Human blood reflects the health of internal organs and tissues, the constituent can be affected on account of abnormal health status. Moreover, the ion concentration of chloride and ammonium in human blood relates to the functionality of our kidney and liver, which is one of the most important health indicators. For real-time monitoring and detecting applications, this study uses micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) surface micromachining process technology to develop an extended-gate field-effect transistors (EGFET), and by combining two different ion-selective membranes (ISM), a disposable silicon-based chloride and ammonium micro ion sensor was fabricated. The main process steps include four photolithography process and two thin film deposition. In order to probe into the influences on modulating three designing parameters: (i) channel width to length ratio; (ii) channel shape; (iii) mixing ratio of the sensing film additives, the size of the sensing area is fixed to 1¡Ñ1 mm2 while the device is fixed to 6 mm3. In this thesis, the optimization of the development chloride and ammonium micro ion sensors, according to the measuring results from the commercial semiconductor analyzer (Agilent B1500A), when measuring range of 10-1~10-5 mol/L, the sensitivity and linearity for the chlorine ion sensor is 47.5 mV/pCl and 99.13%, as for the ammonium ion sensor are 41.2 mV/pNH4 and 99.28%, the interfering ion selectivity coefficients (log KCl,OH, log KNH ,Na) are -4.71 and 0.53 respectively.

The research has investigated the traditional bakery¡¦s marketing strategy. In recent years, traditional bakery store has impacted by the introduce of western diet culture and people being used to having western bakery food. Using the case of Wu Chi Bakery, as a well-known bakery store in local, it has faced the difficulty. The framework of the research is according to the developing procedure of marketing strategy. To understand the marketing environment of the bakery industry and the marketing strategy of the Wu Chi Bakery. The conclusions as below: 1. Product strategy: Characteristics of the product is the most important factor when consumer have to decide whether to purchase. 2. Promotion strategy: Service and introduction is the most efficiency way to promote the product. 3. Channel strategy: Using selective distribution strategy to expand channels. 4. Price strategy: To unify the price, using single-price strategy ,except for bulk purchase. According to the conclusions, suggestions are as below: 1. Taking advantage of being specialty. 2. Enlarging channels. 3. Varying the product line. 4. Combined with related industries.

In this thesis, the problem of data transmission in amplify-and-forward (AF) co- operative system which implemented joint channel estimation and data detection at the destination (receiver) is considered. The nonlinear block code is designed to as- sist the above methodology. The design criterion takes into account the uncertainty of channel parameters at the receiver based on joint channel estimation and data detection algorithm and the simulations will prove that it can achieve full diversity that is offered by multiple relay and frequency-selective fading channel. Using an approximation of the union boun on the error probability as the design criterion, such that it can be simulated as a function for simulated annealing algorithm. The designed codewords are applied to the AF cooperative system. In order to assess the performance of joint estimation and detection fashion, the numerical simulations will be carried out the word error rate (WER) performances illustrate that improve- ment over differnt benchmark schemes can be obtained.

This thesis explores the role the U.S. plays in the developmental process of international nonproliferation regime. The argument of this thesis is mainly based on the power-based perspective, which assumes that the U.S., the first country to obtain nuclear technology, profoundly influences the creation and persistence of the nonproliferation regime. First of all, I discuss the debate on the theories of international regime in order to highlight the applicability of power-based approach in the research of nonproliferation regime. Secondly, I examine both the nuclear policy of the U.S. and the developmental history of nonproliferation regime, so as to explain the former¡¦s impacts over the latter. Finally, I evaluate the different means and postures of the U.S. when she confronts different violators. Through this inquiry, I attempt to expose the flaw of the nonproliferation regime: the proliferation problem is still not totally suspended even after the establishment of the nonproliferation regime. The main factor of the flaw is, nonetheless, resulted from the U.S.¡¦ misapplication of her nuclear hegemonic power and her selective proliferation policy towards different violators, although she had positively contributed to the creation and persistence of the nonproliferation regime.

