No âmbito das organizações empresariais, é premente a necessidade constante de lançamento de novos produtos e serviços em função da redução do time to market, o que vem requerendo maior precisão nas decisões de portfólio de oportunidades de inovação. Em específico, as questões de portfólio vêm sendo tratadas primordialmente na gestão de produtos e projetos, o que acaba por ocorrer tardiamente no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP), com preocupações concentradas na revisão ou gestão do portfólio de produtos e/ou projetos. Desta forma, há um descompasso entre a geração de oportunidades de inovações e o aproveitamento destas, como produtos e projetos, o que prejudica as organizações na identificação e valoração de suas inovações; na antecipação de oportunidades que venham a se tornar inovações; no equilíbrio das escolhas dentre vários critérios inclusive não financeiros; bem como, no direcionamento do portfólio a partir de uma estratégia harmônica. Visando instrumentalizar as organizações para suprir estas dificuldades, uma vez que elas carecem de métodos e técnicas que tratem o portfólio de forma mais ampla, o objetivo da pesquisa foi propor um Método de Referência na Geração do Portfólio de Oportunidades de Inovação (MERGE-OI), o que possibilitou que organizações empresariais brasileiras gerassem e selecionassem um portfólio de oportunidades de inovações de forma mais precisa, independente de seu porte e segmentação econômica. O MERGE-OI foi aplicado em cinco empresas representativas de três segmentos econômicos: alimentos e bebidas, construção civil e eletroeletrônico. A aplicação em campo permitiu validar a sua consistência e coerência. Quanto aos métodos, esta pesquisa é primordialmente observacional e de análise de conteúdo, sendo que, os mesmos foram empregados tanto como métodos quanto técnicas, o que consolidou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em sete grandes etapas. Foram obtidos três grandes resultados advindos da pesquisa: o método de referência MERGE-OI (diagramas de atividades, entradas, saídas, documentos e arquitetura); a validação do MERGE-OI de acordo com critérios de redução de incerteza e utilidade, bem como, o portfólio de oportunidades de inovação das cinco empresas em que se aplicou o método em campo. De forma mais ampla, esta pesquisa trouxe à tona a importância da integração entre as disciplinas de gestão de inovação, gestão de produtos e gestão de projetos. / In the context of business organizations, there is an on-going need of products and services launch on a regular basis due to time to market shortening which has been taking better choices in portfolio decisions on innovation opportunities. In particular, the issues of portfolio has been considered primarily in product and project management, which usually occurs late in the product development process (PDP) focused on reviewing and managing the portfolio of products and projects. Therefore, there is a gap between the generation of innovation opportunities and its implementation as products or projects, which affects organizations in several aspects as identifying and valuing their innovations, detecting opportunities in earlier stages such that they can be turned into innovations, balancing choices among several criteria including non-financial as well as driving portfolio decisions from strategy. In order to overcome these difficulties, since there are a lack of methods and techniques that addresses the portfolio more broadly, this research goal was to propose a reference method for portfolio generation for innovation opportunities (MERGE-OI), which has enabled business organizations to create and select a portfolio of innovation opportunities with more assertiveness, whatever the size and market segmentation. The MERGE-OI was applied in five representatives enterprises on three economic sectors: food and beverage, construction and electronics. A field survey allowed the method to be validated in terms of consistency and coherence. Regarding the research method, this research is primarily observational and content analysis, an the same methods were employed as well as techniques, which consolidated the research development in seven major steps: each of with two main phases: pre-analysis and exploration, consolidating a research corpus based on documentary and research techniques. The three main results obtained were: the reference method MERGE-OI (activity diagrams, inputs, outputs, documents and architecture), the validation of MERGE-OI according to criteria such as usefulness and precision, as well as the portfolio of innovation opportunities in the five enterprises in which MERGE-OI was applied. More broadly, this research has highlighted the importance of integration among subjects such as innovation management, product management and project management.

