La transmission des messages douloureux depuis les nocicepteurs périphériques jusqu’aux structures supraspinales est sous le contrôle de systèmes modulateurs, parmi lesquels figurent les voies bulbo-spinales sérotoninergiques. Cependant leur rôle n’est pas complètement élucidé puisque selon le type de récepteur sérotoninergique mis en jeu, elles pourraient soit réduire la sensation douloureuse soit au contraire l’exacerber. De plus, le contrôle exercé par la sérotonine (5 HT) pourrait dépendre du type de douleur, aiguë, inflammatoire ou neuropathique chronique. En réalité, ces ambiguïtés tiennent au fait que les études réalisées jusqu’à présent ont surtout impliqué des approches pharmacologiques souvent peu fiables. Ce constat m’a conduit à mettre en œuvre une nouvelle approche expérimentale pour tenter de cerner le véritable rôle modulateur des voies sérotoninergiques bulbo-spinales sur différents types de douleur dans des conditions physiologiques normales ou physiopathologiques chez le rat. A cette fin, j’ai réalisé ce travail de thèse en trois étapes. La première étape a consisté à préciser les caractéristiques anatomiques des voies sérotoninergiques bulbo-spinales visualisées par un marquage antérograde (PHA-L) couplé à l’immunomarquage du transporteur de la sérotonine (SERT). L’étude différentielle des deux sous-structures de la région bulbaire B3 : le noyau raphé magnus (RMg) et le noyau paragigantocellulaire latéral (LPGi) m’a permis de montrer que les neurones sérotoninergiques qu’elles contiennent se projettent respectivement dans les couches profondes (VI-VI) et superficielles (I-II) de la corne dorsale, à tous les étages de la moelle épinière. Afin de dépléter sélectivement la 5-HT dans la corne dorsale, j’ai, dans une deuxième étape, injecté bilatéralement dans la région B3 un lentivirus recombinant LV-shTPH2 pour y éteindre l’expression de la TPH2, l’enzyme limitante de la synthèse de 5-HT. Les contrôles immunohistochimiques ont montré l’inhibition bilatérale de l’expression de la TPH2 dans le RMg et le LPGi, et la diminution de l’immunomarquage de la 5-HT sélectivement dans la corne dorsale, l’expression inchangée du transporteur SERT confirmant le maintien de l’intégrité des fibres sérotoninergiques chez les rats LV-shTPH2. L’évaluation de la sensibilité des animaux ainsi déplétés en 5-HT à différents tests validés de nociception aiguë n’a pas révélé de modifications significatives par rapport aux témoins. Mais dans des conditions de forte stimulation nociceptive thermique (50°C) ou chimique (carragénine), l’augmentation de l’immunomarquage de c-Fos dans la corne dorsale chez les rats LV-shTPH2 montre que la déplétion de 5-HT facilite la sensibilisation synaptique. Des différences encore plus nettes entre les rats LV-shTPH2 et les témoins sont surtout apparues en cas de douleur inflammatoire (formaline) ou neuropathique (ligature du nerf sciatique). Les modifications induites par la déplétion de 5-HT n’étaient cependant pas univoques puisqu’une hypoalgésie a été observée dans le cas d’une douleur inflammatoire et, qu’au contraire, l’hyperalgésie associée à la douleur neuropathique était exacerbée chez les rats LV-shTPH2. Ces modulations opposées laissant à penser l’implication de projections et/ou de récepteurs sérotoninergiques distincts, nous avons réalisé, dans une troisième étape, une étude pharmacologique qui a permis de montrer que l’effet pro-hyperalgésique observé chez les rats neuropathiques déplétés en 5-HT était probablement lié à un déficit d’activation de récepteurs 5 HT7. Notre étude démontre la réalité du contrôle physiologique du relai spinal des voies nociceptives par la 5-HT, via l’implication de projections bulbo-spinales et de récepteurs sérotoninergiques dont l’identification pourrait déboucher sur de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques. / The transmission of pain signals from peripheral nociceptors to supraspinal structures is under the control of modulatory systems, which include bulbo-spinal serotoninergic pathways. However, their role is not yet fully understood, as they may as well reduce or exacerbate pain as a function of 5-HT receptor types involved. Furthermore, their modulatory role might also differ depending on whether pain is acute, or chronic, with inflammatory or neuropathic origin. In fact, this ambiguous knowledge results from data essentially obtained with rather unreliable pharmacological approaches. This led me to set up an innovative experimental approach for a better assessment of the real implication of bulbo-spinal serotoninergic projections in pain control mechanisms under validated physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the rat. To this goal, I performed my PhD thesis work in three steps. The first step consisted of a precise anatomical description of bulbo-spinal serotoninergic projections identified by anterograde labeling (with PHA-L) and immunolabeling of the 5-HT transporter (SERT). The differential labeling of the two sub-areas within the B3 bulbar region : the nucleus raphé magnus (RMg) and the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) allowed the demonstration that their respective 5-HT neuron groups project separately into the deep (V-VI) and superficial (I-II) laminae of the dorsal horn, at all levels of the spinal cord. For the second step, aimed at depleting 5-HT selectively within the dorsal horn, I injected bilaterally into the B3 area a recombinant lentivirus, LV-shTPH2, designed to suppress the expression of TPH2, the rate limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis. Immunohistochemical controls showed that the resulting bilateral inhibition of TPH2 expression in both the RMg and the LPGi was associated with 5-HT depletion but no change in SERT (as expected of unaltered 5-HT fibers) in the dorsal horn. Using various behavioral tests, I could not detect any change in acute pain sensitivity in 5-HT-depleted rats. In contrast, the increased c-Fos immunohistochemical labeling within the dorsal horn after strong thermal (50°C) or chemical (carrageenan) noxious stimulation showed that 5-HT depletion promotes synaptic sensitization. Even more striking differences between LV-shTPH2 injected rats and paired controls were observed in case of inflammatory (formalin) or neuropathic (sciatic nerve ligation) pain. However, 5-HT depletion-induced changes differed under both conditions since hypoalgesia was noted in case of inflammatory pain, whereas neuropathic pain-evoked hyperalgesia was enhanced in 5-HT depleted, LV-shTPH2-injected rats. Because such opposite modulations might have been underlain by distinct serotoninergic pathways (i.e. from the RMg versus the LPGi for instance) and/or distinct 5-HT receptors, we decided, within the time remaining for achieving my PhD work, to perform a third step, focused on the 5-HT7 receptor type. Using pharmacological approaches, we could obtain data showing that exacerbated hyperalgesia in 5-HT-depleted neuropathic rats resulted from loss of tonic 5-HT7 receptor activation by endogenous 5-HT. Altogether, our data clearly demonstrate that bulbospinal serotoninergic projections are involved in the physiological control of pain signaling at spinal cord level. Further identification of underlying neuronal pathways and receptors might open novel therapeutic perspectives.

