This thesis examines the processes the American and Norwegian press go through when identifying (or not) private citizens who are suspected of or arrested for a crime. Four central principles are explored in detail and elaborated upon as they relate to the press and individuals in the criminal justice system: the public's right to know, the right to privacy, protection of reputation, and presumption of innocence. Three Norwegian newspaper editors and an independent consultant to the Norwegian Institute of Journalism elaborated on how identification of criminal suspects is determined in Norway. The Norwegian case study provides an alternative approach to identification. Both legal and ethics solutions are proposed as a way to help protect the privacy, reputation, and presumption of innocence of private individuals suspected of or arrested for a crime but without unconstitutionally intruding on press freedom.

Orientador: Cléa Adas Saliba Garbin / Resumo: A saúde é um bem indispensável à vida do ser humano. A Constituição, como estrutura organizadora do Estado, possui uma seção destinada somente a ela; uma conquista para nossa sociedade. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar o conhecimento dos usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em relação à saúde e o seu direito. A pesquisa qualitativa foi a eleita por cuidar com preciosismo das falas transcritas obtidas através de entrevistas. Há um grau de desconhecimento elevado, o que faz com que a sociedade seja desorganizada no quesito direito á saúde. È premente a necessidade de instruir a população no tocante a seus direitos para que ela não sofra por não resistir a sua dignidade perdida. Esse é um dos pilares para que haja a evolução da sociedade de maneira justa: conhecendo seus direitos. / Abstract: The health is indispensable to the life's human. The Constitution, as an organized structure of the State, has a destined section only for itself; a conquest to our society. The aim of this research is evaluate the users' knowledge of Health Basic Center in relation of right to health. The qualitative research was chosen for take care with preciosity of transcript talks that were obtained of the interview. It is visible that exists a high level of nonacquaintance, so that, the society has been disorganized in the question of right to health. It is notable the necessity of teaching the population in relation of the rights, for don't have suffering for don't resist the lost dignity. This is one of the bases for has the evolution's society of impartial manner: know the rights. / Mestre

Disagreements regarding to what degree right-turn lanes improve or worsen the safety of intersections and driveways provided the motivation and the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to: a) carry out an in-depth study to determine the safety impacts of right-turn movements in different contexts, and b) develop safety-based volume warrants for right-turn lanes if safety indeed improves. Lack of adequate study on the applicability of past warrants and guidelines for the specific context of right-turn movements made from major uncontrolled approaches at unsignalized intersections, and particularly driveways, on two-lane roadways provided the scope for this study. Five-year historical data of statewide traffic crashes reported on Minnesota's twolane trunk highways were analyzed using binary/multinomial logistic regressions. Conflicts due to right turns were analyzed by fitting least squares conflict prediction models based on the data obtained from field surveys and traffic simulations. The safety impacts of rightturn lanes were determined through crash-conflict relationships, crash injury severity, and crash and construction costs. The study found that the probabilities of right-turn movement related crash ranged from 1.6 to 17.2% at intersections and from 7.8 to 38.7% at driveways. Rear-end, samedirection- sideswipe, right-angle and right-turn crash types constituted 96% of right-turn movement related crashes. Rear-end crash probabilities varied from 13.7 to 46.4% at approaches with right-turn lanes and from 37.9 to 76.9% otherwise. The ratios of rearend/ same-direction-sideswipe crashes to conflicts were 0.759 x 10-6 at approaches with right-turn lanes and 1.547 x 10-6 otherwise. iv Overall, right-turn lanes reduced right-turn movement related crash occurrences and conflicts by 85% and 80%, respectively. Right-turn lanes also reduced crash injury severity, hence, reducing the economic cost by 26%. Safety benefits, in dollars, realized with the use of right-turn lanes at driveways were 29% and 7% higher compared to those at intersections at low and high speed conditions respectively for similar traffic conditions. Depending on roadway conditions, interest rate and construction costs, the safety-based volume thresholds ranged from 3 to 200 right turns per hour during the design hour at intersection approaches, and from 2 to 175 right turns at driveway approaches. / Civil and Environmental Engineering / College of Engineering

The present thesis provides insight into the social context in which the perceptions that first-generation Canadians have towards access to healthcare for newcomers may emerge. The study was completed in Ottawa-Gatineau in March and April of 2016 and covered the perspectives of nine people, across eight semi-structured interviews. Following the review of the literature and theoretical framework, the present work highlights the role that first-generation Canadians’ moral worlds play into how they perceive access to healthcare for Canadian newcomers. On the subject of perceptions of first-generation Canadians, this research goes beyond the practical concerns faced by newcomers and delves into people’s moralities as these relate to the interpretation of rights and deservingness of access to subsidized healthcare. In grasping the different ways that health and healthcare are understood, as well as individual perceptions of the granting healthcare to newcomers to Canada, my thesis makes visible moral elements that can help to understand how rights to healthcare can be configured and reconfigured across various contexts.

