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Caracterização de solos degradados pela atividade agrícola e alterações biológicas após reflorestamentos com diferentes associações de espécies da Mata Atlântica / Characterization of soils degraded by the agricultural activity and biological changes after reforestation with different species associations of the Atlantic ForestLauro Rodrigues Nogueira Junior 15 February 2001 (has links)
No presente estudo perseguimos os seguintes objetivos: a) caracterizar o grau de degradação física e química de solos usados em cultivo agrícola por várias décadas, originalmente cobertos por Mata Atlântica (Floresta Estacional Semidecidual) em Botucatu, SP; b) avaliar as alterações biológicas destes solos ao longo de 16 meses pós-reflorestamento com diferentes modelos de associação de espécies da Mata Atlântica. As áreas experimentais estavam localizadas em duas propriedades (Fazenda Lageado e Edgardia) da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP) em Botucatu-SP. O clima da região é do tipo tropical com inverno seco (Cwa, classif. de Köppen). Os solos das áreas experimentais são os seguintes: um Nitossolo Vermelho (NV) de textura argilosa; um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (AVA) álico, de textura areia-franca; e um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA) álico, de textura arenosa. Seis tratamentos (delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três repetições) foram usados: Testemunha; Semeadura Direta; Taungya; Consorciação; Restauração e, por fim, Fragmentos Florestais. Os atributos físicos (textura, densidade e porosidade) foram avaliados nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40cm, os atributos químicos (pH, MO, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, H, Al, CTC, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40cm e os atributos biológicos (C da biomassa microbiana, liberação de CO2 e mineralização de N) nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-20cm. No NV, o teor de argila no solo degradado foi 57% maior do que o obtido no solo sob o Fragmento Florestal (camada 0-10cm), no AVA, 33% maior e, no LVA, 77% menor. Este efeito, no NV e AVA, foi atribuído à remoção de camadas superiores do solo, mais arenosas, pela erosão e exposição das camadas inferiores mais argilosas. No LVA, o menor teor de argila e silte no solo degradado foiatribuído à perda destas frações por eluviação ou em suspensão na enxurrada. O pH, teor de MO, de P e de Ca nos solos NV e LVA foram bem superiores nos Fragmentos Florestais relativamente aos obtidos nas áreas com solos degradados. Diferenças menos acentuadas foram observadas no AVA, como também detectadas para a composição textural, indicando que este solo está menos degradado que os demais. A CTC dos solos mostrou-se altamente correlacionada com os teores de argila e de MO. Isto destaca a importância da preservação da composição granulométrica e elevação dos teores de MO com o intuito de restaurar importantes propriedades físico-químicas do solo, como a CTC. Em áreas com cobertura florestal (Fragmentos Florestais do NV, AVA e LVA), o C da biomassa microbiana apresenta maiores valores na camada superficial e no verão. Fato atribuído a condições mais favoráveis (MO, pH, umidade, temperatura, etc) à manutenção da vida microbiana no solo. O C da biomassa microbiana e, em menor escala, a liberação de CO2 apresentaram-se como bons indicadores das alterações ocorridas após o reflorestamento com as diferentes associações de espécies. No LVA, como o solo desta área se apresenta mais degradado, em relação ao NV e ao AVA, a alta correlação e relação C microbiano/C orgânico indica que a biomassa microbiana é um importante compartimento de reserva do C orgânico do solo. Quanto aos atributos biológicos, as diferenças entre os Fragmentos Florestais e os demais tratamentos continuam a existir nas três áreas e camadas, devendo ser gradativo o retorno desses atributos à condição pré-existente; ademais, o tempo de retorno sofrerá influência das condições edafoclimáticas da área e da associação de espécies presentes. / This study seeks to: a) characterize the degree of physical and chemical degradation of the soils used in agricultural cultivation for several decades, originally covered by the Atlantic Forest (Seasonal Semideciduous Forest) in Botucatu, SP; b) evaluate the biological changes of these soils along a 16-month post-reforestation with different models of species association of the Atlantic Forest. The experimental areas were located in two properties (Fazenda Lageado and Edgardia) of the Agronomic Sciences College (FCA/UNESP) in Botucatu-SP. The climate in that region is the tropical type with dry winter (Cwa, Köppen class.). The soils of the experimental areas are: clayey Red Nitosol (NV), loamy alic Red-Yellow Argisol (AVA), and sandy alic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVA). Six treatments (randomized block design with three replications) were used: Test; Direct Seeding; Taungya; Consortium; Restoration and finally Forestal Fragments. The physical attributes (texture, density and porosity) were evaluated in layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40cm; the chemical attributes (pH, MO, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, H, Al, CTC, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in