O uso de fármacos durante a lactação é uma prática comum; porém, os tratamentos farmacológicos impõem grandes dúvidas tanto aos profissionais quanto às nutrizes sobre a segurança do uso destes durante este período. A amamentação é uma forma de vínculo entre mãe e bebê e está associada a diversos benefícios nutricionais, imunológicos, cognitivos, psicoafetivos, econômicos e sociais. A depressão é um problema clínico importante durante o período pós-parto, e a vulnerabilidade para o início ou recorrência de sintomas depressivos aumenta a possibilidade de uso de psicofármacos enquanto ocorre a lactação. Os antidepressivos inibidores seletivos da recaptação da serotonina são comumente prescritos para o tratamento destes quadros depressivos, entre eles fluoxetina, sertralina, citalopram e paroxetina, sendo que a maioria destes é excretada no leite materno e há grande variabilidade na quantidade de analitos que pode ser recebida pelo lactente. Bupropiona é um fármaco antidepressivo utilizado para o tratamento do tabagismo e quadros depressivos e tem sua excreção ao leite materno relatada em literatura. Métodos bioanalíticos para determinação da excreção de fármacos antidepressivos foram desenvolvidos e validados por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrômetro de massas e cromatografia líquida com detecção ultravioleta. Estes métodos demonstraram serem seletivos, lineares, precisos e exatos, com limites de quantificação de 5 ng/mL (fluoxetina, citalopram e bupropiona) e 20 ng/mL (sertralina e paroxetina) para método por LC-MS e de 200 ng/mL para todos os analitos no método por CLAE-UV. As amostras de leite materno foram coletadas em Banco de Leite de mães que declararam utilizar fluoxetina ou sertralina ou paroxetina e analisados. Os dados de concentração encontrados para os fármacos referidos estão dentro da faixa encontrada em literatura confirmando sua excreção no leite materno. Paroxetina apresentou valores abaixo do limite de quantificação. Das concentrações encontradas no leite materno, foram estimadas as doses absolutas e relativas no lactante, sendo que os resultados demonstraram baixos valores em relação a estas estimativas, podendo os fármacos analisados ser considerados seguros para manutenção do uso durante a lactação. Foi também detectada nas análises por LC-MS a presença de norfluoxetina, metabólito da fluoxetina, confirmando sua excreção nesta matriz. / The use of medications during lactation is a common practice; however pharmacological treatments impose serious doubts to both, professionals and nursing mothers, about the safety of drugs use during this period. Breastfeeding is a natural form of bonding between mother and baby and it is associated with many nutritional, immunological, cognitive, psychoemotional, social and economic benefits. Depression is a major clinical problem during the postpartum period and the vulnerability to onset or recurrence of depressive symptoms increases the possibility of psychotropic drug use during lactation. Selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake are commonly prescribed for the treatment of depressive disorders, including fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine. Most of these drugs are excreted in breast milk and there is great variability in the amount of analytes that can be received by the infant. Bupropion is an antidepressant used for tabagism treatment and for depression symptoms; it is also described in literature its excretion into breast milk. Bioanalytical methods for determining the excretion of antidepressants were developed and validated by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. These methods proved to be selective, linear, precise and accurate with quantification limits of 5 ng/mL (fluoxetine, citalopram e bupropion) and 20 ng/mL (sertraline e paroxetine) for LC-MS method and 200 ng/mL for all analytes in the CLAE-UV method. Human milk samples were collected in milk banks from mothers to which the antidepressants fluoxetine or sertraline or paroxetine were administered, and the concentrations in this matrix were verified. Found concentrations were within the range described in the literature confirming their excretion in the breast milk. Paroxetine presented values less than limit of quantification. From the found concentrations, the absolute and relative doses in nursing were estimated. The results showed low values for these estimates and so the analyzed drugs can be considered safe to continue use during lactation. The presence of norfluoxetine, a metabolite of fluoxetine, was also detected by LC-MS, confirming its excretion in this matrix.

