Traffic simulation is a powerful tool that provides transportation engineers with the ability to test the feasibility and performance of a system before it is implemented and also helps in optimizing the proposed system. Over the past twenty years significant amount of work has been conducted on improving the quality and accuracy of transportation simulation models. Much of this work has been concentrated on microscopic simulation models because they provide traffic engineers greater opportunity to examine the inherently complex, stochastic, and dynamic nature of transportation systems when compared to traditional macroscopic models. In order to test the performance of some of the simulation models, a study is conducted on freeway weaving sections, which are considered to be one of the most complex regions to be modeled and analyzed. The intent of the research is to evaluate TRANSIMS, CORSIM, VISSIM and INTEGRATION and compare them with Highway Capacity Manual, which adopts a traditional methodology for carrying out the operational analysis of a highway system. The statistics collected for the simulation runs include weaving speeds, non-weaving speeds and density of the weaving section. / Master of Science

The present research is to investigate experimentally the non linear behavior of tubular thin wall pylons with polygonal sections. A total of nine specimens was tested to failure under an axial compression loading. Some parameters such as the geometrical imperfections and residual stresses, likely to influence the phenomenon of local buckling were taken into account. A theoretical study based on empirical formulas of the various design standards is presented to predict local buckling strength of thin-walled tubular members sections under axial compression loading. Results obtained using theoretical study are compared to the results from experimental tests. This report include primarily a review of literature on the stability and the behavior of the thin-walled tubular members under axial compression loading, a design approach in accordance with various standards and a series of laboratory tests.

The K-shell x-ray and ionization cross sections are measured for protons on Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba, and La over the ion energy range of 0.6 to 2.0 MeV. The data are compared to the predictions of the PWBA, the PWBA with corrections for binding energy and/or Coulomb deflection, the BEA, and the constrained BEA predictions. In general, the non-relativistic PWBA with binding energy correction gives the best overall agreement with the measurements of proton-induced x-ray processes for the K-shell of the elements studied in this work. The data further suggest the need for relativistic PWBA treatment of the interactions in the K-shell for the range of binding energies represented by the elements investigated in this work.

K-Shell ionization cross section for protons over the energy range of 0.4 to 2.0 MeV have been measured on thin targets of the elements Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo and Pd. Total x-ray and ionization cross sections for the K-shell are reported. The experimental values of the ionization cross sections are compared to the non-relativistic plane-wave Born approximation, the binary-encounter approximation, the constrained binary-encounter approximation, and the plane-wave Born approximation with corrections for Coulomb-deflection and binding energy effects.

An affine transformation such as T(P)=Q is a locus of an affine conic. Any affine conic can be produced from this incidence construction. The affine type of conic (ellipse, parabola, hyperbola) is determined by the invariants of T, the determinant and trace of its linear part. The purpose of this thesis is to obtain a corresponding classification in the hyperbolic plane of conics defined by this construction.

The purpose of this thesis is to give a detailed group theoretic proof of the rank formula in a more general setting. By using the proof of Mordell-Weil theorem, a formula for the rank of the elliptical curves in certain cases over algebraic number fields can be obtained and computable.

This paper presents the behaviour and design of axially loaded elliptical steel hollow sections filled with normal and high strength concrete. The experimental investigation was conducted with three nominal wall thickness (4mm, 5mm and 6.3mm) and different infill concrete cube strengths varied from 30 to 100 MPa. The effect of steel tube thickness, concrete strength, and confinement were discussed together with column strengths and load-axial shortening curves were evaluated. The study is limited to cross-section capacity and has not been validated at member level. Comparisons of the tests results together with other available results from the literature have been made with current design method used for the design of composite circular steel sections in Eurocode 4 and AISC codes. It was found that existing design guidance for concrete filled circular hollow sections may generally be safely applied to concrete filled elliptical steel tubes.