layers of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40cm and the biological attributes (Microbial biomass C, CO2 release and N mineralization) in layers of 0-5 and 5-20cm. The clay content in the degraded soil in NV was 57% higher than that obtained in soil under Forest Fragment (0-10cm layer), 33% higher in AVA, and 77% lower in LVA. This effect in NV and AVA was accredited to the removal of the soil top layers, which are sandier due to the erosion and exposition of the lower layers that are more clayey. In LVA the lowest clay and silt content in the degraded soil was accredited to the loss of these fractions by eluviation or flood suspension. The pH, MO, P and Ca contents in NV and LVA soils were much higher in Forestal iv Fragments regarding those reached in degraded soil areas. The less marking differences were observed in AVA and also detected for the textural composition, thus indicating that this soil is less degraded than the other ones. The CTC of the soils was highly correlated with the clay and MO contents. That highlights the importance of preserving the granulometric composition and elevation of the MO contents in order to restore important physical-chemical soil properties, such as the CTC. In primary forest areas (NV, AVA and LVA Forestal Fragments), the microbial biomass C presents higher values at the top layer and in the summer, a fact accredited to more favorable conditions (MO, pH, moisture, temperature, etc) for the maintenance of the microbial life in the soil. The microbial biomass C and, in a lesser scale, the CO2 release were good indicators of the changes occurred after the reforestation with the different species associations. In the LVA, since the soil of this area is more degraded in relationship to NV and AVA, the high correlation and microbial C/organic C relationship indicate that the microbial biomass is an important reserve compartment of the soil organic C. As to the biological attributes, the differences between the Forestal Fragments and the remaining treatments still exist in the three areas and layers, and the return to the pre-existing attributes is likely to be gradual; moreover, the time of return should undergo influences of the pedoclimatic conditions of the area and of the association of the present species.
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Macrofauna edáfica, regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas, lianas e epífitas em florestas em processo de restauração com diferentes idades no Pontal do Paranapanema / Soil macrofauna, regeneration of tree species, lianas and epiphytes in different aged restoration areas at Pontal do ParanapanemaAndréia Caroline Furtado Damasceno 27 January 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização da macrofauna edáfica, da regeneração natural de espécies arbóreas, lianas e epífitas em três áreas em processo de restauração com plantio misto de espécies arbóreas nativas na região do Pontal do Paranapanema com idades de 6, 11 e 16 anos, com plantios nos anos de 1998, 1993 e 1988, respectivamente. A avaliação desses plantios através dos vários grupos de organismos formadores do ecossistema é de suma importância na tentativa de caracterizar a retomada da biodiversidade dessas áreas. Em cada área alocaram-se 3 parcelas amostrais de 900m2 de área, nas quais a estrutura da floresta foi caracterizada a partir do CAP (circunferência a altura do peito) e altura de todas as árvores com CAP ≥ 15 cm. Nestas árvores foi constatada a presença ou ausência de lianas e epífitas. A regeneração de espécies arbóreas foi levantada em três sub-parcelas circulares de 1,5 m de raio por área e a macrofauna do solo foi coletada através de monolitos de solo com dimensões de 25x25x25cm. Em cada parcela foram amostrados 5 monolitos distanciados 5 m um do outro. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma na época chuvosa e outra na época seca. Os resultados mostram que as florestas em processo de restauração apresentaram incremento da diversidade em todos os elementos avaliados, exceto das epífitas, demonstrando uma tendência ao aumento na sua complexidade estrutural e retomando os processos ecológicos aliados a estes elementos. Foram registradas um máximo de 22 espécies arbóreas decorrente da regeneração natural. As espécies encontradas na regeneração natural não se diferenciaram das espécies plantadas, isto devido provavelmente à distância de fontes colonizadoras, baixa dispersão de propágulos, ausência de banco de sementes e histórico do uso da terra. A macrofauna edáfica e as lianas foram os grupos mais eficazes na recolonização destas áreas avaliadas, principalmente a macrofauna pela estruturação de sua comunidade. Nas áreas avaliadas foram registrados no máximo 18 grupos taxonômicos para macrofauna e 13 espécies de lianas. As epífitas foram praticamente ausentes em todas as áreas avaliadas. Apesar da retomada de certos grupos ainda a diversidade dessas áreas representa parte da diversidade original. Alguns grupos, como as epífitas, carecem de outras pesquisas sobre sua dinâmica, pois provavelmente necessitariam ser reintroduzidas e/ou manejadas. / This study aimed to describe the soil macrofauna community, the natural tree species regeneration, lianas and epiphytes in three different restoration