The use of high power converters has increased tremendously. Increased demand for transportation, housing and industrial needs means that more number of power converters interact with the utility power grid. These converters are non-linear and they draw harmonic currents, significantly affecting power quality. To reduce harmonics, filters, power factor correction circuits and capacitor banks are required. And the development of hybrid technologies and renewable energy power stations trigger a demand for power converters with bi-directional capabilities. The objective of this thesis is to develop a high power quality, bi-directional AC-DC power converter that is a solution to the aforementioned problems. This thesis studies an existing topology for a high power AC-DC power conversion with transformer isolation. The topology consists of an uncontrolled rectifier followed by a DC-DC converter to produce a set voltage output. A design example of the topology is simulated using the PSIM software package (version 6). Critical performance characteristics such as power factor and total harmonic distortion are analyzed. Following that study a new topology is proposed, which is an improvement over the older design, with reduced power conversion stages. The new topology has a fully controlled current source Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) rectifier at the front end to replace the uncontrolled rectifier and DC-DC combination. This topology has multiquadrant operational capabilities and the controller employs Selective Harmonic Elimination techniques to produce the programmed PWM switching functions for the rectifier. A design example of the converter and the digital controller are simulated in PSIM environment. The converter input current THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) and input power factor are within IEEE 519 and DoE standards. The converter is simulated in both first and fourth quadrant operations. A side-by-side comparison of the two topologies is done with respect to design and performance features such as power factor, THD, filter size, etc. The new topology converter provides performance superior to that of the older topology. Finally the thesis explores possible applications for the converter in power supplies, renewable energy and hybrid technologies.

Abstract The decrement of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emission can slow down the impaction to the natural environment as well as avoiding the global warming become worse continuously. The three coal fired boilers in CSC were designed as capable of multi-fuel burning but its primary fuel is coal. The original designed coal is PCI coal from Australia. The NOx emission generating while using PCI coal is around 320 ppm and can,t meet the local EPA emission requirement set for year 2001, which is 300ppm. To cope with more stringent environmental requirement, the first stage strategy is to evaluate the NOx removal technologies and selecting the optimum one of them to fight against NOx emission. By means of MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) methodologies, SNCR is chosen due to its simplicity and acceptable NOx-out ability. The 45% NOx reduction rate can be achieved and the control NOx final output will be lower than 200ppm, which is the promised level to the local EPA. In compromising the NOx reduction requirement and the practical running cost factor, the 240ppm NOx level has been determined for operating the SNCR system. The second stage of NOx reduction evaluation is focused on the coal brands selection. It¡As believed that through the right choose of suitable coal can offer the contribution to both environment and economic. After surveying the different coal composition analysis and carrying out real trial burn, the ADARO coal from Indonesia was picked up from competition and deem as the most environment friendly coal in terms of owning the optimum coal compositions and the lowest pollutants generation including NOx, SO2, as well as ash. As a result, the ADARO coal application is highly successful in the aspects of less pollutant generation and saving cost expenditure caused by the related environment equipment systems operation and maintenance. Obviously, the positive and close relationship between environment and economic has been proved. Base on the real evidence, this paper proves that by choosing the suitable methodologies, the NOx reduction can be accomplished to some extent. The whole environment can be benefited by this action and meanwhile the air pollution tax plus operation and maintenance cost can be reduced further. It¡As hoped that by announcing this paper, the outstanding performance of remarkable NOX reduction outcome and its coat saving advantage can be applied to the whole industrial field. Let¡As work together for the purpose of decreasing the pollutants emission, lightening the harms to the natural environment and fulfilling the duties of protection the all eco system. Key words: Nitrogen Oxide, Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction(SNCR), environmental coal, Multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)

