My thesis deals issue of lifelong learning of adults with mental disabilities. The target of the thesis is to determine " what benefit has lifelong learning for adults with mental disabilities." There is defined issue of mental retardation in the thesis. And also described system of education of people with mental disabilities. Other chapters are focused on lifelong learning for all and on the quality of life of people with mental disabilities. In the next section of the thesis I would like to introduce the Studio Oáza and their activities. I am making research investigation through interviews with adults with mental disabilities in this institution. I chose two research questions to finding target of my thesis: 1) What is reason of visiting of clients' courses in the Studio Oáza and what benefits have these courses for them? 2) What feelings the clients have in the society other people and during the courses in the Studio Oáza?

This thesis deals with the specifics of the lifelong education of persons with mental disabilities. The work consists of theoretical and practical parts. Thesis is mainly based on professional literature, laws and regulations Czech Republic and Internet resources. The first chapter deals with the explaning of the concept of mental retardation, its classification, etiology, and psychological traits of these people. The second chapter describes the system of education people with mental disability in the Czech Republic and activities of special education centers and of early care centers. The next chapter is devoted to lifelong learning, Chapter describes general lifelong learning and lifelong learning of people with mental disability, brief history of lifelong education of persons with mental disabilities in the Czech Republic and didactic principles of education for this group and example of this education are also describe in this chapter. Fourth part deals with empirical research. Research is about learning opportunities of adults with mental disabilities in the regional capital Liberec.

The diploma thesis is addressed to a developing of sensory perception of children educated as pupils with severe mental retardation and pupils with multiple disabilities. The thesis suggests their educational opportunities in the topic of "Man and their society". The thesis follows up all the senses and their developing, as well as it provides methodical support and suggests the ways of rendition and implementation into the educational reality. The research evaluates the improvement of sensory perception of four pupils during a two-year-long period. It proves a point that the systematical and long-term working with the pupils with severe mental retardation and pupils with multiple disabilities results in progress.

[pt] A ionosfera de baixas latitudes tem características que poderiam causar problemas à operação do GPS/SBAS. Entre elas se encontra a anomalia equatorial, cuja densidade eletrônica pode apresentar intensos gradientes horizontais (e, portanto, no índice de refração do meio). Estes gradientes podem ser intensos o suficiente para introduzir erros nas previsões resultantes do GPS/SBAS. Para avaliar este problema, foi desenvolvido um programa de simulação em computador que integra modelos para: (i) a previsão das posições dos satélites da constelação GPS; (ii) a evolução temporal e espacial da densidade eletrônica da ionosfera equatorial; e (iii) uma rede de estações de referência de posições fornecidas para analisar os efeitos da anomalia equatorial sobre os erros causados pela ionosfera nos sinais dos satélites GPS recebidos pelas estações. Em cada passo da simulação, diversos procedimentos são realizados. Estes procedimentos são repetidos um grande número de vezes e, ao final da simulação, estatísticas dos erros são apresentadas. Este programa de simulação em computador foi utilizado para analisar a influência do número de estações de referência, assim como de suas localizações, nos erros de posicionamento de aeronaves. / [en] The low-latitude ionosphere has some features that could cause problems even to the joint GPS/SBAS operation. Among them, one finds the equatorial anomaly, whose electronic density - and thus its refractive index - can present intense horizontal gradients. These gradients can be intense enough to induce errors in the predictions by the GPS/SBAS. To analyze this problem, a computer simulation program has been developed. This program integrates models for: (i) forecasting the satellite orbital positions of the GPS constellation; (ii) the temporal and spatial evolution of the electronic density of the low-latitude ionosphere; and (iii) a given network of reference stations to analyze the effects of the equatorial anomaly on the GPS satellite signals received by the stations and users. In each step of the simulation, several procedures are performed. These procedures are repeated several times and, at the end of the simulation, error statistics are presented. This computer simulation program has been used to analyze the influence of the equatorial anomaly and of the number and layout of reference stations upon the errors in aircraft positions provided by the GPS/SBAS.

