As more services move on to the web and more people use the cloud for storage of important information, it is important that providers of such services can guarantee that information is kept safe. The most common way of protecting that data is to make it impossible to access without being authenticated as the user owning the data. The most common way for a user to authenticate and thereby becoming authorized to access the data, or service, is by making use of a password. The one trying to safeguard that password must make sure that it is not easy to come by for someone trying to attack the system. The most common way to store a password is by first running that password through a one way function, known as a hash function, that obfuscates it into something that does not at all look related to the password itself. Whenever a user tries to authenticate, they type in their password and it goes through the same function and the results are compared. While this model makes sure that the password is not stored in plain text it contains no way of taking action in case the database of hashed passwords is leaked. Knowing that it is nearly impossible to be fully protected from malevolent users, the ones trying to safe guard information always need to try to make sure that it is difficult to extract information about users' passwords. Since the 70s the password storage has to a large extent looked the same. What is researched and implemented in this thesis is a different way of handling passwords, where the main focus is on making sure there are countermeasures in case the database leaks. The model described and implemented consist of software that make use of the current best practices, with the addition of encrypting the passwords with a symmetric cipher. This is all done in a distributed way to move towards a paradigm where a service provider does not need to rely on one point of security. The end result of this work is a working proof-of-concept software that runs in a distributed manner to derive users' passwords to an obfuscated form. The system is at least as secure as best current practice for storing users passwords but introduces the notion of countermeasures once information has found its way into an adversary's hands.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / With the development of microelectronics and computer technology, telemetry computer systems are demanded to provide larger storage capacity and higher storage data rate than ever before. This paper fully considers various factors of a high-speed PCM fiber-optic telemetry system such as data format, data rate, data storage, the width of data storage, storage data rate. All these considerations lead to a new scheme with a semiconductor RAM and a dedicated program as its basic idea. This scheme chooses 1Mbits or 4Mbits static-RAM chips to implement the telemetry data storage device with a total capacity of 4Mbytes, 16Mbytes, or 64Mbytes. The software running on COMPAQ 386/25M or its compatibles is written in Turbo C 2. 0 to fetch, decompose, display and process data stored in the large-capacity RAM. The main task of the system processing software is to identify the flag words of frame sync-code -pattern and then demultiplex the data into separate channel data to be stored in the disk. Besides the ability to recognize specific data format, the software can also rectify data confusion to some extent. The scheme has already been proved to be efficient to receive large capacity of data with features of high data rate, high data storage in a short time.

Fresh water shortage and hot weather are common challenges in many countries of the world. In the other hand, the air conditioning systems which are used for indoor cooling cause peak electricity demand during high temperatures hours. This peak hour demand is very important since it is more expensive and mainly is supplied by fossil fuel power plants with lower efficiencies compare to base load fossil fuel or renewable owe plants. Moreover, these peak electricity load fossil fuel power plants cause higher green house gas emission and other environmental effects. So, all these show that any solution for these problems could make life better in those countries and all over the world.In this thesis, a new idea for a Power storage, Cooling storage, and Water production Combined Cycle (PCWCC) is introduced and reviewed. PCWCC is combination of two thermal cycles, Ice Thermal Energy Storage (ITES) and desalination by freezing cycle, which are merged together to make a total solution for fresh water shortage, required cooling, and high peak power demand. ITES is a well known technology for shifting the electricity demand of cooling systems from peak hours to off-peak hours and desalination by freezing is a less known desalination system which is based on the fact that the ice crystals are pure and by freezing raw water and melting resulted ice crystals, pure water will be produced. These two systems have some common processes and equations and this thesis shows that by combining them the resulted PCWCC could be more efficient than each of them. In this thesis, the thermodynamic equations and efficiencies of each PCWCC sub-systems are analyzed and the resulted data are used in finding thermodynamics of PCWCC itself. Also, by using reMIND software, which uses Cplex to find the best combinations of input/output and related processes, the cost of produced fresh water and cooling from PCWCC is compared with total cost of fresh water and cooling produced by each sub-systems of PCWCC in three sample cities all over the world, Kerman, Dubai, and Texas. These cities are chosen since they have similar ambient temperature trend with different electricity and fresh water tariff's. The results show that, the PCWCC is economical where there is a significant electricity price difference between ice charging and ice melting hours, off-peak and peak hours, of the day or when the fresh water price is high compare to electricity price. The results also show that how the revenue from fresh water could cover the used electricity cost and make some income as well.

