A relação dialógica e de proximidade entre a Educação Infantil e as famílias do campo é considerada necessária ao atendimento à criança de 0 a 6 anos, em espaços coletivos. No contexto rural, tal relação pode ser atravessada por diferentes elementos que precisam ser compreendidos por aqueles que almejam uma Educação Infantil no campo voltada à sua realidade e às características de suas crianças e famílias. Diante do reduzido número de estudos na área, realizamos a presente pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar as significações de profissionais da educação e famílias do campo sobre a relação entre a Educação Infantil e as famílias do campo. Partimos da hipótese de que as significações que compõem o universo semiótico das profissionais e das famílias partilham elementos gerais da matriz sócio-histórica, mas que a relação diferenciada no e com o rural e suas condições materiais de existência circunscreve também diferentes possibilidades de significações, em relações de proximidade e distanciamento. A pesquisa foi realizada em um município de Minas Gerais que possuía 13 Escolas que ofereciam Educação Infantil no campo. Em um primeiro momento da pesquisa, foram realizadas visitas às 13 Escolas, nas quais realizamos observações e entrevistas com 13 gestoras. Os dados construídos nessa fase foram analisados e utilizados para selecionar a Escola que foi foco da pesquisa e que atendia crianças no Ensino Fundamental e na Educação Infantil. Em um segundo momento, tivemos como participantes profissionais desta Escola (1 diretora, 2 vice-diretoras, 1 pedagoga e 2 professoras) e famílias (1 morava em assentamento rural, 2 em casas de uma indústria e 2 em fazendas). Os instrumentos utilizados para a construção dos dados foram: observações e entrevistas. As observações foram realizadas na Escola e nas residências das famílias, e as entrevistas foram realizadas com as 5 famílias e as 6 profissionais da instituição escolar. Para a construção, apresentação e análise dos dados, baseamo-nos na perspectiva teórico-metodológica da Rede de Significações. O material foi sistematizado e analisado em 5 eixos temáticos, a saber: 1) Educação Infantil como (não) demanda das famílias; 2) Objetivos da Educação Infantil no campo; 3) Instrumentos da relação Escola e família; 4) Relação Escola e família e distâncias geográficas no campo; 5) Situações problemáticas na relação Escola e família. A análise dos dados mostrou que a relação diferenciada de profissionais e famílias com o rural contribuía para a construção de significações pelas participantes marcadas por movimentos de aproximações e distanciamentos e que iam ora em direção a elementos da matriz sócio-histórica, ora a elementos da concretude do campo. Identificamos que a relação entre as instituições escolar e familiar no campo investigado era constituída por elementos por vezes semelhantes e por vezes distintos dos encontrados no contexto urbano e em outros contextos rurais. O tipo de rural e suas características geográficas e econômicas, as diversidades das famílias, suas demandas e concepções, as relações de trabalho no campo, as condições de vida parecidas e/ou distintas das urbanas são elementos evidenciados nesta pesquisa e que atravessam a relação Escola e família. As concretudes e características de cada rural, e suas (des)continuidades com outros contextos, emergiram como importantes aspectos a serem considerados e compreendidos por profissionais, gestores e instituições que almejam a melhoria da relação entre a Educação Infantil e as famílias do campo. / The dialogic relationship and closeness between families and early childhood education in rural area is considered necessary when referring to child 0-6 years in collective spaces. In the rural context, such relationship can be traversed by different elements which need to be understood by those who aim child education in rural area focused on the children and their families reality and characteristics. Given the small number of studies in the area, we conducted the present study aimed to investigate the meanings of education professionals and field families on the relationship between early childhood education and rural families. The assumption is that the meanings that make up the semiotic universe of professionals and families share common elements of socio-historical matrix, but with a different relation in and with the countryside and its material conditions of existence also circumscribes different possible meanings in relations of proximity and distance. The research was conducted in a municipality of Minas Gerais, with 13 schools that offered early education in rural areas. At first in the research, visits were made to the 13 schools in which observations and interviews were conducted with 13 managers. The data constructed in this phase were analyzed and used in order to select the focus School of the research, serving children in Elementary Education and Early Childhood Education. In a second step, the selected participants of the interview were professionals of this School (1 director, two vice-directors, one educator, and 2 teachers) and families (1 lived in a rural settlement, 2 in homes in an industry, and 2 in farms). The instruments used for the data construction were: observations and interviews. The observations were conducted in the