Les erreurs innées du métabolisme (EIM) constituent un large panel de désordres métaboliques héréditaires. Parmi les EIM, les anomalies de la neurotransmission peuvent affecter, entre autres, la synthèse ou le transport des neurotransmetteurs, notamment les amines biogènes (dopamine et sérotonine) et les folates. La reconnaissance de ces affections est d’une importance capitale pour le diagnostic et le traitement éventuel. L’analyse chimique du liquide céphalo-rachidien (LCR) est incontournable pour le diagnostic de ces pathologies. Or, les méthodes actuelles de dosage ne sont pas simples. Longues et fastidieuses, elles ont été, pendant longtemps, réservées aux laboratoires spécialisés. L’objectif de ce travail était de développer des méthodes simples et rapides de diagnostic des troubles de la neurotransmission et d’établir les valeurs normales fréquentes dans la population française. Le travail réalisé a permis, dans un premier temps, de développer une méthode de dosage directe, en une seule étape, de la tetrahydrobioptérine (BH4), cofacteur des hydroxylases intervenant dans la synthèse des amines biogènes, et des ptérines impliquées dans le cycle de synthèse et de dégradation de ce cofacteur, dans le LCR. Auparavant, le dosage de ces substances nécessitait au moins deux analyses chromatographiques précédées chacune d’une étape propre de préparation de l’échantillon. Par la suite, nous avons développé une méthode de diagnostic rapide, en moins de 10 minutes, par UHPLC (chromatographie liquide à ultra haute performance), couplée à une détection séquentielle par coulométrie et par fluorescence, des troubles dopaminergique et sérotoninergique. Cette méthode permet de doser simultanément, en une seule étape, tous les métabolites de la dopamine, de la sérotonine et de la noradrénaline, ainsi que les ptérines d’intérêt diagnostic, principalement la dihydroneoptérine (NH2) et la dihydrobioptérine (BH2). L’ensemble de ces explorations nécessitait, auparavant, la mise en œuvre d’au moins trois méthodes de dosage par HPLC (chromatographie liquide à haute performance), précédées chacune d’une étape propre de préparation de l’échantillon. Pour compléter l’exploration du métabolisme de la BH4 et du suivi thérapeutique des troubles de la neurotransmission, nous avons également proposé une méthode de dosage rapide, en une seule étape, par UHPLC, de tous les métabolites et de toutes les ptérines, incluant la BH4. Enfin, une méthode rapide de dosage (moins de 2 minutes), par UHPLC, du 5-méthyltetrahydrofolate dans le LCR a été développée, afin de compléter le diagnostic biologique de l’ensemble des troubles neurologiques visés. L’application des outils ainsi développés à plus de 1400 patients nous a permis d’établir des valeurs normales fréquentes dans la population française ainsi que de poser le diagnostic de quelques déficits enzymatiques. / Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) consist of a wide range of hereditary metabolic disorders. Among IEM, neurotransmission anomaly can affect the synthesis or the transport of neurotransmitters, notably biogenic amines (dopamine and serotonin) and folates. Early diagnosis of such affections is of utmost importance especially as some of them can be treated effectively. Chemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for the diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders; however, current quantitative methods are tedious and time consuming. For a long time the chemical diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders has been available only in specialized laboratories. The purpose of this work was to develop simple and fast diagnosis methods of neurotransmitter disorders as well as to establish the reference values in French population. For this purpose, in a first step, we developed a single step direct method of simultaneous quantification of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is the main cofactor of the hydroxylases involved in biogenic amines syntheses, and the relevant reduced and oxidized forms of pterins involved in the cycle of synthesis – regeneration of BH4. Formerly, the quantification of those compounds required at least two chromatographic methods with two specific sample preparation procedures. Thereafter we developed a method of fast diagnosis in less than 10 minutes of dopaminergic and serotoninergic disorders using UHPLC (ultra high performance liquid chromatography) hyphenated to a sequential coulometric and fluorimetric detection. With only a simple filtration step as sample preparation procedure, this method enables the simultaneous quantification of all dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline metabolites as well as dihydroneopterin (NH2) and dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the relevant pterin forms for the complete diagnosis. Formerly, at least three HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) quantification methods preceeded by three tedious specific sample preparation procedures were required for such a diagnosis. To complete the investigation of BH4 metabolism and the follow up of neurotransmission disorders, we also developed a fast UHPLC method of simultaneous quantification of all the cited metabolites and pterins including BH4. In order to complete the rapid diagnosis of all targeted neurological disorders, we finally developed an UHPLC method of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate quantification in CSF. The application of these analytical tools in more than 1400 CSF samples, collected from patients followed in some Neurology centers located in several French areas covering nearly the entirety of the territory, allowed us to establish the reference values in French population as well as to diagnose several cases of enzymatic deficits.