This project examines the implications of the photovoltaic power generation as well as the battery storage systems on the distribution network tariff structures. Different types of existing distribution tariffs were applied to the residential households’ demand patterns. Several scenarios of demand profiles were theoretically investigated. First scenario included households’ consumption under current situation without on-site power production and any storage, second scenario concerned penetration of average size of solar panel installations and the last demand profile with maximum possible size of photovoltaic panels complemented with battery storage use. The distribution tariffs included in the comparison are: power based tariff and two energy based tariffs, one with flat-rate and another with time-of-use structure. Distribution tariffs were normalized with the aim to research the implications of the on-site production and storage use. Normalization factors were used when comparing financial bills from the households under above mentioned scenarios. Energy distribution tariffs have higher potential for households to save on their energy bill with the introduction of the on-site solar power utilization. On the other hand power tariff provides higher incentive for the implementation of the demand response strategies in the households.

Context. Big Data and Cloud Computing nowadays require large amounts of storage that are accessible by many servers. To overcome the performance bottlenecks and single point of failure distributed storage systems came into force. So, our main aim in this thesis is evaluating the performance of these storage systems. A file coding technique is used that is the erasure coding which will help in data protection for the storage systems. Objectives. In this study, we investigate the performance evaluation of distributed storage system and understand the effect on performance for various patterns of I/O operations that is the read and write and also different measurement approaches for storage performance. Methods. The method is to use synthetic workload generator by streaming and transcoding video data as well as benchmark tool which generates the workload like SPECsfs2014 is used to evaluate the performance of distributed storage systems of GlusterFS and Compuverde which are file based storage. Results. In terms of throughput results, Gluster and Compuverde perform similar for both NFS and SMB server. The average latency results for both NFS and SMB shares indicate that Compuverde has lower latency. When comparing results of both Compuverde and Gluster, Compuverde delivers 100% IOPS with NFS server and Gluster delivers relatively near to the requested OP rate and with SMB server Gluster delivers 100% IOPS and Compuverde delivers more than the requested OP rate.

Context : Big Data and Cloud Computing nowadays require large amounts of storage that are accessible by many servers. The Energy consumed by these servers as well as that consumed by hosts providing the storage has been growing rapidly over the recent years. There are various approaches to save energy both at the hardware and software level, respectively. In the context of software, this challenge requires identification of new development methodologies that can help reduce the energy footprint of the Distributed Storage System. Until recently, reducing the energy footprint of Distributed Storage Systems is a challenge because there is no new methodology implemented to reduce the energy footprint of the Distributed Storage Systems. To tackle this challenge, we evaluate the energy consumption of Distributed Storage Systems by using a Power Application Programming Interface (PowerAPI) that monitors, in real-time, the energy consumed at the granularity of a system process. Objectives : In this study we investigate the Energy Consumption of distributed storage system. We also attempt to understand the effect on energy consumption for various patters of video streams. Also we have observed different measurement approaches for energy performance. Methods : The method is to use a power measuring software library while a synthetic load generator generates the load i.e., video data streams. The Tool which generates the workload is Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Solution File Server (SPECsfs 2014) and PowerAPI is the software power monitoring library to evaluate the energy consumption of distributed storage systems of GlusterFS and Compuverde. Results : The mean and median values of power samples in mill watts for Compuverde higher than Gluster. For Compuverde the mean and median values until the load increment of three streams was around a 400 milliwatt value. The values of mean and median for the Gluster system were gradually increasing. Conclusions : The results show Compuverde having a higher consumption of energy than Gluster as it has a higher number of running processes that implement additional features that do not exist in Gluster. Also we have concluded that the conpuverde performed better for higher values of Load i.e., video data streams. / <p>Topic : Evaluating Energy Consumption of Distributed Storage Systems</p><p>Advisor: Dr. Dragos Ilie, Senior Lecturer, BTH</p><p>External Advisor: Stefan Bernbo,CEO, Compuverde AB</p><p>Student: Samuel Sushanth Kolli</p><p>The report gives a clear description of Distributed Storage Sytems and their Energy consumption with Performance Evaluation.</p><p>The report also includes the complete description and working of SpecSFS 2014 and PowerAPI Tool.</p> / Performance Evaluation of Distributed Storage Systems