A discussão sobre a pesquisa faz-se necessária em todas as áreas do conhecimento, tanto para seu aprimoramento como para atualização e busca constante da qualidade. Assim, esta dissertação, procura discutir e analisar a pesquisa em Turismo, suas tendências e limitações. A primeira parte desta dissertação constitui-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, ou seja, uma análise e comparação entre autores para a compreensão dos diversos métodos de pesquisa existentes. A segunda parte verifica, através de pesquisa exploratória com Mestres e Doutores formados por Programas Stricto Sensu de Turismo no Brasil, as influências, limitações e considerações destes pesquisadores a respeito do processo de pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram a predominância no uso pesquisa exploratória e na estratégia de pesquisa de campo nas dissertações de Mestrado. Neste sentido, entendemos a importância deste trabalho como uma contribuição ao estudo da teoria e prática de métodos de investigação científica aplicado à pesquisa em Turismo. / The discussion on Academic Research is necessary in all areas of knowledge, not only improving its quality but also to provide continuous update in the quality. This dissertation discusses and analyzes the research on the Tourism field, its status and limitations. In the first part of this dissertation we have tried through a library research design an analysis and comparison among authors in order to understand the several given definitions on research methods. The second part provides through exploratory research with Master and Doctors graduated in Stricto Sensu Tourism programs in Brazil, the influences, limitations and considerations. In this sense, we understand the importance of this work as a contribution to the study of theory and practice of Research Methods applied to Tourism research.

Orientadores: Elide Rugai Bastos, Mariana Miggiolaro Chaguri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_AntoniaJunqueiraMalta_M.pdf: 3121764 bytes, checksum: a7ae2bcbec0ab41707e32272d85857cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata da Pesquisa UNESCO acerca das relaçoes raciais, coordenada, no caso da cidade de Sao Paulo, por Florestan Fernandes e Roger Bastide. Buscou-se reconstruir o procedimento da investigaça?o e as técnicas de pesquisa empírica mobilizadas, em especial o contato entre pesquisadores acadêmicos e intelectuais negros identificados com os movimentos sociais do "meio negro" de Sa?o Paulo. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na ana?lise conjunta da tese de cátedra de Fernandes de 1964 intitulada A integraça?o do negro na sociedade de classes e da documentaça?o referente ao material empírico coletado em sua forma original, presente no Fundo Florestan Fernandes (localizado na Biblioteca Comunita?ria da Universidade Federal de Sa?o Carlos), procurando estabelecer conexões entre a interpretação sociológica e o contexto original da pesquisa empírica, por meio da análise e explicitação do tratamento e recorte do material bruto coletado realizados por Florestan Fernandes. A riqueza do material empi?rico comprova a importância e a complexidade da interaça?o entre a investigaça?o sociolo?gica e meio social. Os documentos do Fundo evidenciam a pluralidade de te?cnicas de pesquisa mobilizadas pelos investigadores para coletar dados por meio da criação de situaço?es de dia?logo com os intelectuais negros colaboradores: histo?rias de vida, estudos de caso, observaço?es em massa em situaço?es individuais (por meio de questiona?rios) e em situaço?es grupais (por meio de onze Mesas Redondas realizadas em 1951 e que reuniram pesquisadores brancos e intelectuais do "meio negro"). A análise das histórias de vida de José Correia Leite e Francisco Lucrécio, ambas coletadas por Renato Jardim Moreira, da monografia "Movimentos sociais no meio negro" e das atas disponíveis das Mesas Redondas compõem o núcleo do tratamento que se deu ao material do Fundo, em conjunto com a organização de um apêndice que fornece um guia para futuros pesquisadores interessados na exploração de todo o material original disponível / Abstract: This thesis deals with the UNESCO Research on Racial Relations, coordinated in São Paulo by Florestan Fernandes and Roger Bastide. The objective was to reconstruct the investigation's procedure and the techniques of empirical research that were utilized, specially the contact between the sociologists involved and black intellectuals identified with the social movements in São Paulo's "black milieu". The methodology consisted in the joint analysis of the 1964 Fernandes' Full Professor Thesis entitled A integração do negro na sociedade de classes and the collected empirical material in its original form, at the "Fundo Florestan Fernandes" (located in the Federal University of São Carlos' Community Library), seeking to establish connections between the sociological interpretation of Fernandes' work and the empirical research's original context, through the analysis of the treatment and interpretation of the raw material collected, performed by Florestan Fernandes. The extent of the empirical data collected indicates the importance and the complexity of the interaction between sociological research and social movements. The documents located at Fundo Florestan Fernandes show the diversity of the techniques that were employed by creating situations of dialogue with black intellectuals: Life Stories; Case Studies; Individual Mass Observations (by the use of questionnaires) and Mass Observations in Group Situations (by the organization of eleven Round Tables with black intellectuals in 1951). The material that was analyzed in this thesis is that of two Life Stories, of José Correia Leite and Francisco Lucrécio, collected by the sociologist Renato Jardim Moreira; the Case Study "Social Movements in the Black Milieu", written by Correia Leite and Moreira; and the transcripts of the Round Tables. In addition, it was made an Appendix with a guide to future researchers interested in the entire collection of empirical material that is available at the "Fundo Florestan Fernandes" / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestra em Sociologia