La sclérose amyotrophique latérale (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative due à la dégénérescence des motoneurones supérieurs dans le cortex moteur et des motoneurones inférieurs situés dans la moelle épinière et le tronc cérébral. La perte des neurones moteurs provoque l’atrophie et la paralysie progressive des muscles. Notre laboratoire a démontré en 2013 que la dégénérescence associée à la SLA n’était pas limitée aux motoneurones mais aussi aux neurones sérotoninergiques chez les patients et les modèles animaux de SLA. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de caractériser le rôle des neurones sérotoninergiques dans la SLA. On a observé une augmentation de l’expression du gène codant pour le récepteur 2B de la sérotonine (5-HT2B) chez les modèles murins de SLA. L’analyse du rôle du récepteur 5-HT2B dans le cas de SLA a montré que ce dernier est un modulateur de la maladie. La perte du récepteur 5-HT2B accélère la progression de la maladie et modifie la régulation de la réponse inflammatoire. En plus, nos travaux ont révélé que la perte des neurones sérotoninergiques est à l’origine du développement de la spasticité, un symptôme douloureux chez les patients SLA. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à des approches thérapeutiques qui ciblent cette population neuronale affectée lors de la maladie pour traiter la spasticité et la neuroinflammation au cours de la maladie. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SLA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterize by the loss of upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and progressive paralysis. In 2013 our laboratory identified a new neuronal population affected in ALS. They observed the degeneration of serotoninergic neurons in ALS patients and animal models. For this, the aim of my PhD is to identify the role of serotoninergic neurons in case of ALS. We observed an upregulation of serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in ALS mice models. The investigation of the role of 5-HT2B receptor in case of ALS showed its role as a disease modulator. The loss of 5-HT2B receptor accelerated disease progression and modulated neuroinflammatory response. Moreover, our results showed that the loss of serotoninergic neurons is responsible of the development of spasticity, a painful symptom observed in ALS patients. All these opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting spasticity and neuroinflammation in case of ALS.

Vários estudos mostram que o núcleo mediano da rafe (NMR) e o hipocampo dorsal (HD) estão envolvidos no medo condicionado Pavloviano. Além disso, mecanismos serotoninérgicos do NMR parecem participar da expressão da resposta de medo condicionado contextual. Entretanto, ainda não existe uma abordagem experimental que integre os mecanismos do circuito NMR-HD. Neste trabalho, o paradigma do medo condicionado foi utilizado para testar a influência dos mecanismos serotoninérgicos do circuito NMR-HD no medo condicionado contextual. As respostas de sobressalto e congelamento foram avaliadas após a administração de drogas serotoninérgicas intra-NMR e no HD, 6 h depois a sessões treino, nas quais os ratos eram condicionados com choques nas patas. A redução da transmissão serotoninérgica no NMR é devido a microinjeção do 8-hidroxi-2(di-n-propilamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), um agonista de receptores 5-HT1A, no NMR promoveu redução das respostas de congelamento, mas não alterou a resposta de sobressalto. Estes resultados são consistentes com a ideia de que mecanismos serotoninérgicos no NMR regulam as respostas de congelamento a um contexto aversivo. A diminuição pós-sináptica da serotonina nas áreas de projeção do NMR ocorre devido a ativação de autoreceptores 5-HT1A nesta estrutura. Com relação ao hipocampo, a microinjeção de cetanserina, um antagonista de receptores 5-HT2, não promoveu alteração nas respostas de congelamento e sobressalto potencializado pelo medo, porém a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A pela injeção de 8-OH-DPAT 6 h após o treino inibiu essas respostas. De acordo com esses resultados, um mecanismo inibitório deva se interpor entre os processos associados à chegada de informação aversiva e os associados à saída delas no HD. As projeções HD-amígdala e córtex pré-frontal medial podem constituir a porta de saída dos processos neurais subjacentes a expressão do medo condicionado contextual, conforme foi observado no experimento em que estudou a imunorreatividade destas estruturas á proteína Fos em ratos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento experimental de medo condicionado contextual / Several studies have shown that the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) are involved in Pavlovian conditioned fear. Moreover, previous findings have also implicated serotonergic mechanisms of the MRN in the retrieval of contextual conditioned fear. However, studies that examine the integrated involvement of serotonergic mechanisms of the MRN-DH are lacking. This study, a fear conditioning paradigm was used to test whether the serotonergic projections from the MRN to DH can influence contextual fear conditioning. Startle and freezing responses were avaliated after administration of serotoninergics drugs into the MRN or DH, 6 h previously rats received footshocks in the training session. A reduction of 5-HT transmission in the MRN by local infusions of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) decreased freezing in response to the CS but did not reduce fear-potentiated startle. This pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that MRN serotonergic mechanisms selectively modulate the freezing response to the aversive context. As for the DH, a decrease in postsynaptic 5-HT receptor activity at projection areas has been proposed to be the main consequence of 5-HT1A receptor activation in the MRN. Infusions of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin into the DH had no effect, but activation of 5-HT1A receptors through intra-DH injections of 8-OH-DPAT inhibited both the freezing and fear-potentiated startle response to the CS. To reconcile these findings, an inhibitory mechanism may exist between the incoming DH 5-HT pathway from the MRN and the presynaptic 5-HT neurons that are part of the DH output to other structures. The DH-amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex projections could well be this output circuit modulating the expression of contextual fear conditioning as revealed by measurements of Fos immunoreactivity in these areas.