School and at the families homes and the interviews were conducted with five families and six school professionals. For the data construction, presentation and analysis, we rely on theoretical and methodological perspective network of meanings. The material was systematized and analyzed in 5 thematic areas, namely: 1) Early Childhood Education as (not) family demand, 2) Objectives of Early Childhood Education in the field, 3) Instruments of school and family relationship; 4) School and family relationship and geographical distances in the field, 5) problematic situations regarding School and family. Data analysis showed that the different ratio of professionals and families with the rural contributed to the construction of meanings by participants marked by movements of closeness and distance and they would go once toward elements of socio-historical matrix, once towards elements of concreteness in the field. We found that the relationship between school and familiar institutions in the investigated field consisted sometimes by similar and sometimes distinct elements from those found in the urban context and in other rural ones. The rural kind and its geographical and economic characteristics, families diversity, their demands and ideas, labor relations in the countryside, living conditions similar and / or different from urban elements are highlighted in this research and which cross the school and family relation. The concreteness and characteristics of each rural, and their (dis) continuities with other contexts, have emerged as important aspects to be considered and understood by professionals, managers and institutions who want to improve the relationship between families and early childhood education in the rural areas.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo empreender um estudo sobre as irmandades de pretos constituídas na região do Vale do Paraíba paulista durante o século XIX. Analisálas no contexto da escravidão em uma região de característica predominantemente rural e com forte presença escrava. Avaliar o seu alcance social no que tange aos irmãos cativos, a sua importância na construção de sociabilidades e estratégias de sobrevivência, propiciando aos pretos espaços de luta, resistência e integração com a sociedade mais ampla. Delinear as suas características próprias, distintas ou não daquelas existentes nas irmandades presentes nas áreas ditas urbanas. / This paper aims to undertake a study of the black brotherhoods formed in the Vale do Paraíba during the nineteenth century. Analyze them in the context of slavery in a region of predominantly rural character and strong presence slave. Assess their social impact in relation to others captives, their importance in the development of sociability and survival strategies, allowing the black spaces of struggle, resistance and integration with the wider society. Outline its own characteristics, different or not present in the kindred of those existing in urban areas said.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIANE elementos pre textuais.pdf: 1311728 bytes, checksum: ea3eea2cea71cbb31bc1c24a99c63d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-05 / This work focuses on the main features on mesoregions´ agrarian structure and their transformations timeline. It was collected some data related to the agricultures, extraction, commerce, services and other activities developed within these mesoregions´ family and peasant farming context.In order to make an analysis, it was observed the differences between the southe st (SEMR) and central-eastern (CEMR) mesoregions.Southeast mesoregion is characterized by the family agricultures predominance in its agrarian system.On the other hand, the corporate or peasant farming is of a greater majority in the central-eastern mesoregion.These mesoregions have their historical-geographical processes linked to a wider regional context on one of the three larger areas Paraná, of named Traditional Paraná. One could notice that the two agrarian systems transformation timeline are unlike: the CEMR has show a noticeable integration to the agricultural modernization model, with the expansion of cultures pointed out sharply by the agro-industrial complex, such as soy and, more recently, the pinus tree; SEMR has been associated to the traditional food, as maize and bean, though it has been considerably putting together a key-cultures to the integrated agricultures model: the tobacco.In this mesoregion there has been similarly visible a considerable minor praedial movement, with a more reduced fragmentation of businesses and an outstanding reflection on the social-economic possibilities of them. / A pesquisa enfoca os principais aspectos sobre a estrutura agrária das mesorregiões e suas trajetórias de transformação. Levantaram-se dados relacionados à agricultura, extrativismo, comércio, serviços e demais atividades desenvolvidas no contexto da agricultura familiar e patronal dessas mesorregiões. Procurou-se analisar as diferenças observadas entre as mesorregiões Sudeste-MS e Centro-Oriental-MCO. A mesorregião Sudeste caracteriza-se pelo predomínio da agricultura familiar em sua estrutura agrária. Por outro lado, a agricultura empresarial ou patronal é mais significativa na mesorregião Centro-Oriental. Estas mesorregiões têm seus processos