The main aim of this research is to relate the theory of ISD discussed in Hirschheim’s and Klein’s article ”Four Paradigms of Information Systems Development” (ISD) to Churchman’s theory of ISD discussed in his book ”The Design of Inquiring Systems”. It has been important to relate those two assumptions of ISD in order to enhance both of them and to get a more explicit understanding of ISD. The main hypothesis in this research has been that it is possible to relate them to each other and to clarify and enhance them since they are both based on philosophical assumptions of knowledge generation i.e. epistemology. Epistemological and ontological aspects of knowledge generation and nature of societies are very important for understanding of IS since knowledge transfer is more and more common because of ICT development. The synthesis of those two well-known approaches to ISD is the main contribution of this research master thesis. The other contributions are the solution for double-loop learning through multi-agent system development and the solution for developing sustainable network societies through peer-to-peer networking combined with centralised networking functioning as a library. I also have given an explicit explanation of the differences between monism (holism) and pluralism, in this case regarding to Leibniz’s and Locke’s philosophical views. Singerian epistemology has been generated from his explanation of insufficiency of either rationalist or interpretative approaches for explanation of natural laws and this is also one of my contributions in this research. I also recommended a complementary use of the rationalist, empirical and interpretative research methodologies for research in theoretical, experimental, applied and social science fields. It has been also examined which methodologies are predominating at universities offering degrees in social informatics and it has appeared that on the most of universities offering degree in social informatics, proper research methodologies for studying societies are used what had been expected.

Volvo Construction Equipment is considering applying modular design to their organisation in order to constrain the growing intangible information and parts assortment within the company, and as well to enable a rearrangement of production, sales and logistics in the near future of organisational growth and industrial footprint. Hence the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the opportunities and threats of implementing modular design to Volvo Construction Equipment. The analysis is scoped on the generic aspects of modularity and the organisational weaknesses within Volvo CE towards implementing a new organisational structure, product design and production with modular design. Modularity enables the company to move towards decupling the constraints of tangible sales and provides an opportunity to offer Product Service Systems as a Total Solution for each individual customer. By implementing the authors common knowledge and education within engineering revolving tangible and intangible products and services alongside with innovation, together with informal interviews of stakeholders, the results of the thesis was reached. The analysis of the results was reached by implementing Design Research Methodology to the structure of the thesis, research method and interviews made. There is a distinct opportunity for Volvo CE to implement modular design since the informational flows, innovation, research and development is enhanced by a correct modular design. Although there is a distinct risk in changing a well-established product design, development process and organisational structure, the opportunities to create a product service system strategy and to re harvest and recycle value within the company with modularity outweigh the risk. Incomprehension of how to optimize a modular design may amplify the reasons why Volvo CE is considering revising their products and organisation with modularity, thus the authors recommend implementing a generic and specific education in modularity within Volvo CE to ensure a shared language of modularity and enhance traceability of the development within the company. In order to enhance the organisational velocity around development, the authors also recommend a new computer environment which enables the different disciplines of engineering and marketing to modularise the product, services and processes while keeping the comprehension of the subject close to hand. This enables the organisational structure to change and improve towards modular deployment and to further accelerate Volvo CE’s growth, market share and revenue. / Volvo Construction Equipment överväger att tillämpa en modulär design till sin organisation i syfte att begränsa den växande immateriella information och det växande sortiment av delar inom företaget som finns idag. Volvo ser även till möjligheterna med modulär design för att möjliggöra en omflyttning av produktion, försäljning och logistik inom den närmaste framtiden för organisatorisk tillväxt och för att minska det industriella fotavtrycket. Därav syftet med denna uppsats; att undersöka