Research in the field of NOX abatement has grown significantly in the past two decades. The general trend has been to develop new catalysts with complex materials in order to meet the stringent environmental regulations. The master’s thesis deals with the cleaning flue gases through a filter element which is from porous ceramics. There is catalyst implemented for NOx reduction throug the method of selective catalytic reduction in the filter element. There is also description of experimental unit for flue gas cleaning. Part of the thesis is creation of prediction model which allows to predict efficiency reduction in the filtration device operating conditions with some accuracy.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the control of the geometric accuracy of the parts produced by additive manufacturing technology selective laser melting. The paper first analyzed the work of the other authors dealing with this issue. Based on obtained informations from this analysis were developed benchmark test parts for quality control of production on a commercial machine SLM 280 HL supplied by SLM Solutions GmbH. The work was carried out several tests to determine the appropriate parameters of construction parts. These tests, their results and conclusions are fully described in this papper.

The thesis engage in structure of solar collectors in theoretical part. Secondly, theory of thermal spraying coating and anodizing is subscribed. In practical part of thesis is proposition of producing a spectral selective surface suitable for solar absorbers. Finally the properties of the samples are checked by thermographic camera shots.

This diploma thesis deals with finding and verification of appropriate technological parameters of SLM technology for the processing of aluminum alloy 2618. In the theoretical part, an introduction to additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys and general description of processes occurring during SLM production is given. Based on general knowledge were designed different types of testing samples produced by sintering the metallurgical powder using 400 W ytterbium fiber laser, which so far in the literature for aluminum alloy 2618 were not described. As the result, the technological parameters dependence on relative density and the detailed overview of the 2618 alloy processing by SLM technology is determined.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to study fatigue properties of EN AW-2618A aluminium alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM). S-N diagrams of reference alloy and SLM material depending on manufacturing conditions were constructed. Reference alloy had the same chemical composition as the SLM material, but it was made by traditional technology (by extruding). While testing, acoustic emission (AE) and resonant frequency of loading was monitored. Fractographic analyses of fracture surfaces were performed. It was found, that SLM material has significantly worse fatigue performance. Fatigue properties are strongly dependent on SLM process parameters settings and precise observance of procedure. The most significant differences in cyclic degradation were found in the length of the stages of fatigue. The more homogeneous the material is, the longer the nucleation stage compared to the total lifetime is. The main source of AE in case of the reference material is plastic deformation on the tip of the crack. For SLM testing, stronger acoustic activity was recorded, because brittle fracture of the material between discontinuities, which is stronger AE source, is more frequent.

This diploma thesis deals with finding copper alloy suitable for processing SLM technology and determining the process parameters leading to a relative density close to the full material. The theoretical part provides an insight into additive technology and the processing of new alloys in SLM. Work also contains a search report of processed copper alloys used in SLM. Based on the theoretical part were designed test samples and method of evaluation. Samples were produced by melting metallurgical powder using ytterbium laser with an output power 400 W. The testing is divided into three stages; Determination of the parameters of the SLM process, Debug strategies for larger parts, Geometric precision and mechanical testing. Based on the results was determined dependence of relative density on the input parameters. For the best parameters were determined geometric precision correction and mechanical properties.