histórico-geográficos relacionados a um contexto regional mais amplo relativo a uma das três grandes regiões paranaenses, denominada de Paraná Tradicional. Pôde-se constatar que as trajetórias de transformação das duas estruturas agrárias são diversas: a MCO apresentou uma integração marcante ao modelo de modernização da agricultura, com a expansão de culturas fortemente marcada pelo complexo agroindustrial, como a soja e, mais recentemente, o pinus; a MS, manteve-se ligada aos produtos alimentares tradicionais, como milho e feijão, mas incorporou significativamente uma cultura chave para o modelo de agricultura integrada: o fumo. Nessa mesorregião, observou-se também forte movimento de minunfundização, com a fragmentação de estabelecimentos já bastante pequena, com reflexos marcantes nas possibilidades econômico-sociais destes estabelecimentos.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-26T12:16:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmara Rita Oliveira Castro_.pdf: 4541730 bytes, checksum: 40bf9eb548dfc613f8f2791dc1ce9b22 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T12:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmara Rita Oliveira Castro_.pdf: 4541730 bytes, checksum: 40bf9eb548dfc613f8f2791dc1ce9b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-26 / Nenhuma / São muitos os desafios e problemas que temos a enfrentar no dia a dia das escolas. Entre eles, a avaliação do rendimento escolar. Neste sentido, a Prova Brasil é uma importante ferramenta, cujos resultados integram a composição do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Ideb). O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi compreender as implicações da Prova Brasil no cotidiano de escolas da zona rural do município de Viamão. O estudo do tema, com base nos autores Arroyo; Audino; Barbosa e Melo; Bonamino; Chirineia e Brandão; Schneider; Werle, contribuiu para ampliar o entendimento sobre a importância do protagonismo da escola nas avaliações em larga escala. Nos caminhos percorridos, a visitação inicial às escolas proporcionou uma visão sobre como é complexo participar de testes padronizados em escolas da zona rural. A partir da visita, foram selecionadas duas escolas e elaborados questionários online para analisar o que dizem os diferentes segmentos da comunidade escolar sobre sua experiência com a Prova Brasil no quinto ano. Esta escuta foi importante porque ajudou a compreender as implicações nas escolas pesquisadas, identificando alguns problemas. Entre eles, o desconhecimento dos resultados e a falta de discussão sobre a Prova Brasil na escola. Como resultado da pesquisa realizada, apresenta-se a proposição de que a gestão da escola “converse sobre a Prova Brasil” a partir da formulação de questionários online, onde todos os segmentos da comunidade possam acessar e responder, sem necessidade de identificação, expressando seu entendimento sobre a Prova Brasil, de modo a gerar dados para a discussão e a tomada de decisão com a comunidade escolar. Ainda que os resultados da Prova Brasil não sejam a única referência para avaliar a qualidade da aprendizagem na escola, o protagonismo na realização do exame e no uso dos resultados pode contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho escolar. Acredita-se que os questionários online utilizados nesta pesquisa podem servir de referência para outras elaborações nas escolas, a partir da proposição de seus gestores. / There are many challenges and problems that we must face at schools every day. Among them, the evaluation of school performance. In this sense, Prova Brasil is an important tool, which results integrate the Basic Education Development Index (Ideb) composition. The research's general objective was to understand the Prova Brasil implications in the daily life of schools in rural area in Viamão. The study of the theme, based on several authors, has broadened the understanding of the importance of the school's role in large-scale evaluations. Along the way, the initial visit to schools provided a vision into how complex it is to participate in standardized tests in rural zone schools. From the visit, two schools were selected and an online questionnaire was elaborated to analyze what the different segments of the school community say about their fifty year experience with Prova Brasil. This listening was important because it helped to understand the implications in the investigated schools, identifying some problems. Among them, the lack of knowledge of the results and the lack of discussion at school about the Prova Brasil. As a result of the research, it is proposed that the management of the school "talk about the Prova Brasil" from the formulation of an online questionnaire, where all segments of the community can access and respond without the need of identification, so to generate important data for discussion and decision-making with the school community. Although the results of the Prova Brasil are not the only reference to evaluate the quality of learning at school, the protagonism in the accomplishment of the exam and in the use of the results can contribute to the improvement of school's performance. It is believed that the online questionnaires used in this research can serve as reference for other elaborations at school, from the proposition of its managers.