L'analyse de l'action politique de Bettino Ricasoli (1809-1880) au lendemain de l'unité italienne, notamment en tant que Président du conseil des ministres (1861-62 et 1866-67), aide à mieux comprendre quelques-uns des moments décisifs du processus de construction de l'État et de la nation après 1861 en Italie. En ces deux occasions, en effet, l'homme d'État florentin dû affronter une série de défis considérables, dont le problème de la stabilité du cabinet et de ses rapports avec la Couronne, les rapports entre l’État et l’Église et entre la religion catholique et la société civile, les relations internationales, en particulier avec la France de Napoléon III, la création d'un système administratif unitaire et l'achèvement de l'unité politique et territoriale du nouvel État. Les réponses données par Ricasoli à ces problèmes constituent les éléments fondamentaux permettant de le situer dans le cadre de l'Italie libérale et de la « Droite historique », appelée à gouverner le Royaume après la mort de Cavour, dont l’homme politique toscan, soulignons-le, fut le premier successeur. / The analysis of Bettino Ricasoli’s (1809-1880) political action after the Risorgimento, with particular attention to his role as Prime Minister (1861-62 and 1866-67), is interesting to understand some of the turning points in the construction of State and Nation in Italy. On both occasions, indeed, the Florentine statesman dealt with a number of important issues, including the problem of the Executive’s stability and its relationship with the Crown; the relationship between Church and State and between religion and society; relations with France; the establishment of a unitary administrative system; and the completion of the new state’s political and territorial unity. His answers to these problems are essential to contextualize his figure within Liberal Italy and the Historical Right, the political movement which was to lay the foundations of the new unitary state after Cavour’s death, whose first successor was Ricasoli.

Right to be Forgotten - Right to Privacy in the Internet Age Abstract The first chapter of the diploma thesis aims to identify the threats to human privacy and forgetting that were brought on by the advancements in the field of information and communication technology in the recent decades. Both privacy and forgetting have important functions in the life of the individual, as well as on the societal level. The protection of those functions, whose analysis can be found in the second chapter of the diploma thesis, is one of the basic tasks of modern, liberal and democratic societies. Unless we want to leave the evolution of our civilization up to the technological developments and their often unforeseen (and unforeseeable) consequences, it is imperative that we systematically evaluate their impact on society. Such evaluations should then serve as bases for devising regulation (both legal and non- legal) that would eliminate or at least mitigate the identified societal threats. In the context of human privacy and forgetting, one of the outcomes of such an impact assessment and regulatory consideration is the right to be forgotten. This right can be seen as a legal instrument protecting the informational aspect of human privacy, or rather the informational self-determination of individuals, in the new reality...

In recent years, the ‘right to the city’ has emerged as a key concept and practice amongst both academics and social movements around which to organise a response to the crisis of Fordist production and political representation. In Spain this response has taken to the streets, with millions of people coming together and shouting ‘They don’t represent us!’. As a key site of both neoliberal urban governance and political insurgency, Barcelona provides a powerful site through which to examine the relationships between urban social movements, urban governance and struggles around the right to the city. In this thesis I build a (partial and provisional) genealogy of the right to the city, examining the relevance of those struggles that have emerged inside and against neoliberal governmentality since the early 1980s in an effort to assemble the right to the city through the material combination of struggles around urban production and citizenship rights. To do this, I return to the relation between genesis and management as an uneven dialectic in the production of rights; drawing on and building new connections between post-colonial studies, autonomous marxist debates, critical studies of citizenship and urban studies to investigate how strangers, outsiders and the governed challenge European capitalism from inside and assert a different imagination of contemporary urban life. I also explore my own role in these dynamics. In contrast to an understanding of academic knowledge as analytical and objective representation, my position as both a militant and a researcher provides the ground upon which I analyse social movements as a factory of concepts and practices capable of assembling an instituent politics against neoliberal governmentality.