La conception et le développement de biocapteurs pour la détection directe de biomarqueurs dans un échantillon de fluide biologique constituent un véritable défi dans la recherche pour leur application dans le système de point de soins en diagnostic. Mon projet est axé sur l'élaboration d'une nouvelle plateforme de décomposition biologique composée de graphène qui présente une surface électroactive et spécifique élevée permettant de greffer de nombreux biomolécules avec des métalloporphyrines en tant que nouveau marqueur redox pour suivre le processus de reconnaissance biologique obtenu dans le cas d'un capteur d'ADN. Le concept sera de démontrer que les métalloporphyrines où le potentiel d'oxydo-réduction pourrait être contrôlé par la nature des ions métalliques pourraient être appliquées dans une plate-forme de biocapteurs électrochimique multidétection. L'association de la métalloporphyrine avec le graphène offrira de nombreux avantages, comme la promotion de la réaction de transfert d'électrons et ayant une grande surface pour l'immobilisation des protéines. La détection de la cible présente sera réalisée suite à l'activité redox des métalloporphyrines greffées à la surface. Nous avons déjà synthétisé différentes métalloporphyrines modifiées et caractérisées par des techniques habituelles de spectrométrie telles que la RMN, les UV et la MS. Le biocapteur d'ADN a été construit par le composite de graphène et métalloporphyrine et sonde d'ADN comme biorécepteur suivant l'approche d'attachement covalent et l'optimisation de la construction de biocapteur pour améliorer la stabilité et la reproductibilité. Et nous avons déjà fait une détection de l'ADN cible par diverses méthodes électrochimiques, y compris la voltamétrie cyclique, la voltampérométrie à onde carrée et la spectroscopie d'impédance. Cette stratégie a été réalisée d'abord avec la porphyrine Mn insérée puis généralisée à divers complexes métalliques pour une approche multidétection. Parallèlement, les nanomatériaux hybrides combinant les caractéristiques du graphène (haute conductivité et grande surface spécifique) et des porphyrines (propriétés physiques et chimiques et capacité de transfert d'électrons), tels que la tétraphénylporphyrine portant un et quatre groupes carboxyliques nommés H₂TPP-nCP (n = 1, 4) et la tétraphénylporphyrine incorporant du manganèse (III) (MnTPP-1CP) ont été synthétisés avec succès. L'interaction entre H₂TPP-nCP (n = 1, 4) et l'oxyde de graphène chimiquement réduit (CRGO) a été étudiée dans mon travail de thèse. Pour étudier les propriétés caractéristiques des nanomatériaux préparés, la microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), la microscopie à force atomique (AFM), les spectres UV-visible, les spectres infrarouges à transformée de Fourier (FT-IR) et les spectres de photoélectrons X. Afin d'éliminer l'absorption non spécifique, la modification de l'électrode par le PEA a également été appliquée et obtenir une excellente application pour la détection de la cible d'ADN. / The design and development of biosensors for direct detection of biomarkers in biological fluid sample is real challenge in research for their application in point of care system in diagnostic. My project is focus on the elaboration of a new platform for biological detaction composed of graphene which exhibits a high electroactive and specific surface suitable for grafting numerous biomoleculer with metalloporphyrins as a novel redox marker for following biological recognition process obtained in the case of DNA sensor. The concept will be to demonstrate that the metaloporphyrines where there redox potential could be controlled by the nature of metal ions could be applied in multidetection electrochemical biosensor platform. The association of metalloporphyrin with graphene will offer numerous advantages, as promoting electron transfer reaction and having a large surface for protein immobilization. The detection of target present will be performed following redox activity of the metalloporphyrins grafted on the surface. We have already synthesized various modified metalloporphyrins and characterizatized by usual spectrometry techniques such as NMR, UV and MS. The DNA biosensor has been constructed by the composite of graphene and metalloporphyrin and DNA probe as bioreceptor following covalent attachment approach and optimization of the biosensor construction for improving stability and reproducibility. And we have already done some detection of DNA Target by various electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. This strategy was performed firstly with on Mn inserted porphyrin and then generalized to various metal complex for multidetection approach. Meanwhile, the hybrid nanomaterials which combined the features of both graphene (high conductivity and large specific surface area) and porphyrins (physical and chemical properties and electron transfer ability), such as tetraphenylporphyrin bearing one and four carboxylic group named H₂TPP-nCP(n=1, 4) and tetraphenylporphyrin incorporating manganese (III) (MnTPP-1CP) were successfully synthesized. The interaction modes between H₂TPP-nCP(n=1, 4) and chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) was studied in my thesis work. To investigate the characteristic properties of as-prepared nanomaterials, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-visible spectra, Fourier Transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). In order to eliminate the non-specific absorption, the modification of the electrode by monolayer PEA was also applied and obtain excellent application for the detection of DNA target.

abstract: Electro-Selective Fermentation (ESF) combines Selective Fermentation (SF) and a Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) to selectively degrade carbohydrate and protein in lipid-rich microalgae biomass, enhancing lipid wet-extraction. In addition, saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are produced via β-oxidation. This dissertation builds understanding of the biochemical phenomena and microbial interactions occurring among fermenters, lipid biohydrogenaters, and anode respiring bacteria (ARB) in ESF. The work begins by proving that ESF is effective in enhancing lipid wet-extraction from Scenedesmus acutus biomass, while also achieving “biohydrogenation” to produce saturated LCFAs. Increasing anode respiration effectively scavenges short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by fermentation, reducing electron loss. However, the effectiveness of ESF depends on biochemical characteristics of the feeding biomass (FB). Four different FB batches yield different lipid-extraction performances, based on the composition of FB’s cellular structure. Finally, starting an ESF reactor with a long solid retention time (SRT), but then switching it to a short SRT provides high lipid extractability and volumetric production with low lipid los. Lipid fermenters can be flushed out with short a SRT, but starting with a short SRT fails achieve good results because fermenters needed to degrading algal protective layers also are flushed out and fail to recover when a long SRT is imposed. These results point to a potentially useful technology to harvest lipid from microalgae, as well as insight about how this technology can be best managed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