Introduction In Peru, there are few studies which show that they might be a difference between school children in rural areas and the ones from non-rural areas, this is necessary because it has been shown that the place of residence is an influential exogenous factor in the development of low visual acuity. Likewise, the influence of environment on the development of visual errors and low visual acuity has been demonstrated. Methodology Case-control study between child population of an urban and a rural area (Piura and Joras); prior informed consent of their parents. The primary variable was the visual acuity, qualified with the principles of Snellen (sensitivity 85%, specificity 96%) 20/0 was considered as optimal and normal visual acuity was considered to 20/25. Values below were low visual acuity. Results 1,094 were surveyed. 50.0% (488) were female, and the median age was 9 years (interquartile range: 7-10 years). 22.6% (221) of the children had low visual acuity. In bivariate analysis, the age of children (p = .001), the degree coursing (p <.001) and city of residence (p = .005) were associated with low visual acuity of children. The multivariate analysis found that non-rural children had 1.55 (95% CI: 1.14 to 2.11, p-value = .005) more chances of having low visual acuity, adjusted for sex, age and degree academic growth of children. Conclusions It is concluded that children living non-rural residences have more low visual acuity in the northern Peru. / Revisión por pares

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo empreender um estudo sobre as irmandades de pretos constituídas na região do Vale do Paraíba paulista durante o século XIX. Analisálas no contexto da escravidão em uma região de característica predominantemente rural e com forte presença escrava. Avaliar o seu alcance social no que tange aos irmãos cativos, a sua importância na construção de sociabilidades e estratégias de sobrevivência, propiciando aos pretos espaços de luta, resistência e integração com a sociedade mais ampla. Delinear as suas características próprias, distintas ou não daquelas existentes nas irmandades presentes nas áreas ditas urbanas. / This paper aims to undertake a study of the black brotherhoods formed in the Vale do Paraíba during the nineteenth century. Analyze them in the context of slavery in a region of predominantly rural character and strong presence slave. Assess their social impact in relation to others captives, their importance in the development of sociability and survival strategies, allowing the black spaces of struggle, resistance and integration with the wider society. Outline its own characteristics, different or not present in the kindred of those existing in urban areas said.

Die Studie untersucht die Sicht der Bevölkerung auf ländliche Lebensbedingungen. Im Auftrag des LfULG befragte das Meinungsforschungsinstitut forsa dazu mehr als 2.000 Personen. Das Spektrum der Fragen reichte von der Bewertung des persönlichen Wohnumfeldes bis hin zur Einschätzung spezieller Umwelt- und Energieaspekte. Im Ergebnis werden aktuelle ländliche Lebensverhältnisse vielfältig, repräsentativ und regional differenziert beschrieben.