Pas de résumé / The thesis investigated the development of children’s global/local processing hierarchical patterns introduced by Navon (1977). The objectives were to understand more comprehensively the developmental characteristics of children’s perception through their global and local processing of hierarchical patterns, by considering the effects of age, stimuli properties, duration of exposure to the stimuli and gender in a perceptual task and a drawing task. These effects were tested in 3 different populations: typically developing children, children with mental retardation and early blind children. The results revealed that typically developing children attended to both the local and global level of processing but these modes of spatial information processing operated independently. In a first step, children before 4 years of age showed dominance of local processing and then a more global processing developed at 4 years of age, and at 5 years of age integrated responses began to emerge. Early blind children showed similar developmental characteristics, although there was a protracted period of local processing dominance. Indeed, these children mainly produced local responses at ages of between 6 and 10 years, and then developed more global responses at 11-12 years and continued to integrate the two levels of analysis at later ages. On the other hand, global dominance was shown in children with mental retardation and their development was affected more by mental age than by chronological age. Moreover, their responses were shown to be sensitive to the fact that meaningful object could be located at the local level, enhancing local processing in this case. These results need further confirmations as the studies of global/local processing in atypical children are not numerous. In particular, the effect of duration of exposure to the stimuli should be further analyzed, because this factor did not seem to have a great effect in our experiments while it seemed more powerful in other studies carried out with adults. Replication of the study with children with mental retardation appears also important to plan for future work, because we can have some doubt relatively the absence of modification through ages of the way these children perceive hierarchical patterns. Finally, defining more precisely what may underlie the gender differences seems also worth to explore since gender did not show a major effect in our results.

