Les limitations du droit de propriété, notamment en matière immobilière, ne cessent de se multiplier par de nouvelles lois ou réglementations, voire même de nouvelles techniques contractuelles. Ce phénomène serait-il alors la preuve de la dégénérescence du droit de propriété tel qu’il a été élaboré en 1789 et 1804 ? En réalité, l’article 17 de la Déclaration de 1789 et l’article 544 du Code civil ont toujours prévu la possibilité de limiter le droit de propriété. De plus, il convient de constater que tout est une question d’équilibre entre le droit de propriété et ses limitations. Toutefois, il n’en demeure pas moins que les limitations transforment le droit de propriété. En effet, il s’adapte pour correspondre à des enjeux environnementaux ou urbanistiques, ou encore pour répondre des besoins économiques et sociaux. Notamment, l’instrumentalisation du droit de propriété crée de nouvelles formes d’appropriation : d’une part, les démembrements de ses utilités constituent des propriétés instrumentales, et d’autre part sa dématérialisation révèle des propriétés finalisées en employant la valeur du droit de propriété à des fins spécifiques. Cette adaptation ne signifie pas pour autant qu’aucune limitation ne porte atteinte au droit de propriété. Pour le protéger les juges contrôlent la légalité, la finalité et surtout la proportionnalité de la limitation en cause. De même, ils disposent d’un arsenal de sanctions. Même si ce contrôle semble réduit, les juges ont amélioré la qualification des limitations et ont reconnu la valeur fondamentale du droit de propriété. Une manière de repenser le droit de propriété par ses limitations paraît ainsi se dessiner. / The limitations of the property right, in particular out of real estate, do not cease multiplying by new laws or regulations, and even of contracts. Would this phenomenon be the proof of the degeneration of the property right such as it was elaborate in 1789 and 1804? Actually, article 17 of the Declaration of 1789 and article 544 of the Civil code always contained limitations. Furthermore, it is notable that all is a question of balance between the property right and its limitations. However, the limitations transform the property right. Indeed, it adapts to correspond to environmental or urban challenges, or to answer of the economic and social needs. In particular, the instrumentalisation of the property right creates new forms of appropriation : on the one hand, the dismemberments of its utilities constitute instrumental properties, and on the other hand its dematerialization reveals properties finalized by employing the value of the property right at specific ends. However, this adaptation does not mean that no limitation undermines the property right. To protect it the judges control the legality, the finality and especially the proportionality of the limitation in question. In the same way, they have an arsenal of sanctions. Even if this control seems reduced, the judges improved the qualification of the limitations, and they recognized the fundamental value of the property right. A manner of reconsidering the property right by its limitations thus appears to take shape.

Agriculture in the Western United States is almost entirely dependent upon irrigation. Irrigation has transformed the desert lands into fertile, producing valleys. It has made possible communities and settlement areas which would otherwise be impossible. Although the achievements of irrigation have been great, there still remains millions of acres of fertile land that will never be reclaimed because there is not available water.

No description available.

Asylum seekers have become the primary symbols of - as well as participants in - contemporary struggles over geo-political, intellectual and moral terrain. By moving place, by their mere presence in western industrial states, by demanding their refugee status claims be examined, by exposing themselves to all the techniques of scrutiny and evaluation in the presentation of their claims, asylum seekers displace traditional western ways of feeling at 'home,' and of knowing about and acting in the world. In doing so, they reveal the extent to which the legal system of rights upon which the international refugee regime is based is a messy zone of contested demands, refracted by the varying material circumstances and political power of participants. This thesis looks at asylum in Aotearoa New Zealand from the perspective of those most involved; asylum seekers, lawyers, adjudicators, members of non-government organisations and medical professionals. Situated mid-way between abstract human rights talk and the details of individual claims, it presents refugee status determination as a complex negotiation through culturally-laden frameworks of understanding and operation that are as prevalent as they are often camouflaged. In doing so, it explores how we are to evaluate the credibility and legitimacy of representations of the cultural 'other.'

