Övervikt och fetma är ett hälsoproblem bland barn och ungdomar idag och beror främst på att vårt kaloriintag är större än vår energiförbrukning. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa och sammanställa forskning som beskriver olika omvårdande insatser som främjar hälsa hos överviktiga och feta barn och ungdomar. Metoden som användes var litteraturöversikt. Elva artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes och resultatet visades genom fyra teman som benämndes; att identifiera ohälsa, att vara en vägledare, att arbeta med motivation och att stödja familjen. Resultaten visade att identifiering av barn med fetma är viktig för att barnet ska få hjälp på ett tidigt stadium. Barn och ungdomar behöver stöd i form av hälsovägledning och motiverande samtal. Föräldrars deltagande är viktigt för barn och ungdomar långsiktigt och därför är det viktigt att även stödja föräldrar. Resultaten visade även att det finns omvårdande insatser riktade mot feta barn och ungdomar som ger positiva effekter på deras hälsa. / Overweight and obesity is a health problem among children and adolescents today and is mainly due to our caloric intake being greater than our energy consumption. The purpose of this study was to highlight and summarize research that describes the various nursing interventions that promote health for obese children and adolescents. The method used was literature review. Eleven articles were analyzed and the results were shown in four themes named; to identify health problems, being a guide, to work with motivation and to support the family. The result showed that identification of obese children is important for the child to get help at an early stage. The result also showed that children and adolescents need support in terms of health counseling and motivational interviewing. Parental involvement is important for children and young people long term and therefore it is important to also support the parents. In conclusion there are nursing interventions targeting obese children and adolescents that have a positive impact on their health.

Bakgrund: Den psykiska ohälsan ökar hos barn och unga. De ökade psykiska besvären hos elever kan knytas till den individualisering som är en del av den moderna utvecklingen. Att så tidigt som möjligt upptäcka och behandla psykisk ohälsa är angeläget. Skolsköterskan är central för skolhälsovården då hon är tillgänglig i elevernas vardagsmiljö. Syfte. Att belysa skolsköterskans upplevelse av psykisk ohälsa hos elever. Metod: Som metod valdes semistrukturerad intervju. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysresultatet beskriver fem skolsköterskors upplevelse av psykisk ohälsa hos elever. Resultat: Ur analysresultatet framträdde sex kategorier: Ont, Kommer, Överaktivitet, Trötta, Självskadebeteende och Kompisar. Resultatet visar på en hög frekvens av återkommande besök. Eleverna sökte mest för huvudvärk och ont i magen. Det är mest flickor som söker skolsköterskan, pojkar upplevs ha svårare att ta emot hjälp. / Background: The mental unhealth is increasing of children and youth. The increasedmental problems of students can be connected to the individualization that is a part of themodern development. It is urgent to detect and treat mental unhealth as early as possible.The school nurse is central to school health nursing as she is available in the students’everyday life.Aim: To illuminate the school nurse’s experience of mental unhealth of students.Method: As data collecting method semi structured interview was chosen. The materialwas analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The result of the analysis describes fiveschool nurse’s experiences of mental unhealth of students.Findings: The result of the analysis was six categories: Pain, Coming, Overactivity, Tired,Self damaging behaviour and friends. The result shows on a high frequency of revisits. Thestudents mostly visited for headache and stomach ache. It is mostly girls who visit theschool nurse, for boys it is more difficult to accept help.

Background: School health services of today focus on prevention and health promotion within the school. A collaboration between the school health services and the student care team from the guidelines with focus on the student, is expected. Purpose: The purpose was to illustrate School nurses  vocational experiences and what the role of school health services in the student care team at upper secondary schools of John Bauer in relationship to the vision of the school. Method: Qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used (Lundman &Hällgren-Graneheim, 2008). Data was collected by interviewing  school nurses at  School of John Bauer. Result: From the results school nurse´s health enhancement-and promoting work, team cooperation, prioritizing, management and co-ordination were found. From the data eight categories were found such as teamwork, health promoting tools, follow-up of schoolenvironment, knowledge, accessibility, low prioritized student care team, inadequate management and co-ordination of the team. Conclusion: According to the study, time limits and lack of comprehension from school management makes it more difficult for school health service to reach its fully potential. Theresults can be used to improve school nurses´ situation through self-education and encourage education of other student care team members and quality assurance.