möjligheter och hot för att genomföra modulär design i Volvo Construction Equipment. Analysen är fokuserad på generiska aspekter på modularitet och organisatoriska svagheter inom Volvo CE mot att genomföra en ny organisationsstruktur, produktdesign och produktion med modulär design. Modularitet möjliggör för företaget att gå mot att minska begränsningen av materiell försäljning och ger en möjlighet att erbjuda system med Product och Service lösningar som en helhetslösning för varje enskild kund. Genom att implementera författarnas gemensamma kunskap och utbildning inom teknik roterande kring materiella och immateriella produkter samt tjänster tillsammans med innovation, och med informella intervjuer av intressenter, har resultaten i denna avhandling uppnåtts. Analysen av resultaten uppnåddes genom att implementera metodiken Design Research Methodology till strukturen, forskningsmetod och gjorda intervjuer i avhandlingen. Det finns en tydlig möjlighet för Volvo CE att genomföra modulär design eftersom de informativa flöden, innovation, forskning och utveckling förstärks av en korrekt modulär design. Även om det finns en klar risk i att ändra en väletablerad produkts design, utveckling process och organisations struktur, är möjligheterna i att skapa en produkt strategi med servicesystem och att återvinna återvinna värde i företaget med modularitet väl värt risken. Oförståelse för hur man optimerar en modulär design kan innebära ytterligare risker och förklarar varför Volvo CE överväger revidera sina produkter och organisation med en ny design, och då kanske en modulär struktur. Detta har lett till att författarna rekommenderar att genomföra en allmän och specifik utbildning i modularitet inom Volvo CE för att säkerställa ett gemensamt språk för modularitet och öka spårbarheten av utvecklingen inom företaget. För att öka den organisatoriska hastigheten kring utveckling, rekommenderar författarna också en ny datormiljö som gör att de olika disciplinerna i teknik och marknadsföring ligger närmre till hands för att modularisera produkter, tjänster och processer samtidigt som förståelsen av ämnet blir enklare att uppnå. Detta maximerar effektiviteten i den organisatoriska strukturen för att förändra och förbättra mot en modulär utbyggnad och att ytterligare påskynda Volvo CE : s tillväxt , marknadsandelar och intäkter

Current literature on teaching research methodology in the social sciences points to the changing nature of our world in terms of its complexity and diversity and how this affects the way in which we search for answers to related problems. New ways of approaching research problems that relate to the demands of practice need to be explored, which is in contrast with the ‘either-or’ world we coach our students for, that is to be either qualitative or quantitative researchers. Also, educational policy reform in South Africa has sought to address the issue of real-life relevance of curricula, and specifically, reformists have turned to proponents of Mode 2 knowledge to inform initiatives for change. This means that tertiary institutions will have to adjust the way in which they deliver education to future generations of South Africans. The aim of this study was to map the content of undergraduate research methodology courses at South African universities and to explore the beliefs held by some academics that inform the way in which these courses are constructed. Critical theory allowed the researcher to search for unequal distributions of power and is defined in this study in its oppressive role, that is, its productive ability to bring about inequalities and human suffering. As some critical social theorists embrace specific, and at times divergent, methodologies, a pluralistic approach, based on Habermas’ idea of the relative legitimacy of all theories and methods, was used to. The study revealed that there is a heavy reliance on the methods that are traditionally linked to the positivist paradigm. It also revealed that alternate paradigms focusing on philosophies that dictate the use of qualitative methods are increasingly included in methodology courses and juxtaposed against or used to supplement positivist approaches to research. As academics may struggle to let go of traditional paradigms, they may find a compromise in presenting both. By acknowledging the limitations of past curricula, academics actively seek to change these discourses, but by doing so they may be instituting new hegemonies. One of the findings of this study is thus that distinctions about the content of research courses are being made on a methodological level instead of also acknowledging the epistemological and pragmatic grounds for making choices. Moreover, it is argued that the consensus achieved regarding the curriculum for a research course is the result of conversations held between academics in an ideal speech situation that excludes other significant voices. The lecturers' dominance over the students is maintained in the dialogical activities that they undertake with colleagues that confirm their position of authority in academic society. Students recognise this authority and consent to it. It is proposed that the way forward for curriculum construction lies in establishing academic communities of practice that should be viewed as the type of university that Habermas would advocate: where academics need to share power and be open to the challenges that they face such as negotiating what is accepted as knowledge. / Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Psychology / unrestricted