INTRODUÇÃO: A restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF) representa uma das principais complicações da gravidez e está associada a elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade perinatal. A frequência de desfechos desfavoráveis neonatais está diretamente relacionada à gravidade da RCF, sendo que os casos de pior evolução estão relacionados com peso abaixo do percentil 3. O mecanismo do crescimento fetal não está totalmente esclarecido, mas resulta da interação entre potencial genético de crescimento e fatores placentários, maternos e ambientais. Dentre os fatores etiológicos, o desenvolvimento anormal da placenta e a diminuição da perfusão uteroplacentária são as principais causas de RCF. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar volume e índices de vascularização placentários, por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional (US3D), em gestações com RCF grave, e as correlações dos parâmetros placentários com valores de normalidade e dopplervelocimetria materno-fetal. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 27 gestantes cujos fetos apresentavam peso estimado abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade gestacional. Por meio da US3D, utilizando-se a técnica VOCAL, foram mensurados o volume placentário (VP) e os índices vasculares: índice de vascularização (IV), índice de fluxo (IF) e índice de vascularização e fluxo (IVF). Os dados foram comparados com a curva de normalidade para a idade gestacional e peso fetal descrita por De Paula e cols. (2008, 2009). Desde que os volumes placentários variam durante a gravidez, os valores observados foram comparados com os valores esperados para a idade gestacional e peso fetal. Foram criados os índices volume observado/ esperado para a idade gestacional (Vo/e IG) e volume placentário observado/ esperado para o peso fetal (Vo/e PF). Os parâmetros placentários foram correlacionados com índice de pulsatilidade (IP) médio de (AUt) e IP de artéria umbilical (AU), e avaliados segundo a presença de incisura protodiastólica bilateral em AUt. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas à curva de normalidade, as placentas de gestação com RCF grave apresentaram VP, IV, IF e IVF significativamente menores (p < 0,0001 para todos os parâmetros). Houve correlação inversa estatisticamente significante da média do PI de AUt com o Vo/e IG (r= -0,461, p= 0,018), IV (r= -0,401, p= 0,042) e IVF (r= -0,421, p= 0,048). No grupo de gestantes que apresentavam incisura protodiastólica bilateral de artérias uterinas, Vo/e IG (p= 0,014), Vo/e PF (p= 0,02) e IV (p= 0,044) foram significativamente mais baixos. Nenhum dos parâmetros placentários apresentou correlação significativa com IP de AU. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que o volume e os índices de vascularização placentários apresentam-se diminuídos nos fetos com RCF grave. IP médio de AUT apresenta correlação negativa com Vo/e IG, IV e IVF, e Vo/e IG, Vo/e PF e IV apresentaram-se reduzidos nos casos de incisura bilateral. Não houve correlação significativa dos parâmetros placentários com IP de AU / INTRODUCTION: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a major complication of pregnancy and it is associated with high rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The frequency of neonatal adverse outcome is directly related to the severity of FGR and the cases of poor prognosis are related to weight below the 3rd percentile. Abnormal placental development and decreased uteroplacental perfusion is one of the main causes of FGR. This study aimed to evaluate placental volume and vascular indices by three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in pregnancies with severe FGR, and their correlation with normal values and maternal-fetal doppler. METHODS: We studied 27 pregnant women whose fetuses had estimated weight below the 3rd percentile for gestational age. Placental volume (PV) and placental indices- vascularity index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization and flow index (VFI)- were measured by the 3DUS using the VOCAL technique. These were compared to volume and vascularization normogram described by De Paula e cols. (2008, 2009). Since placental volumes vary throughout pregnancy, the observed values were compared to the expected values at the gestational age and to fetal weight. The observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for gestacional age (PVR-GA) and the observed-to-expected placental volume ratio for fetal weight (PVR-FW) were calculated. Placental parameters were correlated with uterine arteries (UtA) mean pulsatility index (PI) of umbilical artery(UA) PI and they were also evaluated according to the presence of bilateral protodiastolic notch in UtA. RESULTS: Compared to normal curve, the placentas of severe FGR pregnancies showed PV, VI, FI and VFI significantly lower (p < 0,0001 for all parameters). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation of UtA mean PI to PVR-GA (r= - 0,461, p= 0,018), VI(r= -0,401, p= 0,042) and VFI(r= -0,421, p= 0,048. In the group of women who had bilateral protodiastolic notch in UtA, PVR-GA (p= 0,014), PVR-FW (p= 0,02) and VI (p= 0,044) were significantly lower. None of placental parameters correlated significantly with UA PI. CONCLUSIONS: Volume and placental vascularization indices are decreased in fetuses with severe FGR. UtA mean PI has a negative correlation with PVR-GA, VI and VFI, and PVR-GA, PVR-FW and VI are decreased in cases with UtA bilateral notch. There was no correlation of placental parameters to UA PI

A inserção da atenção à saúde da pessoa portadora de deficiência no sistema de saúde é o objeto da presente dissertação, tomando-se como universo de estudo seu desenvolvimento no Município de São Paulo. Considera-se que o desenvolvimento dos serviços de atenção a essa população depende do delineamento das políticas sociais, que refletem diferentes concepções de cidadania. O tema é estudado por meio da discussão das políticas sociais e suas repercussões e da análise dos depoimentos de profissionais envolvidos com a proposição e execução do atendimento à pessoa portadora de deficiência, nos serviços públicos, filantrópicos e beneficentes. Pode-se verificar que o problema da incapacidade e da deficiência tem relevância no âmbito da saúde pública. E, ainda, que a assistência a essa população se insere marginalmente no sistema de saúde, depende do modelo assistencial proposto e do estágio de implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde que permitem revelar, no âmbito do setor saúde, a cidadania possível das pessoas portadoras de deficiência / Bringing the problems of the health assistance to the handicapped people to the attention of the Public Health Services is the object of the present work. Its universe of study is the development of the above mentioned problem in the S. P. municipality. We consider that the development of specific services of heath assistance to the handicapped people depends on the delineation of social policies, wich, by their turn, reflect different conceptions of citizenship. This subject is studied through the discussion of different social policies and their repercussions, as well as through the analysis of reports made by profissionals involved with the planning and performing of the assistance to the disabled people within beneficent, philanthropic and public services. We may observe that both the problems of disability and handicap are relevant to the Public Health Services. We may also see that the assistance to these people inserts itself marginally into the Public Health Services, and depends on the proposed assistance model and on the level of implantation of the new Health System, wich allow us to unveil, within the public heath secton wich citizenship is possible to the disabled people