<strong>Objective:</strong> This study was designed to inform the development of a web tool to simplify access to and analysis of available evidence for youth tobacco control. This tool will support planning, evaluation and research related to youth tobacco control. Primary objectives were to examine useful functions and characteristics of potential end-users. <br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> A pilot-tested, web-based questionnaire was administered to potential end-users (N=43). A purposeful sample of participants was selected to represent individuals working in youth tobacco control from research, health, and education sectors in Western, Central, and Eastern Regions of Canada. Data were analyzed using frequency calculations and cross-tabulations by sector. Results guided the creation of a prototype. Interviews were conducted with a subset of participants (N=6) to validate the prototype and identify further functions. Data were analyzed using content analysis. <br /> <strong>Results:</strong> Useful functions of the prototype identified varied slightly across sectors. Research participants felt that access to raw data was a useful function. Health sector practitioners were interested in accessing data and creating summary reports of data. Educators were mostly interested in obtaining summary information from data, through reports. Further, health and research participants felt the information resources function was redundant. This research has provided important insights that will guide the development of a functional web tool. <br /> <strong>Implications:</strong> This tool can enable users to identify effective interventions, track the progress of school or health regions relative to benchmarks, and identify high risk schools or communities to target intervention efforts. This tool is an innovative way to maximize the use of available resources to link research, policy, and practice.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 137 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 4, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-135).

Problems related to mental health among young Swedish women, age 15-20, has increased in the past years and is seen as a problem in both on the national and the local levels. Growing up and becoming an adult is a turbulent period for many young people and the school is one area in which this comes to appear. The aim of this study was to identify the causes to lack of mental health related to appearance and achievement among women age 16-19 in senior high school. This study is an interview study with self-made questions, which took place in a medium-sized town in northern Sweden. The result showed that almost every young woman that was interviewed had high expectations on themselves in school-related matters and that stress was a recurrent topic in the interviews. There were also findings that some of the young woman felt stress in their leisure activities. Most of the respondents expressed that they had to put on makeup and fix their hair before they left home, they also wanted to have decent clothes. In the discussion it is said that, to improve problems with the mental health among young women, both the young women and previous recommendations needs to be taken in account.

I Sverige finns idag cirka 7000 barn och ungdomar med den kroniska sjukdomen diabetes. Ungdomar med diabetes typ 1 har ibland tendens att experimentera och ta risker genom att testa gränser för att utveckla sin kunskap. Risktagandet vid en kronisk sjukdom kan innebära medicinska konsekvenser för ungdomarna. En god vård är därför av betydande vikt. En systematisk litteraturstudie med deduktiv ansats genomfördes där syftet var att beskriva skolsköterskans stödjande insatser ungdomar med diabetes typ 1, utifrån Orems teori omstödjande och undervisande omvårdnadssystem. De vetenskapliga artiklarna eftersöks i databaserna Cinahl och Pubmed och sammanlagt hittas 16 artiklar som svarade mot syftet. Databearbetningen utfördes i form av temaanalys. Resultatet visade fyra kategorier av stödjande insatser som ungdomar med diabetes typ 1 är i behov av från skolsköterskan. Utifrån Orems teori om stödjande och undervisande omvårdnadssystem delas de in i: stöd – fysiskt och psykiskt, vägledning, undervisning och skapa en utvecklande miljö. Det fysiska stödet bestod av att ha en fysiskt närvarande skolsköterska som befann sig på plats och gav stöd åt ungdomarna när diabetesrelaterade problem uppkom. Det psykiska stödet bestod av att ha en god lyssnare som en som förstod ungdomarnas livssituation och deras känslor. Det vägledande stödet bestod i att ha en skriftlig vårdplan för att kunna hantera ungdomarnas diabetes i skolan. Stöd i form av undervisning till ungdomarna med diabetes, lärarna och övrig skolpersonal ansågs viktigt. För att ungdomar med diabetes ska kunna hantera sin sjukdom och egenvård krävdes en anpassad miljö. I en stödjande miljö fanns behov, tid och tillgänglighet av mat. Det var viktigt för att fler personal på skolan skulle ha kunskap och handlingsberedskap vid eventuella akuta situationer som kunde uppstå. Kunskapen som framkommit är viktig i skolsköterskans kliniska arbete, för att kunna ge ungdomar med diabetes typ 1 en trygg tillvaro under sin skoltid. Vidare kvalitativ forskning behövs för att förbättra skolsköterskans stödjande insatser till ungdomar med kronisk sjukdom. Metoder för att skapa en anpassad och säker miljö för ungdomar med kroniska sjukdomar behöver utarbetas. / In Sweden there are currently 7000 children and young people with the chronic disease diabetes. Young people with type 1 diabetes have sometimes tended to experiment and take risks by testing limits to develop their knowledge. Risk-taking in a chronic disease may involve medical consequences for young people. A good health care is therefore of considerable importance. A systematic literature search with a deductive approach carried out where the purpose was to describe the school nurse support to young people with diabetes type1, based on Orem´s theory of supportive and educational care system. The research articles were searched for in database Cinahl and Pubmed and 16 articles were found who answered the purpose. Dataprocessing was carried out in the form of thematic analysis. The result showed 4 categories of support that young people with diabetes type 1 is in need of. Based on Orems theory of supportive and educational caresystem divided into: support -physically and mentally, guidance, education and create a developed environment. The physical support consisted of having a present school nurse who was situated at school and gave support to young people with diabetes related problems when they needed help. The mental support consisted of having a good listener who understood young people's life situation and feelings. The guidance support consisted in having a written care plan for young people to be able to manage diabetes in school. Educational support for young people with diabetes their teachers and other school staff was considered important. Young people with diabetes should be able to manage their disease and care required a developed environment. A supportive environment was necessary also time and availability of food. It was important that more staff at the school would have knowledge and preparedness in the event of any emergency situations that could arise. The knowledge that was found is important in a school nurse clinical work, to be able to give adolescents with diabetes type 1 safe environment during school time. Further qualitative research is needed to improve the school nurse´s supportive service for young people with chronic illness. Methods to create a customized and secure environment for young people with chronic illnesses need to be developed.