H2 Green Steel AB was founded in 2020 to build a large-scale green steel factory in Boden, Norrbotten, Sweden. The factory consists of green hydrogen production, iron production and steel production. In 2030, the factory’s annual steel production will be 5 million tonnes annually. The objective of the thesis was to build a concept to improve a recommendation for a Hydrogenproduction site in an early stage of engineering. It included improving the understanding and basis for three criteria. The first criteria consisted of technical and customer requirements, seeing the requirements for the specific application of hydrogen as the critical factor. The second criteria consisted of further investigating how existing interfaces and utilities can be used in hydrogen production and building the basis for qualification. The third criteria consisted of adapting the concept to existing internal design tools by building it forward compatible. The thesis was initiated by bench-marking possible activities related to the recommendation acting as technical support and extensions to existing solutions. The research approach used was Design Research Methodology (DRM), held as the framework for execution. The result from the thesis delivers a database model built upon three linked packages providing a methodology of increased technical information, forward compatibility and a modular approach for design.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur les algorithmes de « data mining » et de « machine learning », constitutifs d’un domaine que l’on appelle plus récemment la « science des données ». Pour essayer d’éclairer la portée et la spécificité des enjeux que leur usage soulève dans nos sociétés, il est proposé d’interroger le rapport qu’ils entretiennent avec les fondements et les limites des outils plus traditionnels de la statistique sociale/mathématique, bien documentés en sociologie, à l'égard notamment du « langage des variables » et du raisonnement expérimental « toutes choses égales par ailleurs ». En inscrivant l’approche au croisement de la sociologie de la connaissance et de la quantification, le cadre conceptuel s’inspire de l’épistémologie comparative de Gilles-Gaston Granger, de la « méta-épistémologie historique » de Ian Hacking et de la sociohistoire de la statistique sociale d’Alain Desrosières. Par l’idée de mises en forme algorithmique de la vie sociale, les algorithmes de calcul sont envisagés comme modes d’investigation, partiellement ou complètement automatisés, procédant à des mises en forme et en ordre plurielles et différenciées du social et de ses propriétés. À partir de données de Statistique Canada servant à étayer plus concrètement les formes de connaissances produites et les visées d’objets qu’elles délimitent en termes de possibilités et de contraintes d’expérience, la présente étude de cas entreprend d’examiner le clivage des méthodes « classiques » et « contemporaines » à l’intérieur du cadre supervisé de l’apprentissage. Pour ce faire, trois techniques/familles d’algorithmes sont comparées sous l’angle de leurs opérations d’analyse: 1) les méthodes de régression logistique, 2) les arbres de décision et 3) les forêts aléatoires. L’objectif de cette analyse sociologique théorique comme empirique est d’examiner comment ces approches opèrent certains modes de classification et facilitent ou défavorisent des représentations du monde et de l’individu. Le travail conduit plus généralement à ouvrir quelques pistes de réflexion quant aux rapports de compatibilité et d’incompatibilité des formes de raisonnement du style statistique et probabiliste avec certains états du développement de la sociologie. / This master's thesis focuses on data mining and machine learning algorithms, constituting a field more recently called “data science”. To try to shed light on the specificity of the issues they raise in our societies, it is proposed to question the relationship they maintain with the foundations and the limits of the more “classic” tools of mathematical statistics in sociology, with regard in particular to the “language of variables” and to the experimental reasoning “all other things being equal” (cetaris paribus). By placing the approach at the intersection of the sociology of knowledge and quantification, the conceptual framework is inspired by the comparative epistemology of Gilles-Gaston Granger (1920-2016), the historical meta-epistemology of Ian Hacking (1936-) and the sociohistory of social statistics by Alain Desrosières (1940-2013). Through the idea of “mises en forme algorithmique de la vie sociale”, computational algorithms are considered as partially or completely automated types of investigation, carrying out plural and differentiated of shaping and ordering of the social and its properties. Using data from Statistics Canada used to more concretely support the forms of knowledge produced as well as the possibilities and experience constraints that they define, this case study sets out to examine the divide between “classical” and more “contemporary” methods of analysis within the framework of “supervised” learning. To do this, three algorithm techniques (or families of algorithms) are compared from the angle of their knowledge operations: 1) logistic regressions, 2) decision trees and 3) random forests. The objective of this theoretical as well as empirical work is to examine how these approaches operate certain modes of classification, facilitate or disadvantage representations of the world and can also be performative in social activities. The research work more generally leads to opening up some avenues of reflection as to the compatibility and incompatibility relationships of the forms of reasoning of the statistical and probabilistic style with certain states of development in society and in sociology.

