Die Arbeit setzt sich mit Abwertungsmechanismen und Ressentiments auseinander. Es wird ausgeführt, was unter Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist und welche sozialpsychologischen Prozesse damit einhergehen. Weiterhin wurden exemplarisch zehn verschiedene Vorurteilsformen vorgestellt sowie das Konzept Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit erläutert, wonach der Kern einer ‘Ideologie der Ungleichwertigkeit‘ als allgemeine Charakteristika ursächlich hinter allen Ressentiments steht. Ein starker Fokus wurde in dieser Arbeit auf eine Erforschung möglicher Ursachen von Vorurteilen gelegt. Neben einer Reihe von Theorien über den Einfluss soziodemographischer Charakteristika, wurden die Konzepte der Relativen Deprivation, des Autoritarismus und der Anomia ausführlich behandelt. Die empirischen Auswertungen belegen, dass Autoritarismus als zentrale erklärende Variable für das Vertreten von Vorurteilen zu verstehen ist. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass Menschen mit geringem Bildungsgrad und Personen, die in Ostdeutschland leben, besonders stark dazu neigen autoritäre Einstellungen zu vertreten, was nahezu deterministisch mit der Abwertung von schwachen Gruppen einhergeht.:1. Einleitung 2. Das Problem 3. Theorie 3.1. Stereotype 3.2. Vorurteile 3.2.1. Offene und subtile Vorurteile 3.2.2. Ausprägungen von Vorurteilen 3.2.3. Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit 3.3. Sozialpsychologische Erklärungsmodelle von Vorurteilen 3.3.1. Theorie der sozialen Identität 3.3.2. Theorie der Selbstkategorisierung 3.3.3. Terror Management Theorie 3.3.4. Autoritarismus 3.3.5. Anomia 3.3.6. Relative Deprivation 3.4. Sozialstrukturelle Erklärungsmodelle von Vorurteilen 3.4.1. Bildung 3.4.2. Urban-Peripherie-Differenz 3.4.3. Geschlecht 3.4.4. Ost-West-Differenz 3.4.5. Alter 3.5. Bielefelder Desintegrationsansatz 4. Hypothesenbildung 5. Methodische Vorbemerkungen 5.1. Daten 5.2. Gewichtung 5.3. Operationalisierung 5.3.1. Vorurteilsformen 5.3.2. Hypothetische Konstrukte als Einflussfaktoren 5.3.3. Soziodemographie 5.4. Methodenkritik 5.5. Exkurs Strukturgleichungsmodelle 6. Empirische Auswertung 6.1. Thesenkomplex 1: Welche gesellschaftlichen Gruppen vertreten Vorurteile besonders explizit? 6.2. Thesenkomplex 2: Lässt sich das Syndrom Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit empirisch belegen? 6.3. Thesenkomplex 3: Welche Determinanten beeinflussen die Ausprägung von Vorurteilen? 7. Zusammenfassung 8. Diskussion Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Dans le contexte actuel de la polarisation sur les réseaux sociaux, ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la négociation à plusieurs niveaux des normes sociales relatives au discours haineux, sur le forum de Reddit. La recherche s'articule autour de la régulation du contenu par les modérateurs et les utilisateurs. Le mémoire commence par présenter le forum Reddit, son histoire et son fonctionnement avant de développer une revue de littérature sur le discours de haine et le misogynie, notamment l'absence de consensus sur sa définition ainsi que les défis juridiques et opérationnels de sa régulation. Ensuite, pour comprendre comment les utilisateurs et les modérateurs de Reddit régulent les discours de haine misogyne, le cadre conceptuel développe le concept de normes sociales, en particulier les normes sociales en ligne. Parmi les autres concepts mobilisés figurent les chambres d'écho et la théorie de l'étiquetage. Une approche qualitative a été adoptée pour faire une analyse schématique d’un corpus de données empiriques publiquement disponibles sur Reddit qui a été sélectionné pour son lien avec le discours haineux misogyne. Cinq communautés (« subreddits ») ont été sélectionnées pour explorer la manière dont les discours misogynes sont régulés. Les résultats présentent une typologie des actions disponibles pour les utilisateurs et les modérateurs, ainsi que les règles de Reddit et de chaque communauté sur lesquelles ils et elles s'appuient pour réguler le discours haineux misogyne. La typologie d'actions est représentée au sein de schémas répétitifs qui mettent en valeur la façon dont la régulation se produit sur les communautés. Plusieurs exemples illustratifs sont offerts de ces négociations réglementaires. La recherche conclue que l'étiquetage par les actions répétitives pourrait potentiellement contribuer à la négociation des normes sociales entre les utilisateurs et les modérateurs et ainsi avoir des effets sur la façon dont les échanges se produisent sur les fils de discussions, au sein du forum. Cette négociation des normes ferait donc un lien direct quant à la fine ligne qui subsiste entre la liberté d'expression et le discours haineux, et recadrer ce qui en constitue ou non, pour comprendre les types de discours acceptables sur cette plateforme. / In the current context of polarization on social networks, this Master's thesis examines the multi-level negotiation of social norms around hate speech on the Reddit forum. The research focuses on the regulation of content by moderators and users. The thesis begins by introducing the Reddit forum, its history and operations before developing a literature review on hate speech and misogyny, including a lack of consensus on its definition and the legal and operational challenges of regulating it. Then, to better understand how Reddit users and moderators regulate misogynous hate speech, the conceptual framework develops the concept of social norms, specifically online social norms. Other concept of echo chambers and labeling theory are also mobilized. The research adopts a qualitative approach to conduct schematic analysis of a body of publicly available empirical data on Reddit that was selected for its connection to misogynistic hate speech. Five communities (“subreddits”) were selected to explore how misogynistic speech is regulated. In the findings, I present a typology of actions available to users and moderators, as well as the rules of Reddit and each community that they rely on to regulate misogynistic hate speech. The typology of actions is represented within repetitive patterns that highlight how regulation occurs on communities. Several illustrative examples are offered of these regulatory negotiations. The research concludes that labeling through repetitive actions could potentially contribute to the negotiation of social norms between users and moderators and thus have effects on the way exchanges occur on threads within the forum. This negotiation of norms would thus directly relate to the fine line that remains between free speech and hate speech, thus reframing what does and does not constitute hate speech, in order to understand the types of speech that are acceptable on this platform.