The environmentally-assisted fatigue crack growth behaviour of austenitic stainless steels in deoxygenated high temperature water at low strain rates has been reported to be greatly affected by the sulphur (S) content of the specimen, with high S specimens exhibiting significant reduced crack growth rates (retardation) when compared to low S specimens. To further the understanding of the mechanistic behaviour, fatigue crack growth experiments have been performed on high and low sulphur Type 316 austenitic stainless steel specimens tested in high temperature water and evaluated via microstructural characterisation techniques. At high strain rates the enhanced crack growth for both specimens appeared to be crystallographic and associated with slip localization. Furthermore, matching fracture surface analysis indicated discrepancy of the slip steps and micro-cleavage cracks between the matching surfaces, suggesting that slip steps and micro-cleavage cracking occurred after the crack-tip had advanced. It was also postulated that their formation may involve cathodically-produced hydrogen and shear deformation on the fracture surface. However, when the loading frequency was decreased, the high S specimens retarded the crack growth and the path was no longer crystallographic. Significant differences in the crack-tip opening displacements were observed in both materials, with blunt crack-tips in the high sulphur specimen and sharp tips in the low sulphur specimen when the strain rate was low. EBSD analysis at the crack-tips of both specimens showed that the strain was more localised at the crack-tip of the low sulphur specimen whist the strain ahead of the high sulphur specimen was more homogenous. It is thus postulated that retardation occurs when slip localisation is no longer the dominant factor. The localised deformation during enhancement is believed to have been caused by hydrogen enhanced localised plasticity (HELP) which causes the crack-tip to sharpen. The diffused strain distribution during crack growth retardation is believed to have been caused by hydrogen enhanced creep (HEC) which causes the crack-tip to blunt. It is also believed that both enhancement and retardation mechanisms are associated with contrasting effects deriving from hydrogen enhanced plasticity. Oxide induced crack closure was excluded as a mechanism responsible for retardation of fatigue crack growth when the stress ratio is high. Effects of hydrogen induced alpha' and ε martensite phases on oxidation behaviour of austenitic stainless steels in deoxygenated high temperature water have also been studied. Microstructural characterisation shows that hydrogen induced alpha' martensite enhances oxidation of austenitic stainless steels in deoxygenated high temperature water. The implications of this finding on environmentally assisted cracking of austenitic stainless steels in deoxygenated high temperature water is discussed.

Este estudo de cunho empírico e qualitativo, parte do princípio que, apesar da legislação existente em relação à inclusão escolar de alunos com deficiência mental, ainda ocorre a exclusão dos mesmos nas relações cotidianas que se estabelecem na escola. O objetivo destge trabalho é compreender como a atividade proposta pela terapia ocupacional pode interferir e modificar as relações estabelecidas em relação aos alunos com deficiência mental no ambiente escolar. Através do relato de uma experiência de intervenção realizada por estagiários de terapia ocupacional no horário do recreio de uma escola estadual de ensino fundamental da cidade de São Paulo, procuro verificar como a atividade proposta, a atividade lúdica, provoca possibilidades de encontro entre os alunos da classe especial e os outros alunos, propondo mudanças no processo de inserção escolar dos alunos com deficiência mental. Usando a teoria winnicottiana, proponho um determinado olhar para o ambiente escolar e a atividade como fazer criativo do individuo.A análise qualitativa da intervenção realizada vem apontar as dificuldades que o ambiente escolar apresenta ao estabelecer relações cotidianas de qualidade com o aluno com deficiência mental. Permeada por preconceitos e desconhecimento, as relações que se desenrolam no ambiente escolar reforçam, para o aluno com deficiência mental, o papel cristalizado no insucesso e no fracasso escolar, impossibilitando-o de re-significar sua ação como individuo criativo e saudável, perpetuando um padrão de relacionamento que impede o processo de uma real inclusão escolar. / This study which is of empirical and qualitative connotation starts on the principle that, besides the existing legislation regarding school inclusion of the mental handicapped students, their exclusion from day-to-day relations still occurs. The objective of this work is to comprehend how the activity proposed by Occupational Therapy can interfere and modify the established relations regarding the mental handicapped student in the school environment. Through the report of Occupational Therapy Trainees on an intervention experiment during break time in an elementary public school in São Paulo city, I look forward to verifying how the proposed activity, the ludic one, provokes gathering possibilities between the special class students and the others, proposing changes in the school inclusion process of the mental handicapped students. Using Winnicott's theory I propose a determined look at the school environment and at the activity as how to make creative individual. The qualitative analysis of the intervention made points out to the difficulties which the school environment shows as when it establishes day-to-day relations of quality with the mental handicapped student. Covered up by prejudism and lack of information, the relations developed in the school environment reinforce the unsuccessful and school failure cristalized role to the mental handicapped student unabling him (her) to remean his (her) action as a creative and healthy individual, perpetuating a relation pattern that blocks up the process of a real school inclusion.

