Published Article / In this paper an evaluation of smart socioeconomic, physical and environmental characteristics of Bloemfontein city of South Africa was done to understand the current scenario of the city and evolve perspective indicative planning guidelines for transforming the city into a smart city. The evaluation was done based on 74 smart indicators, and 30 factors under six characteristics, such as, smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living. For this purpose, survey research methodology with analysis of primary and secondary data and review of the current Integrated Development Plan of the city was followed. The investigation of the various indicators revealed that although the city is lagging behind in most of the characteristics, yet provides ample opportunity to develop it as a smart city, if smart city concept and smart growth principles are employed in city development process.

The emergence of the Smart Textiles field opens possibilities for designers to combine traditional surface fabrication techniques with advanced technology in the design process. The purpose of this work is to develop knowledge on interactive knitted textiles as materials for architecture and to do so through practice-based design research. The thesis formulates a research program in order to frame the design explorations, in which scale and material expression are major placeholders. Consequently, Relational Textiles for Space Design is defined as a research program with focus on surface aesthetics and the program is illustrated by design experiments exploring the expressiveness of light, heat and movement as design materials. As a result of the research presented in this thesis, a new methodological framework for interactive textile design is proposed. The framework defines field of reference and frame of reference as basic notions in surface design. These notions form a basic frame used to revise and present the methods behind the design examples Knitted Light, Touching Loops, Designing with Heat, Tactile Glow, Repetition and Textile Forms in Movement. Relating the space of Relational Textiles for Space Design to existing surface methodology in architecture gives rise to new issues that need to be addressed. For which levels of the design process will these textiles be integrated? The last chapter reflects on the role of Relational Textiles for Space Design as possible methods or expressions in the existing space of surface prototyping.

The world is facing many problems, including limited natural resources as well as environmental and energy problems. Climate change is a fact and has a negative impact on several areas. The development of society has created the need for secure and reliable energy systems. Therefore, energy production must keep up with recent developments while limiting negative environmental impact. Although the sharp increase of renewable energy sources connecting to electrical networks creates stress on energy systems. Maintaining the standard of living and achieving sustainable energy production requires a significant increase in the efficiency of energy use. In addition, the fact that there are presently an abundance of effective ways to store electricity means, and requires, that the production, as well as consumption, of power are kept in balance at all times. One of the basic operating forces regarding the Smart Grid is to balance energy consumption in the best way possible. The intelligent networks method is also advantageous for the environment as well as the consumers and producers of electricity. Although the broad sense of the Smart Grid includes the whole power system, ranging from power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure to all categories of consumers (domestic, commercial and industrial). Smart Grids are also techniques that enable improved business continuity, increased connectivity and also helps to improve the efficiency of the corporate network, and indirectly reduce costs for consumers. Further measures in this area include power supply and system maintenance as well as information and communication technology. This study will provide knowledge and understanding in addition to contributing ideas on how to improve the wind power plants and the electricity grid through the use of Smart Grids. The analysis is also a way to convey an overall impression of how the Smart Grid works as well as summarizing the general requirements in order to achieve the best possible performance.

by Chan, Pak Kee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT OF THIS THESIS ENTITLED: --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / Acknowledgements --- p.IV / Table of Contents --- p.V / List of Tables --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.VIII / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Memory and Microprocessor Cards --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- State-of-the-Art Smart Card Hardware --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Traditional Smart Card Applications --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- IS07816： A Standard for Smart Cards --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Proactive SIM： Enlightens a New Way --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7 --- The Intelligent Adjunct Model： Smart Card be a Peer --- p.10 / Chapter 1.8 --- Motivations： Smart Cards to Run Any Applications --- p.11 / Chapter 1.9 --- Organization of this Thesis --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- CARD-CENTRIC FRAMEWORK --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- System Model --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- System Components --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Object Allocation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Card-Centric Protocol --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Protocol Layering --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Message Format --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Handshake sequence --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- Accessing On-card Resources by Console --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Interfaces --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SMART CARD APPLICATION DESIGN METHODOLOGY --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Event Driven Programming Model --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Terminal Application --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- On-card Application --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- From Linear Program to Finite State Machine --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Steps for On-Card Application Development --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SYSTEM PROTOTYPE: A SMART CARD-BASED SYSTEM --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hardware --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3 --- Software --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Program Flow --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Interface Objects --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Game Engine --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Performance --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- IMPLEMENTATION ON FPGA --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2 --- Configurations --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Hardware --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Software --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3 --- Performance --- p.73 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS --- p.75 / REFERENCES --- p.78 / DESIGN LIBRARIES - CDROM --- p.82

