quanto coletivos. Além disso, defendo que a estigmatização grupal acarretaria danos muito maiores para minorias, e que merece proteção jurídica. No entanto, desenhar os remédios legais capazes de garantir esta proteção não é uma tarefa fácil, e pode exigir uma nova doutrina legal. Na verdade, tal desenho deve reconciliar a reparação por danos individuais e coletivos, contra a exigência de um desempenho específico que exige a restauração da imagem do grupo e, acima disso, lidar com a regulação das concessões de TV e de rádio e com matérias de censura. Defendo o uso de direitos de resposta ou de retificação como uma medida possível para fazer valer os direitos das minorias. Ao forçar os violadores a produzirem e transmitirem as respostas das minorias para retrato injusto, estamos dando a devida voz e compensação para elas. / The legal discipline for prejudicial depict of minorities by mass media vehicles is usually restricted in most countries (including Brazil) to criminal law and some administrative sanctions. Much less attention is paid to civil litigation. The portrayal of those minorities could reinforce stereotypes to the limit of group stigmatization, and clearly give rise to damages to each member of this minority. I would argue that, although the right to ones own image is acknowledged as a personal right, it has both individual and collective aspects. Furthermore, I claim the damages a prejudicial characterization could entail would be far greater for minorities, and deserves legal protection. However, to design the legal remedies able to assure this protection is not an easy task, and may require a new legal doctrine. Indeed, such approach should reconcile individual and collective reparation for damages, tradeoff the payment of such damages against the demand for a specific performance requiring the restoration of the group image and, on top of that, deal with public regulation of TV and Radio concessions and censorship concerns. I personally advocate the use of the rights of reply or correction as one possible measure to enforce minority rights. By forcing violators to produce and broadcast the answers of minorities to unfair portrait, we are giving appropriate voice and compensation to them.