Foi realizado o estudo prospectivo de uma amostra da população portadora de Síndrome de Down que procurou o Departamento de Genética do Hospital Infantil Darcy Vargas,no período de 1959 a 1996. Dos 2816 portadores de Síndrome de Down que compareceram a este Serviço, neste período , a amostra estudada consistiu de 518 pacientes que mantiveram períodos de retomo ambulatorial conforme previsto pelo Protocolo de segmento clínico adotado. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar a incidência de colecistopatia litiásica em pacientes portadores de Síndrome de Down . Para desenvolver este estudo, após o diagnóstico citogenético e clínico da Síndrome de Down, procurou-se correlacionar faixa etária dos genitores, uso de anticoncepcionais e principalmente promover a utilização de exames subsidiários específicos que permitiram melhores condições diagnósticas e definição de mecanismos fisiopatológicos eventuais relacionados à colilitiase. Verificou-se a presença de cálculos de vesícula biliar em 27 pacientes ( 3,28%) comparando-se à incidência descrita na população como um todo (0,07%). Estes dados caracterizam a prevalência de cálculos de vesícula biliar em portadores de Síndrome de Down ( a distribuição das probabilidades da frequência de cálculo de vesícula biliar em Sindrome de Down está dentro do intervalo de 95%, entre 3,6% e 7,7%). As correlações realizadas vieram a excluir,na amostra estudada, algumas etiologias comumente descritas para colelitíase e provavelmente vincula o fenômeno da colelitíase a mecanismos fisioembriopatológicos ligados à hipotonia e estase do conteúdo da vesícula biliar( e/ou redução na velocidade do seu esvaziamento). Em consequência torna-se importante propor uma investigação rotineira para esta patologia, com ênfase nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos, prováveis responsáveis pela incidência aumentada na população com Síndrome de Down. / The purpose of this study has been the prospective analysis of the Down syndrome population received by the Genetic Department of \"Hospital Infantil Darcy Vargas\", in the period from 1959 to 1996. The Department has received 2816 Down Syndrome patients\' in this period, and this study has selected 518 patients, clinical and cytogenetically diagnosed, which were studied following the specific clinical protocol, in periodical evaluations. The incidence of cholelithiasis was verified and it has been analysed the possible relationships among this disease and parentaI age, contraceptive use and clinical features leading to the discussion of eventual aetiologic mechanisms causing gallstones. It was verified 27 patients affected by Down Syndrome and presenting cholelithiasis in the survey of 518 patients ( 3.28 %) compared to the frequency of 7/10000 in the non Down population ( 0.07% ). The statistical analysis has shown that the distribution of the frequency probabilities have been between 3.6% and 7.7%, These studies have verified that the aetiology of the gallstones in the Down syndrome patients could be related to the hypotonic characteristic of the patients, leading to cholestasis, It is very important the suggestion of routine evaluation for this pathology, related to the eventual aetiologic features.