Leptin is a protein hormone primarily secreted by the subcutaneous adipose tissue and is responsible for regulating the energy balance. Individuals with more adipose tissue have much higher leptin levels and often suffer from a condition known as leptin resistance. Various factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, diet and physical activity influence the body's leptin concentration. Males have lower leptin levels than females of the same age and body fat content. Black people tend to have higher leptin concentrations than white people because of a more subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution. Physical activity serve as a main manipulator of the body's energy balance and influence leptin concentration through various adaptations associated with a more favorable body composition such as, an increase in lean tissue and a decrease in body fat. The object of this study was firstly to investigate the association between body composition - with special emphasis on adipose tissue and leptin concentration in black adolescent boys and girls of the North-West Province of South Africa. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the influence of physical fitness components and leptin concentration in the same population. In this study, 148 girls and 114 boys supplied overnight fasting blood samples. Anthropometric data: length (m), weight (kg), skin folds (mm) and circumferences of the waist (cm) and hip (cm) were measured. The percentage body fat were also measured in the BOD-POD. Finally a battery of physical fitness tests were done which included: the maximum number of sit-ups, push-ups and the bleep-test for indirect V&-max. Spearman Rank Order correlations determined that there should be adjusted for age and Tanner stage. Partial correlations were done with body composition variables, [BMI (body mass index), SSF (sum of 6 skin folds), body fat percentage], and physical fitness variables, bush-ups, sit-ups and indirect V02-max]. In both genders a strong positive relationship occurred between all the above mentioned body composition variables and leptin. In boys the strongest correlation (I= 0.8420) was found between SSF and leptin levels. In girls the strongest correlation (r = 0.7489) was found between BMI and leptin concentration. In both genders, body fat percentage indicated the lowest correlation, although it was still significant. In both genders the indirect V02-max values indicated a significant negative relationship with serum leptin concentration, although it was weak, it was the highest in boys (r = - 0314). In girls the indirect V02-max values (r = -0.235) and the maximum amount of push-ups (r = -0205) indicated significant, but weak correlations. According to the results of this study it is clear that serum leptin concentration has a strong positive relationship with body fat, more accurate, with the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It was also indicated that baseline physical fitness in these black adolescents from the selected school in Potchefstroom, North-west Province (South Africa) are statistically significant negatively correlated with leptin levels, although it was not a strong correlation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

O meio rural passou por uma redefinição no setor agropecuário tanto no mundo como no Brasil, configurando novas atividades e funções não-agrícolas, como por exemplo, o Turismo. As diversas possibilidades de turismo no espaço rural podem auxiliar na fixação do homem no campo, melhora a qualidade de vida e a auto-estima, além de contribuir com a revitalização e preservação meio do ambiente e da cultura local. Entretanto para obter êxito a gestão inclusive a ambiental, são de fundamental importância. Logo, é necessário que o planejamento contemple o saneamento. Desta forma, é necessário conhecer as condições de saneamento ambiental do espaço rural no sentido de definir políticas públicas para o planejamento de Rotas Turísticas. Para identificar as situações de saneamento ambiental foram selecionas a Rota Germânica, que engloba 14 empreendimentos turísticos do espaço rural. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário estruturado, utilizando-se da técnica de entrevistas diretas, pessoais, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. O presente estudo é de caráter exploratório, com análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Os resultados possibilitaram identificar que as propriedades rurais que trabalham com turismo envolvidos na Rota Germânica investiram em saneamento, porém não é expressivo. Assim como, foi identificado a necessidade de programas de avaliação e monitoramento da potabilidade da água, de redução do consumo de água e de minimização de resíduos. Em relação ao esgoto, os empreendedores apontam que realizam o tratamento adequado para o mesmo. Também apontam a necessidade de controle dos vetores. Desta forma, para dar conta do planejamento e da gestão do turismo sustentável, devido a complexidade da atividade turística e do meio onde ocorre, são indispensáveis todos os saberes, envolvendo uma equipe multidisciplinar. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-05T18:59:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Rose Jasper.pdf: 4481088 bytes, checksum: c2f7b6d7771bc03349b77beb54e55fd4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-05T18:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Juliana Rose Jasper.pdf: 4481088 bytes, checksum: c2f7b6d7771bc03349b77beb54e55fd4 (MD5) / The rural area passed by a redefinition in agriculture and in the cattle-breeding sectors in the world and also in Brazil, configuring new activities and functions non-agricultural as the tourism. The several possibilities of tourism in the rural area help in the settlement of the man in the country, improve the life quality and the self-esteem besides contributing with the revitalization and preservation of the environment and the local culture. However, to get success the management including the environmental has a fundamental importance. Therefore, it s necessary that the projection selects the sanitation. In this way, it s important to know the environmental sanitation conditions of the rural area in the sense to define public politics for the projection of Turistic Routes. To identify the environmental sanitation conditions was chosen the Germanic Route that unite 14 turistic undertakings of the rural area. To collect information was utilized a questionnaire applying the direct interview and personal techniques with opening and closed questions. The present study is of exploratory character with qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results made possible to identify that the rural acres that work with tourism envolved in the Germanic Route invested in sanitation, but it isn t expressive. As well as was identified the necessity of evaluation programs and monitorament of the water potability, reduction of the water consume and the minimization of residues. Concerning the drainage, the undertakers mention that they put into practice the appropriate treatment. They also mention the control necessity of the vectors. In this way, to administer the projection and the management of the supportable tourism, due to complexity of the turistic activity and the environment where it occurs, are essential all the knowledges, envolving a multidisciplinal group.

Cette thèse interroge la recomposition des espaces ruraux tunisiens sous l’angle des appropriations foncières, à partir du cas de la région de Regueb. À travers une enquête in situ alliant observations, questionnaires et entretiens, l’étude se focalise sur l’évolution des usages de la terre et des faisceaux de pouvoirs (accès, gestion, vente) des exploitants agricoles. Cette démarche permet de saisir comment cette évolution influence l’agencement de l’espace rural, et comment elle est modelée en retour par ce dernier. Nos données soulignent la diversité croissante des logiques d’exploitation (paysanne, entrepreneuriale, spéculative) et les inégalités socio-économiques entre exploitants. Cette différenciation résulte en partie des politiques publiques mises en place depuis l’introduction de l’économie capitaliste coloniale (fin 19e siècle). L’individualisation de la propriété et la marchandisation de la terre ont érodé la sécurité sociale présente dans l’ancien territoire tribal collectif, exposant les propriétaires à l’instabilité du marché et à une précarisation foncière. Les paysans sont tentés d’un côté de vendre leur terre dans une logique marchande, et de l’autre de la conserver dans une logique symbolique et de sécurisation du capital. La précarisation foncière tient aussi à la pression multiforme du marché foncier et aux inégalités d’accès aux principales ressources (financement agricole, eau, marché). En dépit des stratégies qu’ils déploient, les paysans demeurent soumis à de fortes contraintes. L’étude de cette situation apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les contestations sociales qui ont marqué la région depuis 2010 et ont conduit au départ du Président Ben Ali en 2011. / This Ph.D. dissertation examines the changes in the Tunisian rural areas from the perspective of land appropriation in the region of Regueb as a case study. Through an in situ investigation combining observations, questionnaires and interviews, the study focuses on the evolution of the land uses and the bundles of powers (access, management, sales) endowed by the farmers. This approach makes it possible to understand how this evolution both impacts the organisation of the rural space and how it is a consequence of it. Our data underlines the growing diversity of the farmers’ logic (peasant, entrepreneurial, speculative) and the social and economic inequalities between the farmers. This process is a result of the public policies that were enforced at the start of the colonial capitalist economy (end of the 19th century). The individualization of ownership and the land commodification have weakened the social security that used to exist at the time of the old common tribal territory, exposing the owners to the instability of the market and land precariousness. On the one hand, peasants are tempted to sell their land in an entrepreneurial way; on the other hand, they are willing to keep it for its symbolic value and as a securing capital. This precariousness is also fed by the multifaceted pressure of the land market and by the inequalities of access to the principal resources (money, water, market). In spite of the strategies they use, peasants face huge constraints. This study brings new light on the social contests that have been affecting the region since 2010 and contributed to the departure of President Ben Ali leave in 2011.