Introduction: This study moves to examine the prevalence of risky driving behaviors and deficiency of communication pertinent to topics related to safe driving among adolescents in central Appalachia. Even though plenty of research displays the consequences associated with driving, drivers continue to take part in risky behaviors such as texting while driving, riding in a vehicle without wearing a seatbelt, and riding in a vehicle with someone who has been drinking. Methods: Participants of the study included three high schools in Southwest Virginia consisting of 385 11th and 12th grade students. Students were administered a paper-pencil survey either during homeroom or last period with questions taken from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey. Results: The results of the study indicate the frequent occurrence of young drivers engaging in risky driving behaviors associated with texting while driving and not wearing a seatbelt as both passenger and driver in a vehicle. Additionally, the results of the study indicate that there is a lack of healthcare provider communication related to risks associated with driving. This information is crucial because the data demonstrates the missed opportunity to provide better education to adolescents on how they can prevent harm to their lives or the lives of other citizens while driving. Conclusion: After analyzing these results, it becomes evident that more education about safe driving behaviors is crucial for benefiting the young drivers of this region. Because road injury is the leading cause of death among adolescents, it is paramount to provide educational resources to young drivers to decrease the impact of injuries and deaths related to risky driving behaviors. There resides a missed opportunity to educate adolescents about behaviors that may risk their lives or those of their peers and loved ones. In addition, researchers can conduct further studies to examine effective safe driving education programs to decrease the risk behaviors commonly engaged in by adolescent drivers.

The thesis deals with design of a semiactive seat suspension system for an agriculture machines and design of dynamic model of the system, which includes real parameters of a magnetorheological (MR) damper. The dynamic model is a single degree of freedom model and it is made in program Matlab. In the model, response time of the MR damper and three control algorithms are implemented (two-state Skyhook, Skyhook linear approximation damper control and Acceleration Driven Damper control). Based on the results of the simulations, the damping characteristics are defined, and the MR damper is modified to achieve fast response time. A test seat is designed to test transmission of vibrations to the driver. The simulation results provide a comparison of efficiency of the seat suspension depending on the response time and control algorithm, as well as a comparison with a passive suspension system. On the designed test seat with MR damper with a fast response time, the vibration transmission is reduced up to 25 % compared with the best passive seat suspension setup.

The subject of this master´s thesis is the design of a single-purpose assembly device for pressing round seats into the cylinders of an air conditioning compressor. The whole thesis leads to a complete 3D model of the machine, including drawings. The 3D model and drawings were created in SOLIDWORKS.

This master thesis deals with creation of computational model for stress - strain analysis of front car seat folding mechanism. The calculation has been done using FEM for static and dynamic load case. The results displayed the critical area of mechanism and determined the value of force when the safety of mechanism is not guaranteed and the force when the mechanism failure occurs. According to results from both load cases was made a statement that is necessary to model the dynamic load cases respecting the load time course.

This diploma thesis deals with the normative requirements on the activities of restraint systems. It includes biomechanical limits of the human body, restraint systems, description of the principle of their action and legislation. Legislation, particularly regulations of ECE and EC directives defines the normative requirements on the activity of restraint systems in the context of the approval process. There are described two types of restraint systems: seat belts and airbags in details. There are created simulations of crashtests and reviewed influence of using restraint systems on elimination of negative phenomenon of car accidents.

In the United States, motor vehicle crashes are one of the leading causes of unintentional injury death and disability for children ages 1'15 years. Despite local, state, and federal legislative and educational efforts, children continue to be restrained improperly and thus face harm. Identifying behaviors and barriers that place child occupants at risk is crucial for implementing focused, injury-prevention programs and policies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Connecticut's child passenger safety law that was strengthened in 2005. This study involved a multifactorial approach to predicting child seat use, guided by Roger's diffusion of innovations as the theoretical framework. The analysis determined if there was a difference in the prevalence of car seat use before as compared to after law implementation and identified variables that best predicted the use of car seats and premature transition to a seat belt. Using Connecticut's Crash Data Repository, a logistic regression analysis indicated that car seat use was 1.3 times more likely post law (OR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and that in particular, children ages 4, 5, and 6 (combined) were most positively affected by the law (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54-0.82). Driver sex, crash time of day, child age, and child seating position were all determined to be significant predictors of whether or not a child was in a child safety seat. Additionally, these variables were also determined to be predictors of early transition to use of a lap/shoulder belt (versus child seat). The social change implication of this study is that identifying predictors of car seat use and early transition helps to formulate and implement injury prevention measures that could in turn help to decrease medical costs, save lives, and prevent injuries.