areas at Pontal do Paranapanema. These areas were planted with a mix of regional native tree species, aging 6 years (planted in 1998), 11 years (1993 plantation) and 16 years (1988 plantation). The evaluation of these plantations through distinct groups of organisms that structure the ecosystem represent great importance when it comes to describe the biodiversity reestablishment of these areas. For each restored area, three sampling plots of 900m2 were located and its forest structure analyzed by CBH (circumference at breast height) measurement. Every CBH ≥ 15cm tree was observed for presence or absence of lianas and epiphytes. Natural regeneration assessment was taken by three 1.5m radius sub-plots located within each area. Five soil samplings of 25x25x25cm were taken from each area, allowing soil macrofauna community evaluation. Samples within the same area were at least 5m apart from each other. Soil macrofauna community was observed in two different moments: dry and rainy season. The forests showed a diversity enhancement in every evaluated component, except by the epiphytes. This fact emphasizes a disposition towards a higher structural complexity leading to an increase in ecological processes related to the components studied here. A maximum of 22 tree species were found for natural regeneration and they didn't differ from the planted ones. This may be explained by the distance among these areas and forest remnants, lower seed dispersion, lack of seed bank and land use history. Soil macrofauna and lianas were the most effective on recolonization of these areas, presenting a maximum of 18 taxonomic groups for macrofauna and 13 for lianas. Epiphytes were almost absent in every evaluated area. The demand for another intervention after the introduction of tree species and the necessity of other life forms organisms is a question that arises from these facts, once the aimed objective is the Forest Restoration. Despite of the reestablishment of some groups, the diversity in these areas still represents part of the original diversity. Some groups, e.g. epiphytes, lack more researches about dynamics, because probably they should be reintroduced and/or managed.
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Processus de la restauration écosystémique au cours de la dynamique post-culturale au Burundi: mécanismes, caractérisation et séries écologiquesBangirinama, Frédéric 19 August 2010 (has links)
Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Invasive <i>Phragmites australis</i> Management in Great Salt Lake Wetlands: Context Dependency and Scale Effects on Vegetation and Seed BanksRohal, Christine B. 01 August 2018 (has links)
Invasive plants can outcompete native plants, replacing diverse plant communities with monocultures, which can negatively impact the whole ecosystem. One invasive plant, Phragmites australis, has invaded wetlands across North America. In Utah’s Great Salt Lake, it has greatly reduced the area of native plants that are important habitat for migratory birds. Here we describe experiments that assess multiple treatments for Phragmites removal and evaluate the return of native plants after Phragmites management. The treatments were applied to Phragmites patches at two scales (small 1/4-acre plots and large 3-acre plots) and across multiple sites to evaluate how patch size and environmental differences can influence the plants that return after Phragmites removal. The treatments (applied over 3 years and monitored two more) compared two different herbicides (glyphosate and imazapyr) and different herbicide and mowing timings. The treatments evaluated in the large patch study were 1.) untreated control 2.) fall glyphosate, winter mow, 3.) summer imazapyr, winter mow, 4.) summer glyphosate, winter mow. The treatments evaluated in the small patch study included treatments 1-4 above plus 5.) summer mow, fall glyphosate, 6.) summer mow, then black plastic solarization. In the small patches, we also monitored the seeds in the soil to assess how Phragmites management treatments can change the densities of Phragmites and native seeds. Fall glyphosate treatments were superior for Phragmites cover reduction. After the initial treatment, summer herbicide and mow treatments reduced Phragmites seed production, while fall glyphosate did not. Phragmites seeds were plentiful in the soil but were reduced following three years of all herbicide treatments. Native plant recovery following Phragmites management was extremely variable across sites. Sites with high soil moisture had better Phragmites removal and more native plants. But when flooding was deep, native plants were rare. Native seed density in the soil did not change due to Phragmites management, but soil seed densities were different across sites, which influenced native plant recruitment. Phragmites was removed more effectively and native plants returned in greater numbers in small patches compared with large. This was because small patches were typically near established native plant communities, which likely provided more native plant seeds and had hydrology that was less disturbed by human activity. In sites where native plants do not return after Phragmites management, practitioners may need to try revegetation with native plant seeds to restore important native plant communities.