<p>Zeolites contain distinct Brønsted acid site (H⁺) ensembles that arise from differences in the arrangement of framework Al atoms (Al−O(−Si−O)x−Al) between isolated (x ≥3) and paired (x=1,2) configurations, the latter defined by their ability to exchange certain divalent cations (e.g., Cu²⁺, Co²⁺). Manipulation of the synthesis conditions used to prepare MFI zeolites has been proposed to influence the proximity of framework Al atoms, but in a manner that is neither determined randomly nor by any simple predictive rules. Moreover, the effects of proton proximity have been studied for hydrocarbon catalysis in MFI zeolites, but interpretations of catalytic phenomena are convoluted by effects of the distribution of framework Al atoms among different crystallographic tetrahedral sites (T-sites) and diverse pore environments (i.e., confining environments) present in MFI. This work instead focuses on the chabazite (CHA) framework, which contains a single crystallographically-distinct lattice tetrahedral site (T-site) that allows clarifying how synthesis conditions influence Al proximity, and in turn, how H⁺ site proximity influences catalysis independent of T-site location. </p> <p> Selective quantification of the number and type of H⁺ site ensembles present in a given zeolite allows for more rigorous normalization of reaction rates by the number of active sites, but also for probing the number and identity of active sites on bifunctional catalysts that contain mixtures of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Gaseous NH₃ titrations can be used to count the total number of protons on small-pore CHA zeolites, which are inaccessible to larger amine titrants (e.g., pyridine, alkylamines), and can be used to quantify the exchange stoichiometry of extraframework metal cations (e.g., Cu²⁺, [CuOH]⁺) that are stabilized at different framework Al arrangements. Additionally, paired Al sites in CHA zeolites can be titrated selectively by divalent Co²⁺ cations, whose sole presence is validated by measuring UV-Visible spectra, counting residual protons after Co²⁺ exchange, and titration of paired Al with other divalent cations (e.g., Cu²⁺). These different titration procedures enabled reliable and reproducible quantification of different Al arrangements, and recognition of the effects of different synthetic methods on the resulting arrangement of framework Al atoms in CHA zeolites. </p> <p>Upon the advent of this suite of characterization and titration tools, different synthetic methods were developed to crystallize CHA zeolites at constant composition (e.g., Si/Al = 15) but with systematic variation in their paired Al content. The substitution of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium (TMAda⁺) cations for Na⁺ in the synthesis media (Na⁺/TMAda⁺<2), while holding all other synthetic variables constant, resulted in CHA zeolites of similar composition (Si/Al = 15) and organic content (ca. 1 TMAda⁺ per cage), but with percentages of paired Al (0-44%) that increased with the total amount of sodium retained on the zeolite product. This result suggests that sodium atoms are occluded near the ammonium group of TMAda⁺ leading to the formation of a paired Al site. Replacement of Na⁺ by other alkali cations in the synthesis media allowed for the crystallization of CHA (Si/Al = 15) at higher ratios of alkali to TMAda⁺than accessible by Na⁺, likely due to the ability of different alkali cations to favor (or inhibit) crystallization of other zeolite phases. Incorporation of different alkali cations during CHA crystallization influences the formation of paired Al sites in different ways, likely reflecting the nature of different alkali to preferentially occupy different positions within the CHA framework. <i>Ab initio</i> molecular dynamics simulations were used to assess the stability of various Al-Al arrangements in the presence of combinations of alkali and TMAda⁺ cations, and provide thermodynamic insight into electrostatic interactions between cationic structure-directing agents that stabilize paired Al sites in CHA. </p> <p> Using these synthetic procedures to prepare CHA zeolites of similar composition, but with varied arrangements of framework Al, the catalytic consequences of framework Al arrangement were investigated using acid and redox catalysis. The low-temperature (473 K) selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) was investigated over Cu-exchanged CHA zeolites containing various Al arrangements. Cu cations exchange as both divalent Cu²⁺ and monovalent [CuOH]⁺ complexes, which exchange at paired and isolated Al sites, respectively, and turnover with similar SCR rates (473 K). <i>In situ</i> and <i>operando</i> X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used to monitor the oxidation state and coordination environment of Cu as a function of time and environmental conditions. Rationalization of these experimental observations by first-principles thermodynamics and <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics simulations revealed that both Cu²⁺ and [CuOH]⁺ complexes are solvated by NH₃ and undergo reduction to Cu⁺ upon oxidation of NO with NH₃. Cu⁺ cations become mobilized by coordination with NH₃ under reaction conditions (473 K, equimolar NO and NH₃ feed), and activate O₂ through a dicopper complex formed dynamically during reaction. These results implicate the spatial density of nominally site-isolated Cu cations and, in turn, the arrangement of anionic framework Al atoms that anchor such cationic Cu complexes, influence the kinetics of O₂ activation in selective oxidation reactions, manifested as SCR rates (per 1000 A³) that depend quadratically on Cu density (per 1000 A³) and become rate-limiting processes in practice at low temperatures.</p> <p>Furthermore, first-order and zero-order rate constants (415 K, per H⁺) of methanol dehydration, a probe reaction of acid strength and confinement effects in solid Brønsted acids, are nearly one order of magnitude larger on paired than on isolated protons in CHA zeolites, reflecting differences in prevalent mechanisms and apparent enthalpic and entropic barriers at these different active site ensembles. Yet, these differences in rate constants and activation parameters at isolated and paired protons do not persist within larger pore zeolites (e.g., MFI). <i>In situ </i>IR spectra measured during steady-state methanol dehydration catalysis (415 K, 0.05-22 kPa CH₃OH) reveal that surface methoxy species are present in CHA zeolites containing paired protons, but not in CHA zeolites containing only isolated protons or MFI zeolites, providing evidence that sequential dehydration pathways via methoxy intermediates become accessible on paired protons in CHA. Density functional theory is used to provide atomistic detail of confined intermediates and transition states at isolated and paired protons in CHA and MFI zeolites, indicating that paired protons in CHA preferentially stabilize dehydration transition states that are partially-confined within the 8-membered ring (8-MR) of CHA. These findings provide evidence that catalytic diversity for the same stoichiometric reaction among zeolites of fixed structure and composition, even for frameworks containing a single T-site, can be introduced deliberately through synthetic control of the atomic arrangement of matter. </p>