Este trabalho apresenta a continuidade da avaliação farmacológica das substâncias LASSBio-579, LASSBio-580 e LASSBio-581, através de ensaios in vitro e in vivo, em busca de um novo protótipo para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antipsicóticos de segunda geração. LASSBio-581 se liga a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,95 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=1,2 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=11 μM) com afinidades moderadas. Esta substância é capaz de reduzir a temperatura corporal de roedores, um efeito provavelmente mediado pela ativação de receptores 5-HT1A, e inibir o desenvolvimento de head-twiches e ear-scratches induzidos pela administração de um antagonista de receptores 5-HT2A. Estes efeitos demonstram a capacidade de LASSBio-581 em modular o sistema serotonérgico in vivo e in vitro. Porém, quanto avaliado em modelos animais preditivos de ação antipsicótica, LASSBio-581 foi inativo. LASSBio-580 também é capaz de se ligar a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,73 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0,48 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=5,7 μM) com afinidades moderadas. Esta substância não foi capaz de inibir o desenvolvimento do comportamento de escalada nem a redução da temperatura corporal de roedores induzidos por apomorfina, não apresentando potencial atividade antipsicótica nos ensaios realizados. Já LASSBio-579 é capaz de modular três diferentes sistemas neurotransmissores envolvidos na patofisiologia da esquizofrenia: a neurotransmissão dopaminérgica, serotonérgica e glutamatérgica. Esta substância se liga a receptores D2-like (Ki=0,11 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0,09 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=2,2 μM) com afinidades adequadas para uma molécula protótipo que se liga a múltiplos alvos. Apresenta ação antidopaminérgica in vivo, demonstrada em três modelos animais preditivos de atividade antipsicótica (sintomas positivos): inibição da estereotipia anfetamínica (NEVES et al., 2003), bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina e hipotermia apomorfínica. A ação agonista 5-HT1A de LASSBio-579 in vivo foi claramente demonstrada através de ensaios de aferição da temperatura corporal, onde o efeito hipotérmico induzido por esta substância é completamente bloqueado pela pré-administração de WAY 100635. Porém, a habilidade de LASSBio-579 em modular a atividade de receptores 5-HT2A in vivo permanece incerta. Ensaios eletrofisiológicos preliminares demonstraram um aumento da liberação de glutamato induzido por LASSBio-579 que parece ser mediado pela ativação de receptores 5-HT2A, porém comportamentos ou efeitos relacionados a ativação deste sub-tipo de receptor serotonérgico não foram identificados em roedores tratados com LASSBio-579. Além disso, a administração de LASSBio-579 não induziu efeitos catatônicos em camundongos em doses até 12 vezes superiores àquela ativa no modelo do bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina. Estes resultados demonstram que a estratégia de planejamento de fármacos baseado na estrutura do ligante empregada neste trabalho se mostrou bem sucedida. LASSBio-579 pode ser considerado um novo protótipo de fármaco antipsicótico de segunda geração, ativo em modelos animais de sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia e com baixo potencial de indução de efeitos motores. Porém, algumas limitações em seu perfil farmacológico pode ser identificadas. A afinidade desta substância por receptores dopaminérgicos e serotonérgicos é considerada moderada e inferior a de antipsicóticos atualmente no mercado. Ainda, LASSBio-579 induziu um prejuízo na coordenação motora em roedores e apresentou um perfil farmacocinético pouco adequado a utilização clinica (CONRADO et al., 2008). Estes dados encorajam a busca de substâncias com um perfil farmacológico superior ao de LASSBio-579. Neste sentido, uma triagem farmacológica de 18 derivados N-fenilpiperazínicos análogos a LASSBio-579 foi realizada. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de radioligação a receptores D2-like, 5-HT1A e 5-HT2A foram utilizados na proposição de relações qualitativas entre estrutura química das substâncias e a afinidade apresentada pelos diferentes receptores. A partir dos resultados obtidos in vitro, cinco outras substâncias foram selecionadas para avaliação da potencial atividade frente a sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia no modelo de bloqueio do comportamento de escalada induzido por apomorfina. Neste ensaio, apenas LASSBio-664 apresentou atividade, sem induzir catatonia nos animais. Porém, esta substância também induz um importante prejuízo motor nos animais. Ensaios adicionais são necessários a fim de diferenciar o perfil farmacológico de LASSBio-664 e LASSBio-579. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi iniciar o desenvolvimento de um modelo animal de sintomas da esquizofrenia. Os resultados obtidos até o momento apontam para a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de um modelo relacionado a sintomas negativos/cognitivos da esquizofrenia baseados na esposição à natação forçada repetida. Foi demonstrado que apenas clozapina e não imipramina é capaz de reverter o aumento de imobilidade ao longo dos dias acarretado pela exposição repetida à natação forçada em roedores. Este dado demonstra uma potencial validade preditiva, o primeiro grau de validação necessário para um novo modelo animal. O efeito de LASSBio-579 também foi avaliado neste procolo experimental. / This study strengthened the pharmacological evaluation of the heterocyclic Nphenylpiperazine derivatives LASSBio-579, LASSBio-580 and LASSBio-581 by means of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays searching a new second generations antipsychotic lead compound. LASSBio-581 presented moderate affinitties for D2-like (Ki=0.95 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=1.2 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=11 μM). This compound induced an hypothermic effect in rodents probably mediated by 5-HT1A receptor activation. LASSBio-581 