Background: This study analyzes local wellness policies of 176 Georgia public school systems. The purpose of the study was to analyze potential relationships between demographic characteristics of Georgia school systems and compliance with the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, as well as the strength of wellness policy goals in the areas of nutrition, physical activity, and other school-based activities. Methods: Demographic data from the Georgia Department of Education were used as independent variables. Compliance ratings and the strength of wellness policy goals were derived from an evaluation tool developed by a research team at Georgia State University’s Institute of Public Health as part of a project contracted by the Georgia Department of Education. Analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation (two-tailed), crosstabulation, and linear regression. Results: Statistically significant positive associations were found between academic performance and strength of overall wellness policy goals (p < .05), as well as goals in the areas of nutrition education and other school-based activities (p < .01). Economic status of the student population was found to be positively associated with the strength of nutrition education goals (p < .05). No statistically significant associations were identified between demographic characteristics of school systems and physical activity goals. No associations were identified between involving community stakeholders in wellness policy development and having more comprehensive wellness policy goals. Conclusions: This study found statistically significant evidence of districts with stronger academic performance having more comprehensive overall wellness policy goals and stronger goals specifically in the areas of nutrition education and other school-based activities goals. Findings should assist the Georgia Department of Education in allocating its limited resources to help school systems improve wellness in public schools throughout Georgia. Recommendations are made to strengthen federal and state policy regarding school wellness, to conduct more research regarding the influence of community involvement on school wellness, and to provide guidance to local school systems having less resources and lower student academic performance in order to ensure health disparities are not further exacerbated.

I Sverige har förekomsten av klamydia ökat hos ungdomarna sedan 1997 och fortsatt stiga under 2000-talet. Den sexuella aktiviteten har förändrats till att ha fler tillfälliga partners och att skydda sig med kondom är inte alltid så självklart för de unga. Det kognitiva- och socioemotionella ssteme i hjärnan är inte färdigutvecklat hos tonåringarna vilket kan leda till spontana beslut och riskfyllt beteende. Syftet för denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva skolhälsovårdens hälsofrämjande omvårdnadsåtgärder för att påverka ungdomars sexuella risktagande. Event History Calendars, en metod för det individuella hälsosamtalet visade efter en månads postintervention en minskning av det sexuella riskbeteendet. Undervisning på gruppnivå är effektivt för att påverka ungdomars sexuella riskbeteende och för att höja åldern för den sexuella debuten. Men för yngre sexuellt aktiva tonåringar har dessa undervisningsmetoder ingen effekt. Metoder som stärker kommunikationen mellan de yngre tonåringarna och deras föräldrar har en skyddande effekt för utvecklingen av riskbeteenden. Familjeinterventionerna behöver undersökas närmare under svenska förhållanden. Metoder användbara i hälsosamtalen i skolhälsovården behöver också utvecklas i de svenska skolorna. Detta för att upptäcka de barn och ungdomar med behov av stöd. / The incidence of chlamydia in Swedish adolescents has increased in recent years. Sexual activity habits have changed and today´s teens have more partners and more casual contacts. Using condoms for protecting is not not always an obvious choice for the young. The cognitive ans socio-emotionell functions of the brain are not fully developed in young teens, and poor decision-making can and does lead to impulsive and risky beahaviors. The aim for this study of literature was to describe schhol health promotion nursing interventions to influence young peoples sexual risk-taking. Event History Calendars, a method used in individual health interviews, showed a reducation of risk behaviors after one month of post intervention. Teaching in groups is another effective method for influencing teens to reduce their risky behaviors and also leads to the additional positive outcome of raising the ages of sexual debut. Unfortunately these teaching methods have no positive effect on younger sexually active teens. A more productive methods for very young teens is to steengthen the communication between them and their parents. We need to examine closer the role of family interventions in Swedish schools as well as develope the methods shown to bee effective in health interviews in order to identify and assist children and young youth need of support.