Ambulanssjukvården är idag en högteknologisk del av den svenska vårdkedjan där patienten ska förväntas möta samma vårdkvalité som i den övriga vården. Ambulansen är utformad till ett vårdrum där patienten ska kunna vårdas, behandlas och transporteras till sjukhus på ett säkert sätt. Prioritet-1 transport innebär att ambulansen med siren och/eller blåljus påkallar fri väg för att snabbt kunna ta sig till skadeplats och patient, eller snabbt kunna transportera patient till sjukhus. Dessa transporter innebär att ambulansen framförs i hastigheter över rådande hastighetsbestämmelser, och utgör en trafiksäkerhetsrisk för både omgivning, personal i ambulansen och patienten. Tidigare forskning har visat att majoriteten av ambulansrelaterade olyckor uppkommer under prioritet-1 transporter. Samtidigt som det innebär en flerfaldigt förhöjd risk för skador med dödlig utgång för personalen i vårdutrymmet vid dessa olyckor jämfört med personal i förarhytten. Detta förklaras av ambulansens design och tekniska utformning samt låg grad av bältesanvändning hos vårdande ambulanspersonal. Ambulanspersonalen har beskrivit att de vid omhändertagandet av den kritiskt sjuke patienten behöver vara obältade under transporten för att utföra avancerad och livsuppehållande behandling under transport. Att transportera patienter är en av de huvudsakliga uppgifterna i dagens ambulanssjukvård, och i ambulanssjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning beskrivs att denne ska kunna transportera patienten på ett patient- och trafiksäkert sätt. Studiens syfte var att beskriva sjuksköterskors bedömning av trafiksäkerheten i ambulansens vårdutrymme under prioritet-1 transport till sjukhus. En webenkät utformades för att undersöka sjuksköterskors bedömning av tre identifierade trafiksäkerhetsrisker i vårdutrymmet, den obältade vårdaren, den obältade patienten samt förekomsten av lösa föremål. Resultatet visade en låg bältesanvändning för vårdande sjuksköterska under transport, en hög bältesanvändning för patienten samt en hög förekomst av lösa föremål i vårdutrymmet. Sjuksköterskans utbildning påverkade inte bältesanvändningen för vårdaren, bältesanvändningen för patienten eller förekomsten av lösa föremål. Dock visade resultatet att specialistsjuksköterskorna inom ambulanssjukvård, bedömde trafiksäkerhetsrisken högre för patienten vid de tillfällen då vårdaren var obältad, än de grundutbildade sjuksköterskorna. Vidare ansåg flera av respondenterna att tidsintervallet då hen var obältad och förekomst av lösa föremål utgjorde en högre risk för vårdande sjuksköterska än för patienten. Det var författarnas slutsats att prioritet-1 transporter med ambulans framförs i höga hastigheter, detta med ökad skade-och mortalitetsrisk för ambulanspersonal och patient vid en eventuell kollision. En markant lägre bältesanvändning hos ambulanspersonalen i vårdutrymmet jämfört med nationell data av civila bilister i Sverige, samt av ambulanspersonalen upplevd dålig fordonsdesign med lösa föremål som följd ökar skaderisken ytterligare. Ambulanspersonalen saknar kunskap kring de risker det innebär att färdas obältad i ett fordon, samt kunskap kring de skador lösa föremål kan åstadkomma vid eventuell skadehändelse med involverad ambulans. Vårdmiljön i ambulansen har stor förbättringspotential, där design och utformning kan minska behovet av vårdarens rörlighet och förekomsten av lösa föremål. Kunskap kring trafiksäkerhet och dess betydelse för patient och vårdare behöver ökas hos den operativa ambulanspersonalen. Nyckelord: prehospital, trafiksäkerhet, utryckningskörning, bältesanvändning, lösa föremål / Ambulance care is today an advanced medical instance of the Swedish care system, where patients can expect to meet the same quality of care as in any other care institution. The ambulance is designed to be used as a room for care where the patient can be safely treated and transported to hospitals in a safe way. Priority-1 transport means that the ambulance with the siren and/or lights, demands free access on the road, to quickly get to the patient, or to quickly transport the patient to the hospital. These transports mean that the ambulance drives at speeds that exceeds speed limits, and poses a road safety hazard to both the environment, ambulance staff and the patient. Previous research has shown that the majority of ambulance-related accidents occur under priority-1 transports. At the same time as it involves a multiple increased risk of fatal injury for the personnel in the care space. This is explained by the ambulance's technical design and low proportion of belt use in ambulance staff. Ambulance staff have described that when handling the severely ill patient, they need to be unbelted during transportation to perform advanced and life-saving treatment during transportation. The patient transport to, or between hospitals is one of the main tasks in today's ambulance care, and in the ambulance nurse's competence description it is described that the ambulance nurse should be capable of transporting the patient in a patient-and road safe way.   The purpose of the study was to describe the nurse's assessment of road safety in the ambulance care area, under priority-1 transport to hospitals.   A web survey was designed to investigate the nurse's assessment of three identified road safety risks in the care area, the unbelted care provider, the unbelted patient and the presence of loose objects.   The result showed a low belt usage for the staff during transport, a high belt use for the patient and a high incidence of loose items in the care space. The nurses level of education did not affect the use of seat belts for the nurses, seat belt use or the occurrence of loose objects. However, the result of the fact that the ambulance nurse compared with the undergraduate nurse assessed the road safety risk higher for the patient on occasions when the caretaker was unbelted. It was significantly more common that the nurse considered the time interval when he or she was unbelted as a risk for him/ herself, and the loose objects occur to be posed a higher risk to the caregiver than to the patient. It was the authors' conclusion that priority 1 transports with ambulances are performed at high speeds, whit increased injury and mortality risk for ambulance staff and patient in a possible collision. A significantly lower seat belt use of ambulance staff in the care space compared to national data of civilian drivers in Sweden, as well as the ambulance staff's experience of poor vehicle design with loose items as a consequence, increases the risk of injury further. The care space in the ambulance has great potential for design improvments which can reduce ambulance nurses need of mobility and the presence of loose objects. Knowledge of traffic safety and its importance for patients and care givers, needs to be increased in the operational ambulance personnel.   Keywords: prehospital, traffic safety, emergency driving, seat belt use, loose objects