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Enhancement of Concretized Streams: Mill CreekKordenbrock, Brett Nathan 24 July 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Tenoroc State Recreation Area: a conceptual master plan studyWalker, Michelle 25 April 2009 (has links)
Reclamation has been required since the mid-1970s in Florida and many other states that mine land for phosphate. While often controversial, land reclamation has involved a variety of technologies and regulations which often reflect the complexity of economical ecological and political forces involved in the decision-making process. Most often reclamation procedures are dictated by economic constraints and less often by environmental concerns.
In 1982, Borden, inc. donated a 6.040 7 acre abandoned phosphate mine, located within Polk County In Central Florida, to the State of Florida. In 1989, the site was designated by the State of Florida as a state recreation area known today as Tenoroc State Recreation Area. The Area currently provides facilities for hiking, picnicking, and horseback riding with a particular emphasis on quality fishing within its manmade lakes. lt is the intent of the state to integrate land reclamation functions with the recreational potentials of the site thus providing a public use area that will generate support revenue (Scruggs 1992).
The primary difference between the reclamation activities at Tenoroc and those reclamation activities of today is the lack of a conceptual plan. For the most part reclamation at Tenoroc has been planned as stand-alone projects with minimal foresight of the needs for future recreational uses, drainage patterns, or continuing reclamation activities. At this point a conceptual master plan is needed to integrate hydrological and land reclamation functions with the recreational potentials of the site into a framework for future management and development of Tenoroc.
The goals and objectives of this study are as follows
1 To produce a plan for the restoration of Tenoroc State Recreation Area which will address the reclamation of natural systems with an emphasis on wildlife habitat and landscape diversity.
2 To provide for safety and recreation of visitors and staff, and
3. To develop a plan for a unique, educational and recreational experience that will fulfill the objectives of the Florida Department of Natural Resources.
The process of reclamation starts the moment man begins to explore the earth for its minerals. Since mining is here to stay reclamation should be looked upon as a continuation of succession of the landscape, rather than repair of a damaged landscape. By approaching reclamation holistically, as just another step in the mining process; through proper planning, management and program, the strife for achieving a balance between our quality of life and our sustainability become that much more of a reality. / Master of Landscape Architecture
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Two-year Performance of Hybrid and Pure American Chestnut <i>Castanea Dentata</i> (Fagaceae) Seedlings and Benefit of <i>Pisolithus Tinctorius</i> (Sclerodermataceae) on Eastern Ohio Mine SpoilHerendeen, Robert V. 24 August 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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American Chestnut Restoration in Eastern Hemlock-Dominated Forests of Southeast OhioDaniel, Nathan A. 25 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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<b>Evaluating resource competition of live oak (</b><b><i>Quercus virginiana </i></b><b>) regeneration to support maritime forest restoration </b>Brianne Nicole Innusa (18423570) 23 April 2024 (has links)
<p dir="ltr">Coastal ecosystems are critically important habitats for the services they provide on a global and local scale. Maritime forests are found within the southern Atlantic coast, and they serve as a boundary between the ocean and land. These forests stabilize coastlines, recharge groundwater, and provide a protective buffer against storm damage. Southern live oak (<i>Quercus virginiana</i>) was historically the dominant canopy species in maritime forests; however, previous land conversions to loblolly pine (<i>Pinus taeda</i>) plantations have shifted the abundance of loblolly pine to become the dominant canopy tree in maritime forests. Loblolly pines are fast growing, and they regenerate vigorously but they are not well adapted to coastal stressor. In recent decades, outbreaks of southern pine beetle (<i>Dendroctonus frontalis</i>) have provided restoration practitioners an opportunity to clear tracts of pine dominated maritime forest to restore live oak to the canopy. This research project is comprised of two experiments studying the performance of planted <i>Q. virginiana</i> seedlings on maritime forest restoration sites in coastal Georgia. The first experiment evaluated planting density (1-meter, 2-meters, 3-meters), mulch (with or without), and fertilizer (with or without). Overall seedling survival was 99% after four years. The application of fertilizer had an initial positive effect on seedling diameter after the first growing season. The application of mulch increased seedling height in the second to fourth growing seasons, diameter in third and fourth, and crown width in the fourth growing season. Planting density had no consistent effect over the first four years, and no biological significance was observed for foliar nutrient content. The second experiment examined eight different groupings of intra- and interspecific competition between <i>Q. virginiana</i> and <i>P. taeda</i> including: oak or pine alone; oak surrounded by oak, pine, or oak/pine; pine surrounded by pine, oak, or pine/oak at 0.5-m spacing between all seedlings. Two years after outplanting, survival did not vary by treatment. Oak centered competition plots were positively impacted by border tree height and diameter in year one and border height positively affected the center tree height in year two. Pine centered competition plots were positively impacted by border tree height in year one and year two. Oak centered competition plots with a mix of oak and pine on the border had significantly lower osmotic potential than other pine centric treatments after two years. Overall, oak centered treatments had lower osmotic potential than pine centered treatments. Ectomycorrhizal (EMF) species composition changed, and relative abundance increased from the initial planting to two years later but there was no variation between treatments and most EMF species were generalists. These results highlight the importance of mulch and fertilizer to reduce transplant shock and how competing seedlings can train seedlings to allocate photosynthate to shoot growth to help promote aboveground growth.</p>