administration inhibited the induction of head-twiches and ear-scratches by a 5-HT2A agonist. These results shown that LASSBio-581 modulates serotonergic neurotransmission in vivo and in vitro. However, it was inactive on animal models predictive of antipsychotic activity. LASSBio-580 presented moderate affinitties for D2-like (Ki=0.73 μM), 5-HT1A (Ki=0.48 μM) e 5-HT2A (Ki=5.7 μM). This compound did not inhibited apomophine-induced climbing nor apomorphine-induced hypothermia. Thus, among the three compounds initially evaluated, LASSBio-579 was the only one that exhibited promising results. This derivative was able to modulate three neurotransmitter systems involved in schizophrenia’s pathophysiology: dopaminergic, serotonergic and glutamateric ones. As a multi-target lead compound, LASSBio-579 presented adequated affinities for D2-like, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (Ki D2-like = 0.11 μM, 5-HT1A = 0.093 μM and 5-HT2A = 2.2 μM). Its antidopaminergic in vivo effect was demonstrated in three animal models of positive symptons of schizophrenia: amphetamineinduced stereotypy (NEVES et al., 2003), apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and apomorphine-induced hypothermia. Regarding the serotonergic system, LASSBio-579 was considered a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, since the hypothermia induced by this compound was blocked by WAY 100,635 pre-administration. The ability of LASSBio-579 to modulate 5-HT2A receptors was not fully characterized. Electrophysiological assays demonstrated an increase on synaptic glutamate release induced by LASSBio-579 that may be related to 5-HT2A receptor activation, however this compound did not induce any behavior related to 5-HT2A activation in rodents. In addition, LASSBio-579 did not induce catalepsy in mice at doses 12 folds higher than those active at apomorphine-induced climbing test. Thus, LASSBio-579 represents a new antipsychotic lead compound active in animal models of positive symptoms of schizophrenia and with a mild propensity to induce motor side effects. However, some limitations on LASSBio-579’s pharmacological profile could be identified. The affinity of LASSBio-579 for dopamine and serotonin receptors is moderate and lower than those presented by second generation antipsychotics. Furthermore, this compound induced a mild decrease on locomotion and exploratory behavior, a meaningful motor coordination impairment and presents a limited oral bioavailability and a low brain penetration (CONRADO et al., 2008). Considering this, a pharmacologycal screening of 18 N-phenylpiperazine derivatives were done in order to achieve an optimized analogue of LASSBio-579. Structural features of this molecular scaffold were discussed regarding binding affinity and selectivity for D2-like, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Among the compounds prepared, LASSBio-664 exhibited an adequate binding profile and a potential for schizophrenia positive symptoms treatment without cataleptogenic effects. However, the motor coordination impairment remained. Additional pharmacological characterization of LASSBio-664 is still needed to find differences from LASSBio-579’s profile. Another aim of this study was to start the development of an animal model of schizophrenia symptons. It was shown that clozapine but not imipramine presented an anti-immobility effect in animals repeated exposed to forced swimming. This result points to the usefullness of repeated forced swimming protocol for developing new animal models predictive of antipsychotic action. The effect of LASSBio-579 in this protocol was also evaluated.

La stimulation cérébrale profonde (DBS) du gyrus cingulaire subgénual est actuellement en coursd’évaluation comme nouvelle cible thérapeutique chez les patients souffrant de dépression majeure.Afin de caractériser les mécanismes sous-jacents l’action de la DBS, et plus particulièrement, lapossible implication du système glial, les effets de la stimulation du cortex préfrontal infralimbique surplusieurs marqueurs précliniques de la réponse antidépressive ont été évalués chez le rat. Ce travailde thèse, en utilisant des approches électrophysiologiques, immunohistochimiques etcomportementales, montre que la DBS aigue (130 Hz, 150 μA) induit des comportements pseudoantidépresseurs(évalués dans le test de nage forcée) qui sont associés à une augmentation del’activité des neurones 5-HT du raphé dorsal et de la neurogenèse du gyrus denté. De plus, la DBSaigue est capable de renverser les effets du stress sur la métaplasticité synaptique hippocampique.Par ailleurs, la DBS à plus faible intensité (20 μA, 130 Hz) induit des effets pro-cognitifs, i.e. unefacilitation de la plasticité synaptique au sein de l’hippocampe dorsal et une amélioration desperformances mnésiques des rats dans le test de reconnaissance d’objet. De façon importante, ceseffets neurobiologiques sont prévenus par une lésion pharmacologique gliale avec la gliotoxine Lalpha-aminoadipic acid. Ensemble, nos données in vitro et in vivo soulignent pour la première fois lerôle crucial des astrocytes dans les mécanismes d’action de la DBS. Cette étude propose donc quel’intégrité du système glial au niveau le site de stimulation est un pré-requis majeur afin d’optimiserl’efficacité de la DBS / Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the cingulated gyrus 25 is currently evaluated as a new therapy inpatients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. The effects of infralimbic prefrontal cortexDBS on several pre-clinical markers of the antidepressant-like response were assessed in rats toinvestigate the mechanisms underlying DBS action, and particularly, the putative involvement of glialsystem. The present study, using electrophysiological, immunohistochemical and behavioralapproaches, shows that acute DBS (130 Hz, 150 μA) induced an antidepressant-like behavior(evaluated in the forced-swim test) that was associated with an increase of dorsal raphe 5-HTneuronal activity and of dentate gyrus neurogenesis. Moreover, acute DBS was able to reverse theeffects of stress on hippocampal synaptic metaplasticity. Besides, DBS at lower intensity (20 μA, 130Hz) induced pro-cognitive effects, i.e. facilitated the hippocampal synaptic metaplasticity and improvedlearning performance in the novel object recognition task. Importantly, these neurobiological effects ofDBS were prevented by local pharmacological glial lesions with the L-alpha-aminoadipic acid gliotoxin.Taken together, our in and ex vivo findings highlights for the first time the crucial role of glial cells inthe mechanism of action of DBS. The present study, therefore, proposes that an unaltered glial systemwithin stimulation areas may constitute a major prerequisite to optimize DBS efficacy