This thesis presents a set of system algorithms and a feasibility analysis of an automated enforcement system that uses dedicated short-range communication with an emphasis on seatbelt and speed enforcement. The current seatbelt and speed enforcement limitations and disadvantages can be overcome because future vehicles will be equipped with devices that can be used to communicate with other vehicles or the traffic infrastructure. One limitation of the current seatbelt enforcement system is that it relies only on human vision. Today’s automated photo speed enforcement also has the following major limitations and disadvantages: fixed position enforcement, system installation and maintenance costs, enforcement based only on spot speed, sensitivity to lighting conditions, and vulnerability to sprays and obstructions that might block the license plates. This thesis proposes an automated enforcement system that uses wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p protocol), which can resolve all of the above-mentioned problems and is also more efficient, accurate, and cost effective.

Arbetet handlar om utveckling av dagens cykelbarnstolar där det insåg bristande på komfort och anpassningsförmåga för barn mellan 5 och 9 år. Målet med detta arbete var att utveckla en cykelbarnstol som tar hänsyn till barnets motoriska förmåga vid denna ålder och erbjuder förbättrad komfort. För att uppnå målen gjordes en analys av cykelbarnstolar och cyklar generellt som finns i marknaden i dagsläget samtidigt identifierades kundens behov. Då påbörjades idégenerering genom en iterativ skissprocess på papper, följt av skapandet av 3D-modeller i CAD-programmet Creo Parametric för att visualisera koncepten. Beslutmatrisen och Puhg-matriser användes för att analysera, utvärdera och välja det bästa konceptet baserat på olika kriterier. Programmet Granta EduPack användes för att välja rätt och lämpligt material som tar hänsyn till mekaniska och miljömässiga faktorer. Resultatet av arbetet är en cykelbarnstol som uppfyller kraven och målen genom att den främjar barnets motoriska förmåga och utveckling. Detta genom en stabil bas som är fastmonterad i pakethållaren och ergonomiskt ryggstöd och fotstöd. Produkt ger barnet möjlighet att ensam sitta i den. Tillslut användes Keyshot programmet för att rendera en bild av den slutgiltiga modellen för att se hur den ska se ut i verkligheten. Arbetet inkluderar inga feedback från föräldrar eller barn eftersom ingen prototyp skapades, vilket kan vara en begränsning. Därför rekommenderas att dessa aspekter inkluderas i framtida forskning för att förbättra arbetet. / The work focuses on the development of current bicycle child seats, where a lack of comfort and adaptability for children between 5 and 9 years old was identified. The goal of this project was to develop a bicycle child seat that takes into account the child's motor skills at this age and offers improved comfort. To achieve these goals, an analysis of current bicycle child seats and bicycles in the market was conducted, while also identifying the customer's needs. This was followed by an iterative sketching process on paper to generate ideas, followed by the creation of 3D models in the CAD software Creo Parametric to visualize the concepts. Decision matrices and Pugh matrices were used to analyze, evaluate, and select the best concept based on different criteria. The program Granta EduPack was used to choose the right and suitable material, taking into account mechanical and environmental factors. The result of the work is a bicycle child seat that meets the requirements and goals by promoting the child's motor skills and development. This is achieved through a stable base that is securely attached to the luggage carrier and ergonomic backrest and footrest. The product allows the child to sit in it independently. Finally, the Keyshot program was used to render an image of the final model to visualize its real-life appearance. The work does not include any feedback from parents or children since no prototype was created, which can be a limitation. Therefore, it is recommended that these aspects be included in future research to improve the work.

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