The thesis aims primarily to analyse the communication strategies of radical right parties. More specifically, the research examines three cases of radical right parties in Western Europe during the first decade of the twenty-first century with particular emphasis on the political communication along with marketing and branding techniques used to engage with the electorate to gain and maintain electoral support. These case studies comprise the Greek Popular Orthodox Rally (LA.O.S.), the Swiss People’s Party (SVP) and the Italian National Alliance (AN). Different forms of content analysis are used in order to pinpoint the characteristics that identify the parties as members of the radical right family. Through this approach the thesis provides evidence that the parties, in their effort to become more appealing to their audiences, avoid direct engagement with issues, which reflect traditional ideological tenets of the radical right issues such as fascism, racism or xenophobia. Rather, they attempt to present a more mainstream and competitive profile in the political arena. From a market-oriented perspective, the thesis addresses questions on marketing and related explanations which focus both on how the parties choose to communicate with the electorate, what is their message and, through comparative analysis, whether there are similarities in communication techniques among the three parties and whether it can be argued that parties in the radical right family project a common profile in terms of their communication strategies. Furthermore, the application of such an approach to the use of political communication techniques of the selected radical right parties can contribute to a wider understanding of how the concept of ‘consumption’ has come to be applied increasingly in activities undertaken in the political arena.

Land informality, or the absence of clear property rights, has been identified as a strong cause for lower economic development performance. In Africa, despite the presence of a formal institutional setting of property rights and established laws, the practice of land rights has favored a persistent informal institutional regime. This dissertation addresses the reasons for the persistence of land informality in the presence of formal laws in the case of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Using process tracing, I dissect the processes of land conflict resolutions within the formal and informal institutions in order to pinpoint reasons for such prolong informality. I identify a very coherent and organized institutional set within the customary institutions, and the ambiguous relationship these institutions have with formal institutions. The inability of the formal institutions to resolve the informality issue is not the result of incompetence; it is the result of survival mechanisms from both the informal and formal institutions. Informality is the effect of the layered institutional setting and persists because of the resilience of survival mechanisms.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar o lugar sistemático ocupado pela Metafísica dos Costumes no interior da filosofia prática kantiana, interpretando-a como uma metafísica da moral aplicada a um elemento empírico mínimo: a natureza humana. Em suas duas partes, a Doutrina do Direito e a Doutrina da Virtude, o princípio supremo da moral, o princípio da autonomia, adquire o significado de uma autonomia jurídica e ética que guia as situações fundamentais da vida prática do homem. Na primeira parte da dissertação, o transcurso do projeto de uma Metafísica dos Costumes ao longo do desenvolvimento da filosofia kantiana será investigado como uma progressiva purificação do princípio supremo da moral condizente com o projeto crítico mais amplo de Kant e que culmina na formulação embrionária de uma comunidade de seres racionais sob leis autônomas. Numa segunda parte, a Metafísica da Natureza será analisada como uma metafísica aplicada que surge a partir da reformulação da metafísica tradicional empreendida por Kant e, de acordo com os novos parâmetros estipulados pela crítica, é composta por um momento transcendental e por outro metafísico-específico, onde os princípios do momento anterior são aplicados a um elemento mínimo empírico. Por fim, na terceira e última parte, o procedimento em atuação nos Primeiros Princípios Metafísicos da Ciência da Natureza será adotado como o modelo a ser seguido na Metafísica dos Costumes, surgindo disto um momento transcendental da filosofia moral, que encontra sua base normativa no princípio de autonomia, e uma etapa metafísica, na qual o princípio supremo da moral é aplicado ao direito e à ética. / This work intends to analyze the Metaphysics of Morals systematic place within Kants practical philosophy, interpreting it as a metaphysical discipline of morals applied to an empirical minimum: the human nature. In its both parts, the Doctrine of Right and the Doctrine of Virtue, the supreme principle of morality, the principle of autonomy, turns into an ethical and juridical autonomy that guides human practical life. In the first place, the journey of the always postponed Metaphysics of Morals in the course of Kants philosophical development will be investigated as a progressive purification of the supreme principle of morals, a procedure that agrees with the wider critical project and that culminates in the incipient idea of a community of rational beings under autonomous laws. In the second place, the Metaphysics of Nature will be analyzed as an applied metaphysics, a discipline that emerged after Kants Critique had molded the new shape of traditional metaphysics; according to its critical pattern, this discipline is composed by a transcendental and a special-metaphysical part, in which the principles of the former are applied to an empirical minimum. Finally, in the third and final part, the procedure in action in the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science will be taken as a model to be followed in the Metaphysics of Morals. From such procedure arise a transcendental moment, which finds its normative basis in the principle of autonomy, and a metaphysical stage, in which the supreme principle of morality is applied to right and ethics.