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T12:23:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Martins Ribeiro.pdf: 2146814 bytes, checksum: c04c7e63303157b4345d0985576e1620 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T12:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Martins Ribeiro.pdf: 2146814 bytes, checksum: c04c7e63303157b4345d0985576e1620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / CAPES / Complex optimization problems have been studied over the years by researchers seeking better solutions, these studies have encouraged the development of several algorithms of artificial intelligence, and a part of them are bio-inspired methods, based on the behavior of populations. These algorithms target to develop techniques based on nature in search of solutions to these problems. In this work, was introduced as a purpose, an algorithm based on the behavior of locust swarms, the Locust Swarm Optimizer (LSO). The behavior of the desert locust is introduced highlighting the formation of clouds of attacks caused by a synthesized neurotransmitter monoamine, present on the insect, known as serotonin. Observing this behavior, the LSO was developed. It was compared to other known artificial intelligence techniques through 23 benchmark functions and also tested on an power system economical dispatch problem. From the point of view of the results and the ease of implementation, it can be concluded that the LSO algorithm is very competitive as compared to existing methods / Problemas complexos de otimização vêm sendo estudados ao longo dos anos por pesquisadores que buscam melhores soluções, estes estudos incentivaram o desenvolvimento de vários algoritmos de inteligência artificial, sendo que uma parte deles são métodos bioinspirados, baseados no comportamento de populações. Estes algoritmos têm como objetivo desenvolver técnicas baseadas na natureza em busca de soluções para estes problemas. Neste trabalho um algoritmo baseado no comportamento de enxames de gafanhotos-do-deserto, o Locust Swarm Optimizer (LSO), foi introduzido como objetivo. O comportamento do gafanhoto-do-deserto é apresentado destacando a formação de nuvens de ataques causada por uma monoamina neurotransmissora sintetizada, presente no inseto, conhecido por serotonina. Observando este comportamento, foi desenvolvido o LSO. Ele foi comparado com outras conhecidas técnicas de inteligência artificial através de 23 funções benchmarks e também, testado em um problema de despacho econômico. Do ponto de vista dos resultados e da facilidade de implementação, pode-se concluir que o algoritmo LSO é bastante competitivo comparado aos métodos atuais existentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Ana Paula de Magalhaes Nunes.pdf: 2100747 bytes, checksum: 71718bf8a01eaa5a22f6b041a009a396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / In order to investigate the hypothesis of the influence of serotonergic system on the control of dipsogenic and sodium appetite, we examined the effects of chronicallytreated rats with the brain serotonin releaser, fenfluramine, the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT and the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, sertraline. Animals treated with 5- HT1A agonist and brain serotonin releaser were sodium depleted and then their fluids intake analyzed. The first group decreased significantly the salt intake response while the second group intensified the sodium appetite 2 weeks after the first administration of fenfluramine. The water consumption was not altered in none of the groups when compared to their respective controls. Sodium-depleted animals that were treated with sertraline showed a more intense natriorexigenic response. On the other hand, water deprivation induced a lower water intake in SERT-treated rats than the controls. Osmotic simulation evoked a dipsogenic response significantly lower in SERT group. Fluids and food deprivation induced a weak dipsogenic response in SERT treated-rats compared to controls but without difference on saline intake. An increased urinary density and decreased plasma sodium levels in SERT-treated rats correlated with the highest plasma vasopressin and oxytocin levels at the 3rd week post-treatment. The obtained results in chronically-treated rats with the 5-HT1A agonist and the brain serotonin releaser, suggest that the alteration on the brain serotoninergic activity influences the sodium appetite expression, possibly after 5-HT1A autoreceptor desensitization produced by 8-OH-DPAT or brain serotonin depletion achieved with fenfluramine treatment. The results of chronically-treated rats with sertraline, constitute the first evidence of alterations on the threshold for thirst and sodium appetite response in SERT-chronically-treated rats. These alterations possibly are consequence of the hyponatremia provided by inappropriate secretion of AVP and OT. / Para investigar a hip?tese da influ?ncia do status do sistema seroton?rgico no controle da resposta dipsog?nica e do apetite ao s?dio, analisamos os efeitos de ratos tratados cronicamente com um liberador cerebral de serotonina, fenfluramina, um agonista 5-HT1A, 8-OH-DPAT e um inibidor da recapta??o pr?