Management of big wildlife such as bears can be a difficult task, especially in the face of human-wildlife conflict and demands of the hunting industry. The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) population at Yusufeli County (Artvin, northeastern Turkey) has recently been the focus of scientific, social and economic concerns. This study population of c. 140 individuals occurs within 800 km2 of forested and alpine land. Legal hunting of male bears was allowed in 2007 after an interval of four years. This study aims to find out through a population viability analysis the level and frequency of trophy hunting this population can tolerate for the next 50 years. A matrix model with six age-classes for each sex was constructed using observed and literature-based parameter values. RAMAS Metapop was used to simulate four different scenarios where numbers of hunted bears and hunting frequency changes. The model was highly sensitive to maximum growth rate and adult survival. Interval extinction probabilities for the next 50 years ranged between 0% and 26% depending on the scenario. Viable scenarios (with an extinction probability &lt / 0.05) were only possible with either no trophy hunting or hunting of 4 subadult/adult males and 1 adult female every other year. Legal and illegal hunting jointly impact the bear population in a strong way, and when they occur simultaneously every year, they lead to extinction in the long run. Avoidance of illegal killing and a close supervision of trophy hunting are crucial in the management of this bear population.

Rapid prototyping methods embrace a family of manufacturing methods that are developed to speed up the prototyping stage of product design. The sole needed input for production being the solid model of the part, mold/tool-free production characteristics and the geometric part complexity that can be achieved due to layer-by-layer production have extended the applicability/research areas of these methods beyond prototyping. Local pore formation in part that occurs as a result of the discrete manufacturing nature of rapid prototyping methods can be viewed as an opportunity for material development. In this thesis, the manufacturing-internal (porous) structure-mechanical property relations of porous materials are investigated. These porous parts are produced via Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) which is a rapid prototyping method. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, rupture strength and Poisson&rsquo / s ratio of uniform porous specimens with known porosities are determined through standardized mechanical tests for polymeric materials. The mechanical property variation profiles in graded materials are determined using the mechanical properties of uniform parts. The mechanical behavior of uniform and graded materials under applied loads are modeled using finite element method and simulation results are compared to the results of mechanical tests performed on graded materials. In addition, feasibility of producing resin filled composite parts from these uniform and graded porous parts are sought. Porous parts (both uniformly and graded) that are infiltrated with epoxy resin have been characterized mechanically and the results have been compared with the uninfiltrated porous parts.

Selective laser sintering is a rapid prototyping method (RP), which was originally developed, along with other RP methods, to speed up the prototyping stage of product design. The sole needed input for production being the solid model of the part, the mold/tool-free production characteristics and the geometric part complexity that can be achieved due to layer-by-layer production have extended the applicability/research areas of these methods beyond prototyping towards new applications and material development. Local pore formation in a part that occurs as a result of the discrete manufacturing nature of selective laser sintering is normally considered a defect. In the current research, this is viewed as an opportunity for material development: Exploitation of rapid prototyping methods to produce composites/functionally graded materials with controlled porous structures. That the material interior structure (porous structure) and exterior shape are formed during the same course renders selective laser sintering process as an attractive manufacturing alternative for producing complex-geometry composite/porous materials, which may be difficult or impossible to manufacture with other techniques. In this thesis, the use of selective laser sintering (a rapid prototyping method) in producing uniformly porous and graded polymeric graded porous structures is studied. The material used was polyamide powder (PA 2200) and the selective laser sintering machine used was the EOSINT P 380 system. In this research, three process parameters of the SLS system, the hatching distance, the laser power and the laser scanning speed were varied to produce parts that have different porosities. Porous parts with a homogenous porous microstructure (uniformly porous parts) could be produced, as well as graded porous parts. The results of uniformly porous structure production were utilized to build graded porous structures by imparting different porosities along a certain direction within a single part. Both, uniformly porous and graded structures were characterized physically and mechanically. The porous parts (both uniformly porous and graded porous) were infiltrated with epoxy resin to produce epoxy-PA composites and graded materials. The physical and mechanical properties of these parts were compared with those of the uninfiltrated (porous PA) structures

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