Concrete-filled steel tubes are gaining increasing prominence in a variety of engineering structures, with the principal cross-section shapes being square, rectangular and circular hollow sections. A recent addition to this range has been that of elliptical hollow sections. The structural response of empty elliptical tubes has been examined in previous studies. In this paper, the cross-sectional axial behaviour of concrete-filled elliptical hollow sections is investigated. An experimental programme comprising a total of 21 test specimens, with three nominal tube thicknesses (4 mm, 5 mm and 6.3 mm) and three concrete grades (C30, C60 and C100) has been performed. The effects of steel tube thickness, concrete strength and constraining factor on elastic stiffness, ductility and ultimate strength were studied. To simulate the effects of concrete shrinkage, the inner surfaces of 6 of the 21 test specimens were coated with grease prior to casting. To investigate confinement effects, a further 6 of the 21 test specimens were loaded through the concrete core only. The results of the tests presented herein were combined with those from previous studies, and compared with existing design provisions for square, rectangular and circular concrete-filled tubes. The design expressions from current European, North American, Japanese, British and Chinese Standards were assessed. On the basis of the comparisons, design recommendations for concrete-filled elliptical hollow sections have been made.

Koldioxidutsläppen i världen orsakar stora miljöförstöringar och byggbranschen står för en stor del av utsläppen. Samtidigt som utsläppen behöver minska finns ett behov av att bygga fler idrottshallar i Sverige. Utöver det behöver även kostnaderna hållas så låga som möjligt. Därför syftar denna studie till att klargöra hur stor skillnaden i pris och koldioxidutsläpp är beroende på val av pelare i ett verkligt fall. De pelare som undersökts och jämförts är varmformade konstruktionsrör (VKR), kallformade konstruktionsrör (KKR) och energisnåla kallformade konstruktionsrör (Zero KKR). För att genomföra studien dimensionerades pelare till en idrottshall enligt europeiska standarder, så kallade Eurokoder. Dimensioneringen utgick från stålleverantören Tibnors sortiment. Information om pris och koldioxidutsläpp för de dimensioner som togs fram samlades in från Tibnor och dess återförsäljare. En sammanställning av informationen gjordes i tabeller och diagram för jämförelse. Resultatet visar att det totala priset för pelare till idrottshallen är 20,7% lägre vid val av KKR istället för VKR. Jämförelsen visar även att det går att göra en utsläppsbesparing på 8,7% genom att, genomgående, välja KKR istället för VKR till pelare för den idrottshall som undersökts. Med Zero KKR skulle det vara möjligt att minska koldioxidutsläppen pelarna till idrottshallen orsakar med ytterligare 66,8% och slutsatsen kan dras att användning av Zero KKR alltid skulle bidra till en markant minskning av koldioxidutsläppet. / Carbon dioxide emissions worldwide cause significant environmental damage and the construction industry is responsible for many of these emissions. At the same time that emissions need to be reduced, there is a need to build more sports halls in Sweden. In addition, costs also need to be kept down. Therefore, this study aims to clarify how big the difference in price and carbon dioxide emissions is depending on the choice of columns in a real case. The colums that has been investigated and compared is Hot-Formed Hollow Sections, Cold-Formed Hollow Sections and the energy efficient Zero Cold-Formed Hollow Sections. To do the investigation, columns for a sports hall were dimensioned according to European standards, so-called Eurocodes. Dimensioning was based on the steel supplier Tibnor's range. Data regarding price and carbon dioxide emissions for the dimensions produced were collected from Tibnor and its dealers. A compilation was made in tables and charts for comparison. The result shows that the total price for the columns to the sportshall is 20,7% lower for Cold-Formed Hollow Sections than Hot-Formed Hollow Sections. The comparison also shows that it is possible to save 8.7% on emissons by consistently choosing Cold-Formed Hollow Section instead of Hot-Formed Hollow Sections as pillars for the investigated sports hall. With Zero Cold-Formed Hollow Sections, it would be possible to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions for the columns of the sports hall by a further 66.8% and the conclusion can be drawn that using Zero Cold-Formed Hollow Sections would always contribute to a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

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