-sin?ptica de serotonina, sertralina (SERT). Animais tratados com agonista 5-HT1A e com liberador cerebral de serotonina, foram submetidos a deple??o de s?dio e, posteriormente, a ingest?o de fluidos foi aferida. O primeiro grupo diminuiu significativamente a ingest?o de salina hipert?nica, enquanto o segundo grupo intensificou o apetite ao s?dio 2 semanas ap?s o ?n?cio do tratamento com fenfluramina. O consumo de ?gua n?o foi alterado em nenhum dos grupos, quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupo controle. Os animais tratados cronicamente com SERT que sofreram deple??o de s?dio, obtiveram uma intensa resposta natriorexig?nica. Por outro lado, a priva??o de ?gua induziu uma menor ingest?o de ?gua em ratos tratados cronicamente com SERT quando comparado-os aos do grupo controle. O est?mulo osm?tico evocou uma resposta dipsog?nica significativamente menor no grupo SERT. A priva??o de fluidos e de alimentos induziu uma baixa resposta dipsog?nica em ratos tratados com SERT quando comparados aos controles, mas sem diferen?a significativa na ingest?o de salina hipert?nica. O aumento da densidade urin?ria em ratos tratados com SERT correlaciona-se com os maiores n?veis plasm?ticos do horm?nio anti-diur?tico e ocitocina na 4? semana p?s-tratamento. Os resultados obtidos em ratos tratados cronicamente, com o agonista 5-HT1A e com o liberador cerebral de serotonina, sugerem uma poss?vel altera??o da atividade cerebral serotonin?rgica, influenciando assim a express?o do apetite ao s?dio, pois possivelmente ocorreu uma dessensibiliza??o de autoreceptores 5-HT1A com o tratamento com 8-OH-DPAT, e deple??o cerebral de serotonina, obtida com o tratamento com fenfluramina. Os resultados relativos aos animais tratados cronicamente com sertralina, constituem as primeiras evid?ncias de altera??o no limiar de sede e de apetite ao s?dio. Essas altera??es s?o possivelmente conseq??ncia da hiponatremia gerada pela secre??o inapropriada de ADH e OT.

Estudos com microinjeções de drogas vêm sendo realizados na tentativa de se compreender a participação da neurotransmissão serotonérgica do hipocampo na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados à ansiedade. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a ativação dos receptores do tipo 5-HT1A do hipocampo dorsal (HD) promoveu efeito do tipo ansiogênico sobre a resposta de esquiva inibitória, sem alterar a resposta de fuga, em ratos submetidos ao labirinto em T elevado (LTE). Essa alteração seletiva na resposta de esquiva inibitória sustenta a hipótese da participação do hipocampo na fisiopatologia do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, uma vez que, as respostas defensivas de esquiva inibitória e fuga, expressas no LTE, têm sido relacionadas respectivamente ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Além de receptores do tipo 5- HT1A, destaca-se no HD a presença de receptores do tipo 5-HT2C. Tem sido observado que a estimulação desses últimos em áreas límbicas associadas à ansiedade, como a amígdala, promove efeito do tipo ansiogênico em diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade. Porém, ainda é desconhecida a participação desses receptores presentes no HD sobre as resposta de esquiva inibitória e fuga, geradas no LTE. Assim, o presente estudo procurou avaliar a participação dos receptores serotonérgicos do tipo 5-HT2C na modulação de respostas defensivas relacionadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Os resultados mostram que injeções bilaterais intra-HD dos agonistas de receptores 5-HT2C MK-212 ou RO600175 prejudicaram a aquisição da resposta de esquiva inibitória, em ratos testados no LTE, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. Por outro lado, a administração do antagonista de receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 promoveu efeito oposto sobre essa mesma resposta. Adicionalmente administração do agonista preferencial de receptores 5-HT2A DOI não foi capaz de promover efeito em nenhuma das doses utilizadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos empregados alterou a resposta de fuga no LTE. O efeito ansiolítico da ativação dos receptores 5-HT2C, bem como o efeito ansiogênico resultante do seu bloqueio, foram confirmados no teste do beber punido de Vogel. Em suma, nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores do tipo 5-HT2C do hipocampo dorsal estão envolvidos na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, mas não ao transtorno do pânico. / Studies using intracerebral microinfusion of drugs have been performed to unveil the role of the hippocampus serotonergic system in the modulation of anxiety-related defensive behaviors. For instance, it has been shown that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiogenic effect, without altering escape expression in rats tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM). This selective effect on inhibitory avoidance response is consistent with the notion that the hippocampus is critically involved in the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Besides 5-HT1A receptors, expressive levels of 5-HT2C receptors are also reported in hippocampus. Compelling evidence from animal studies shows that facilitation of 5-HT2C receptor-mediated neurotransmission increases anxiety. In this study we evaluated the involvement the 5-HT2C receptors of the DH in the regulation of defensive behaviors that have been associated with generalized anxiety and panic. Male Wistar rats were tested in the ETM after intra-DH injection of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists MK-212, RO-600175, or the preferential 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI, or the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084. For comparative reason, the effect of MK-212, RO-600175 and SB-242084 was also evaluated on another generalized anxiety-associated model, the Vogel conflict test. Our results showed that while intra-DH microinjection of both MK-212 and RO-600175 facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiolytic effect, SB-242084 had the opposite effect. Injections of DOI did not affected performance in ETM. None of these drugs affected escape performance in the ETM. The anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists and anxiogenic-like effect of the SB-242084 were also observed in the Vogel conflict test. Our findings indicate that 5-HT2C receptors in DH are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors associated with generalized anxiety, but not panic.