In the transition from traditional power plants to more environmentally friendly alternatives will generate a need for more flexibility in production, transmission and consumption. Energy storage can be provide the flexibility that are required to continue to have a robust and stable electrical system. The purpose of this report is to give an overview of the electrical energy storage technologies. The classification of energy storage technologies used in this report is mechanical, chemical and electrical. In these three categories were ten different technologies presented with function, advantages, disadvantages, degree of maturity and research area for each technology. The distribution between the globally operational energy storage technologies were presented. Also the framework and regulations for actors to own and operate an energy storage in Sweden. This review was complemented with a case study about connecting a lithium ion battery system to a wind farm. The case investigated the profitability for 20 MW wind farm with a 12 MW and 18 MWh energy storage system for a five and ten-year period. The utilization of the storage was optimized with \textit{What's best} for three different investment cost. The review were done in order to answer: what is the futures energy storage technology?, what applications can be replaced by energy storage for an electricity producer? and what will the effects be of the new actor Aggregator? The result from comparing three different prices for lithium ion batteries resulted in a non-profit scenario for all the cases in a five-year period. There were a maximum, minimum and predicted futuristic price, which generated a loss of 731, 220 and 76.6 MSEK for respective case. Only the futuristic price for a ten-year period indicated an profit. The conclusion that can be drawn from this case study is that energy storage is too expensive and the extra income from utilization of the energy storage is not enough to motivate an energy storage investment. There are not a single technology that possesses all of the required properties for the applications. In the future there will be a combination of technologies to cover all the applications. For the seasonal storage pumped hydro and compressed air are most promising technologies. The flywheels and supercapacitors can contribute with short powerful burst of energy that are needed for power quality and operating reserves. For the more wide range application such as power fleet optimization and integrate the renewable energy production, batteries in form of lithium ion battery and sodium-sulfur battery will most probably be used. For electricity producers energy storage can replace existing solutions. Instead of using diesel generators for black start services, an battery can be used. Also the power quality could be enhanced with batteries acting as filters. The process can be more utilized in a more efficient way with an energy storage. The aggregator actor gathers small variable load from e.g several houses and participate on the electricity market. This actor will level out the differences in power demand during the day. It will reduce the losses and reduce the need for grid investments in both the transmission and distribution networks. It would also generate more available frequency reserves and probably change how the market is paying for the generated benefits.

Concerns regarding climate change are becoming a driver behind legislation at both UK and EU levels, and also on the wider, planetary scale. This is the case with emissions from landfills where the release of methane is being targeted for reduction. This thesis uses an integrative approach, incorporating concepts of hierarchy from systems theory, to model landfill as a complex biophysical technology. It assesses the contribution to carbon deposition and global warming of landfill through changes to that technology itself and through changes in the waste stream caused by potential waste policies. The thesis develops an holistic, conceptual model of the landfill system, mapping flows and transformations of carbon within that system. It further develops this conceptual model into a calculating model of landfill as a waste management technology incorporating measurements taken to provide new data and validate published data to calibrate the model. It thus applies modelling techniques to a biophysical technology, producing an integrated model of the landfill that allows the knowledge gained from other research to be used to explore engineering and operational decisions on landfills. The thesis includes results from measurements of the composition of household waste, and of the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of fractions of that waste. It includes measurements of the residual BMP in samples of excavated waste and measurements of gas flows. The main results suggest the following: • Early capping of landfilled waste is important in reducing the global warming impact; • If the rate of degradation of the waste is accelerated in the drive towards sustainability, capping should be carried out even earlier if the global impact is not to be increased; • Although recycling parts of the degradable elements of the waste stream has the effect of reducing the global impact, extensive recycling has implications for landfill engineering.