Brettanomyces bruxellensis est un microorganisme qui est considéré comme la cause majeure des défauts microbiologiques du vin. L’importance de cette levure à l’échelle industrielle est liée au fait qu’elle est isolée à partir de substrats différents tels que la bière, le kombucha, les molasses utilisées pour la production de bioéthanol et autres. Ce projet a pour objectif d’étudier la diversité génétique de l’espèce en se basant sur une large population d’isolats provenant de niches écologiques et géographiques variées. Pour ce faire, une méthode de génotypage robuste (analyse microsatellite) a été optimisée et appliquée sur la population, mettant en évidence la coexistence de populations diploïdes et triploïdes à l’échelle globale. Puis, la relation entre regroupement génétique et traits physiologiques a été explorée. Notamment, l'étude de la tolérance aux sulfites a été effectuée sur un sous-ensemble de souches représentatif de la population. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence un lien entre groupes génétiques et comportement vis-à-vis des sulfites. Des expériences de compétition en présence de dioxyde de soufre montrent un avantage sélectif des souches tolérantes aux sulfites par rapport aux souches sensibles, suggérant ainsi une adaptation spécifique au principal antiseptique utilisé en œnologie. Ce travail contribue à une meilleure connaissance de cette levure d’altération du vin en termes de diversité génétique et phénotypique et permet d’émettre des hypothèses sur les stratégies évolutives d'adaptation au milieu anthropique de cette espèce modèle non conventionnelle. / Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a microorganism described as the first cause of microbial spoilage of wine. Its industrial relevance is highlighted by the fact that this yeast is isolated from different substrates such as beer, kombucha, bioethanol fermentation molasses and others. This project aims to explore the genetic diversity of the species by studying a large population of isolates from various geographical and ecological niches. For this purpose, a robust genotyping method (microsatellite analysis) was optimized and applied on the population, thus highlighting the coexistence of diploid and triploid populations worldwide. Further, the relation between genotypic clustering and physiological traits was studied. Namely, sulphite tolerance assay was performed on a subset of strains representative of the total population. The results reveal a link between genetic group and growth profile in the presence of sulphur dioxide. Competition experiments in presence of sulphites highlight a selective advantage of sulphite tolerant strains compared to sulphite sensitive ones, thus suggesting a specific adaptation to the main antimicrobial used in winemaking. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of this wine spoilage microorganism in means of genetic and phenotypic diversity and sheds light on putative evolutionary strategies for adaptation to human related environment of this non-conventional model yeast species.