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Ecological impact assessment: post-project analysis of pipeline installation.January 2001 (has links)
Leung Hoi-gok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-205). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 槪論 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Plates --- p.ix / List of Appendices --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Study --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Scope of Study --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- STUDY AREA / Chapter 2.1 --- Physical Setting of Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Towngas Pipeline Project, the Land Section" --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Study Plots --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Observation on the Site --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Post-planting Care --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SOIL PROPERTIES AND IMPACTS BY PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Bulk density --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soil texture --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Soil reaction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Organic carbon --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Total Kjedahl nitrogen (TKN) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Available phosphate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- "Exchangeable K, Ca and Mg" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Soil texture --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Bulk density --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Soil pH --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Soil organic matter --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Total Kjeldahl nitrogen --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Available phosphorus --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- "Exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium ions" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Nutrient content of shoulder and proper soils --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Causes for the change of soil properties --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Construction of the pipeline --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Influence of localized factors --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Recommendations on soil management --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SPECIES SELECTION IN RESTORATION PLANTING / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Vegetation sampling --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Species composition of the undisturbed habitats --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Species composition of the restored vegetation --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Inadequate baseline and impact prediction in project EIA --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Restoration strategy --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Species selection in restoration planting --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Compatibility of species in restoration planting --- p.105 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF VEGETATION AND NATURAL INVASION IN THE SITES / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Growth performance of shrubs and trees --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Ground cover --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Species invading the pipeline corridor --- p.132 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Growth performance of the restored saplings --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Site constraints --- p.135 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Natural invasion on the pipeline corridor --- p.140 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.141 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESTORATION TECHNIQUES AND MANAGEMENT / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.144 / Chapter 6.2 --- Overview of the Project EIA --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Guidelines for site preparation --- p.146 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Planting techniques of the restored vegetation --- p.148 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Maintenance and aftercare --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3 --- Evaluation on Restoration Techniques and Aftercare --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Site preparation --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Restoration techniques of the vegetation --- p.151 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.153 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- IMPROVEMENT ON ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.154 / Chapter 7.2 --- Integrative Discussion --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Scoping and focusing procedures --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Impact assessment --- p.160 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Impact mitigation --- p.161 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Monitoring and auditing --- p.165 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Guidelines of restoration in the technical memorandum of EIAO --- p.167 / Chapter 7.3 --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.171 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implications of the Study --- p.179 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Criteria for the selection of species in restoration --- p.179 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Silvicultural knowledge of native species --- p.180 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Soil impact assessment for project involving soil alternation --- p.182 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Improvement on environmental monitoring and auditing --- p.182 / Chapter 8.3 --- Limitation of the Study --- p.183 / Chapter 8.4 --- Suggestion for Further Studies --- p.185 / REFERENCES --- p.188 / APPENDICES --- p.206
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