Idag finns ett stort utbud av varumärken och ölsorter på Systembolaget och detblir allt viktigare att synas bland alla konkurrenter i butikshyllan. I takt med attkonkurrensen ökar räcker det inte längre att enbart kunna distribuera ett gott öl,även paketeringen behöver vara intressant och trovärdig.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det visuella uttrycket påverkarkonsumentens val av öl i butik. Syftet är dessutom att undersöka om det finnsett segment konsumenter av målgruppen som köper öl, som är mer eller mindrebenägna att köpa öl med ett mer okonventionellt visuellt uttryck i etiketten.Studien förväntas även kunna påvisa gemensamma drag för konsumenten i dettasegment.Följande frågeställningar togs fram för att utreda detta ämne: vad i öletikettensvisuella uttryck påverkar konsumentens val av öl i butik, eller finns det andrafaktorer som är avgörande för köpbeslutet? Samt: om det finns, vad ärutmärkande drag hos konsumenter som har en tendens att köpa öl med ett merokonventionellt visuellt uttryck i etiketten? För att svara på våra frågeställningargenomfördes en kartläggning med hjälp av en webbenkät riktad tillkonsumenten samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med sakkunniga inombranschen.Resultatet visar att ölets karaktär påverkar konsumentens köpbeslut mest menäven etikettens design, pris och förpackning är avgörande påverkansfaktorer påköpbeslutet. Illustrationer och andra konstnärliga inslag i etiketten är detvisuella uttryck som påverkar målgruppen mest. Den typiska konsumenten är32 år, bor i stad, har en högre utbildning, är student och/eller heltidsanställd, harmat och dryck som intresse, är nyfiken och spontan och uppfattas somlivsnjutare av andra.Slutsatsen är att det finns ett segment konsumenter som är målgrupp för öl medett mer okonventionellt uttryck i sina etiketter. Vi kan även se att detta segmenthar gemensamma drag i form av intressen och dylikt. Studien pekar även på attdet visuella uttrycket påverkar konsumentens val av öl i butik. / Today, there is a large selection of brands and beers at Systembolaget and it’sbecoming increasingly important to be visible among all competitors on thestore shelf. As competition increases, it is no longer enough just to be able todistribute a good beer, even the packaging needs to be interesting and credible.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the visual expressioninfluences the consumer's choice of beer in the store. The purpose is also toinvestigate whether there is a segment of consumers of the target group whobuy beer, who are more or less inclined to buy beer with a more unconventionalvisual expression in the label. The study is also expected to demonstratecommon features for the consumer in this segment.The following issues were raised to investigate this topic: what, in the beerlabel's visual expression, affects the consumer's choice of beer in the store, orare there other factors that are crucial to the purchase decision? Also: if thereare, what are the distinctive features of consumers who tend to buy beer with amore unconventional visual expression in the label? To answer our questions, asurvey was conducted using a web survey addressed to the consumer as well assemi-structured interviews with experts in the industry.The result shows that the nature of beer influences the consumer's buyingdecision the most, but the label's design, price and packaging are also decisivefactors in the buying decision. Illustrations and other artistic elements in thelabel are the visual expressions that affect the target audience most. The typicalconsumer is 32 years old, lives in the city, has a higher education, is a studentand / or full-time employee, has food and drink as an interest, is curious andspontaneous and is perceived as enjoying life by others.The conclusion is that there is a segment of consumers who are the target groupfor beer with a more unconventional expression in their labels. We can also seethat this segment has common features in the form of interests and suchlike.The study also indicates that the visual expression affects the consumer's choiceof beer in the store.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Articular cartilage is subjected to dynamic mechanical loading during normal daily activities. This complex mechanical loading, including cell deformation and interstitial fluid flow, affects chondrocyte mechano-chemical signaling and subsequent cartilage homeostasis and remodeling. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src are known to be main mechanotransduction proteins, but little is known about the effect of mechanical loading on FAK and Src under its varying magnitudes and types. In this study, we addressed two questions using C28/I2 chondrocytes subjected to the different types and magnitudes of mechanical loading: Does a magnitude of the mechanical loading affect activities of FAK and Src? Does a type of the mechanical loading also affect their activities? Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based FAK and Src biosensor in live C28/I2 chondrocytes, we monitored the effects of interstitial fluid flow and combined effects of cell deformation/interstitial fluid flow on FAK and Src activities. The results revealed that both FAK and Src activities in C28/I2 chondrocytes were dependent on the different magnitudes of the applied fluid flow. On the other hand, the type of mechanical loading differently affected FAK and Src activities. Although FAK and Src displayed similar activities in response to interstitial fluid flow only, simultaneous application of cell deformation and interstitial fluid flow induced differential FAK and Src activities possibly due to the additive effects of cell deformation and interstitial fluid flow on Src, but not on FAK. Collectively, the data suggest that the intensities and types of mechanical loading are critical in regulating FAK and Src activities in chondrocytes.