Thesis (Electrical Engineer and M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Tummala, Murali ; McEachen, John C. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Wireless Sensor Network, Direction of Arrival, DOA, Random Arrays, Smart Antennas, Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA, Multipath Propagation, Source Localization. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-92). Also available in print.

Thesis (M.S. in International Resource Planning and Management) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1999. / "June 1999". Thesis advisor(s): William J. Haga, Mark E. Nissen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58). Also avaliable online.

The concept of the smart grid has been proposed to modernize the power grid with efficient and comprehensive monitoring systems as well as autonomous and self-healing technologies. Demand response (DR) and demand side management (DSM) are two aspects of the smart grid. The first is used to control the demand and supply, and the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of a distribution network, and the second is used to manage a site's energy consumption efficiently. This thesis focuses on reducing the need for importing extra electricity from resources outside the local distribution network using DR, DSM. First, a demand management model is described to optimize customer energy usage and consider their comfort within a sequential optimization model. A multi-layer and multi-objective optimization system is proposed at the energy consumption level to consider customer comfort and experience. The cluster-based sequential management approach is presented to improve customer comfort via appliance scheduling. To quantify thermal comfort, a thermodynamic solution is used for the heating ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system to schedule thermal load and eliminate customer inconvenience on room temperature. Customer inconvenience refers to a condition that the use of an appliance does not meet the preferences of the customer. Moreover, the satisfaction of electric vehicle charging, constrained by minimum cost, and the preferred usage time for the non-interruptible deferrable loads are considered in this model. Due to the uncertain demand profile of users, stochastic solutions for demand response problems enable utility companies to address the uncertainties in the customers' energy consumption. A stochastic DR approach is presented between an aggregator and residential customers during peak load periods, and the optimal outputs of customers and aggregator are determined. This probabilistic demand response management model uses a mixed-strategy Stackelberg game to maximize the profit of total energy reduction for the aggregator and to maximize the reward of demand reduction for customers. The proposed solution reduces the demand, PAR, and the overall energy costs for both customers and the grid while maintaining customer comfort. To perform a secure and robust energy trading model with high scalable decentralized supervision, a mixed-strategy stochastic game model is integrated with energy blockchain to address uncertainties in DR contributions. This model utilizes the processing hardware of customers for block mining, stores customer DR agreements as distributed ledgers, and offers a smart contract and consensus algorithm for energy transaction validation. A novel consensus algorithm compatible with a DR problem is presented to incentivize customers to contribute to DR events and collaborate in block mining to gain monetary profits. The results demonstrate the security and robustness of the consensus algorithm for detecting malicious activities. In summary, this thesis proposes schemes that control grid demand and minimize energy usage while preserving user comfort, security, and economic fairness.

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Published Article / South African cities are in the process of transition in the changing scenario and need a change in the planning perspective for their sustainable development. The concept of smart city offers opportunities for such development to many middle sized cities of South Africa. Therefore, in this paper conceptual modelling for development of smart cities in South Africa is attempted based on systems concept. The conceptual models are built by using the principles of system dynamics methodology and based on causal feedback relationships among the various factors under different smart characteristics of a city such as, smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living. The causal feedback loops and interrelationship among various parameters illustrate the dynamicity and influence of parameters on one another, which would able to assist in evolving plausible policy interventions for developing smart cities in South Africa. It is concluded that the modelling approaches presented here could guide the policy makers and city planners to evolve robust and responsive policy interventions for developing smart cities in the changing scenario.