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Titel: Att vara kvinna i männens värld- En kvalitativ studie om kvinnors utvecklingsmöjligheter inom mansdominerade yrken Frågeställning: Vilka karriärhinder upplever kvinnor inom mansdominerade yrken?  Syfte: I följande arbete ämnar vi identifiera hinder för karriärmässig utveckling för kvinnor inom  mansdominerade yrken, för att skapa förutsättningar för organisationer att bygga bort dessa hinder.  Metod: Studien har en induktiv forskningsansats och en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska materialet utgår från nio intervjuer med kvinnor som arbetar inom mansdominerade yrken. Slutsatser: De karriärhinder som uppstår för kvinnor som arbetar inom mansdominerade yrken baseras i konservativ kultur, diskriminering, att andra kvinnor blir konkurrenter,  image, sexism och problematiken med att veta sitt eget värde. På följande vis blir kvinnor utpekade som det “andra könet” och underordnade mannen och mansnormen. / Title: Being a woman in the world of men- A qualitative study of women's development opportunities in male-dominated occupations Research question: Which career obstacles do women experience in male-dominated occupations? Purpose: In the following paper, we intend to identify obstacles to career development for women in male-dominated professions, in order to provide conditions for organizations to remove said obstacles. Method: This study has an inductive research approach and a qualitative research strategy. The empirical material is based on nine interviews with women who work in male-dominated occupations. Conclusions: The career barriers that arise for women working in male-dominated professions are based on other women becoming competitors, discrimination, sexism, conservative culture, personal image, and the issue of knowing their own worth. In the following way, women are designated as the "other sex" and subordinate to the male and the male norm.

This project analyzes the sexual and gender politics of flight attendants, especially the men who did this work, since the 1930s. It traces how and why the flight attendant corps became the nearly exclusive domain of white women by the 1950s, then considers the various legal battles under the 1964 Civil Rights Act to re-integrate men into the workforce, open up greater opportunities for African-Americans, and liberate women from onerous age and marriage restrictions that cut short their careers. While other scholars have emphasized flight attendants' contributions in battling sexism in the courts, this project is unique in expanding such consideration to homosexuality. Male flight attendants' status as gender pariahs in the workforce (as men performing "women's work")--combined with the fact that many of them were gay--made them objects of "homosexual panic" in the 1950s, both in legal proceedings and in various forms of extra-legal intimidation. A decade later, aspirant flight attendants were participants in some of the first cases brought by men under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Their victories in the courts greatly benefited the gay community, among others, which thereby enjoyed greater freedom to enter a highly visible, public-relationsoriented corporate career. As such, my project helps to recast the legal legacy of the civil rights movement as a three-pronged reform, confronting homophobia as well as racism and sexism. Beyond legal considerations, Manhood Up in the Air also examines how both labor unions and the airlines negotiated a legal environment and public sentiment that largely condoned firing homosexuals, while nonetheless accommodating gay employees. This form of accommodation existed in the 1950s, though much more precariously than in the post-Stonewall decade of the 1970s. Thus, the project records the pre-history to the current reality, in which both corporations (with airlines at the forefront) and labor unions have become core supporters of the contemporary gay rights movement. / text

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Gender stereotyping is a phenomenon found in all spheres of life. School children often have to bear the brunt of these prescribed roles and stereotypes. This study includes a literature review of the characteristics of a professional educator as well as the theoretical background on gender issues. It employed Participatory Action Research as a strategy with the aim to empower teachers to improve their classroom practice, and ultimately, to improve the teaching-learning dynamics for learners in the science and technology classrooms. The participants, who are science and technology teachers, are vastly different people whose one common goal it was to empower themselves and to change their classroom practice on a continuous basis. The study looks at some of the beliefs these teachers now hold after the intervention for promoting gender equality in the classroom. Science and technology are the domains of historically male-dominated fields, and by means of this study I aim to equalise the learning opportunities for both boys and girls. / Comparative Education / M. Ed. (Comparative Education)

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)