This thesis explores the nature of public access rights for outdoor recreation in New Zealand. It aims to improve understanding of these rights by examining the New Zealand public policy framework for public access, the social constructions of access rights and the interaction of these dimensions via analysis of two contemporary New Zealand access issues: the foreshore access debate and the state-sponsored Land Access Review. An institutional arrangements framework forms the study�s conceptual basis and is critiqued for its value in the examination of rights of public access. Multiple qualitative methods were employed to collect data, including interviews with access actors, submission analysis, examination of public policy documents and critical interpretation of the access discourse within the mass media. Key themes from the international access literature are identified and the disparate nature of much of this research is highlighted. Within New Zealand, public access represents an area of research neglect. This thesis provides the first comprehensive study of rights of public access for outdoor recreation in New Zealand. A threshold has been reached in the evolution of access rights in New Zealand. Societal changes are perceived to be reducing the public�s traditional rights to access land for outdoor recreation. Owing to the importance of these rights within conceptions of New Zealand national identity, the Government is codifying access rights in a bid to protect them. Thus a shift in access arrangements is occurring, from reliance upon social customs to increasing use of public policy instruments. Access rights are being renegotiated within a highly contested environment. The debate is being staged within the political arena and via the national news media; access has become a significant national issue. As a result, the level of engagement has shifted from localised access transactions between landholders and recreationists, to a national discussion regarding competing rights to land. Access actors have reacted in different ways to the reforms of access arrangements, driven by the manner in which the proposals affect their property rights, social values and norms. Some reactions have been strident and confrontational. Inadequate public policy arrangements for access have created the 'space' for these multiple social constructions of access to develop. Convergence of a disparate and poorly enforced access public policy framework with varying social representations of access rights is influencing the access outcomes. The 'place' of public access within New Zealand society occurs at the intersection of several strongly-held cultural traditions, including private property rights, Maori customary rights, and a belief that it is a birthright to freely access the outdoors. The tension between these values underpins New Zealand�s unique (and changing) manifestation of the rights of the public to access land for recreation.

This thesis examines the use of the right to health as a legal tool for ensuring access to better health care in Africa and as a means of dealing with threats to human health on the continent. The thesis critically assesses some of the key ways in which the right to health has been used at the local, regional and global levels as part of efforts to improve health on the continent. The aim of the thesis is to assess the utility of the right to health in Africa particularly in light of challenges posed by the power of international economic actors, local and international structural constraints and the paradoxical position of the state as both a potential violator and protector of the right. / As this thesis shows, human rights are a powerful and inspirational language for people struggling against degradation, domination and deprivation for the reason that they give expression to the notion that human dignity, equality and freedom ought to be respected and protected. They are also a tool for resisting oppressive power, in addition to providing legitimacy for the redistribution of material resources necessary to meet basic human needs and to alleviate human suffering. The thesis further shows that these benefits of human rights have been enhanced through legalisation, a process through which human rights have been translated from moral or natural rights into legal rights capable of being enforced through judicial and quasi-judicial processes. But legalisation has its drawbacks, as the thesis demonstrates. / The thesis argues that despite the significant advances that have been made, particularly in the last fifteen years, in the elaboration and clarification of the content and justiciability of the right to health, its limitations as a legal right are particularly evident in light of a number of factors. These include the power of international economic actors, local and international structural constraints and the problematic potential of the state as both a protector and violator of the right to health. By examining concrete instances in which efforts have been made to use the right to health in the context of some or of all these factors, the thesis demonstrates the limits and potential of the right as a legal right. The thesis thus argues that a proper account of the utility of the right to health should not overemphasise the legalisation of the right but must include an analysis of the power relations and structural constraints at play at both the international and local levels, which jeopardise good health in Africa in the first place. It is further argued that such an account offers a better understanding of how the moral, legal and political forms of the right to health might be strategically and productively combined in the struggle for better health in Africa.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--RAND Graduate School, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-134). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Le nationalisme, la xénophobie, le racisme et lantisémitisme, lopposition aux élites, la stigmatisation des étrangers, les discours anti-immigrés, mais aussi lautoritarisme, lidéologie loi et ordre (Law and order), lantiparlementarisme et lanticommunisme, entre autres traits caractéristiques, représentent quelques-uns des qualificatifs les plus souvent cités dans la littérature consacrée au populisme et à lextrême droite. En fonction des partis politiques concernés, des contextes institutionnels et des particularités nationales et géographiques, ces qualificatifs prendront une dimension centrale ou secondaire selon quil sagira de caractériser un courant populiste ou un parti dextrême droite. A lappui dune comparaison entre la France et les Etats-Unis, louvrage vise à démontrer que lensemble de ces qualificatifs entretiennent tous à des degrés divers un rapport fondamental avec un imaginaire du complot, cest-à-dire avec un monde de significations structuré et cohérent (normes, significations, images, symboles, valeurs et croyances) qui privilégie la théorie du complot pour expliquer la politique et lhistoire.

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, there has been a shift in the policies of many countries to combat terrorism. Terrorism has had a devastating effect on many citizens of the world. These include „the enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilise Governments, undermine civil society, jeopardise peace and security, and threaten social and economic development.‟1 All of these also had a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. Therefore the fight to curb further terrorist attacks is paramount. States are charged with the responsibility of curbing terrorism by their citizens. But with responsibility comes obligations to the citizenry.2 States should therefore not engage in policies or actions that further deprive others of their enjoyment of human rights. This is well put by Hoffman when he says „history shows that when societies trade human rights for security, most often they get neither.