Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology, 1979. / Bibliography : leaves 40-42. / by Michael Henry Kirkish. / M.S.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Bibliography: leaves 73-75. / by Walter Joseph Slade, Jr. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, 1981. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 36-37. / by Charles Robert Posey II. / M.S.

Enorme Mengen an Waldbrandrauch von außerordentlich starken und unkontrollierbaren Waldbränden in Kanada (2017), Sibirien (2019) und Australien (2019-2020) gelangten in den letzten Jahren in die Stratosphäre. Die Auswirkungen des Rauchs auf das Klimasystem der Erde wurden von vielen Forschungsgruppen untersucht. Mithilfe von Polarisations-Raman-Lidarmessungen wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die optischen Eigenschaften des Rauchs vermessen und einige Aspekte der Auswirkungen auf das Klimasystem untersucht. Der sibirische Rauch verteilte sich über der gesamten Arktis und wurde fast ein Jahr lang während der MOSAiC-Kampagne mit einem Lidar auf dem deutschen Eisbrecher Polarstern in der Nordpolregion beobachtet. Dabei wurde eine 10km dicke Aerosolschicht (etwa zwischen 8 und 18km Höhe) in der oberen Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre (UTLS) detektiert. Die Schicht zeigte eindeutige Eigenschaften von Waldbrandrauch. Die Lidarverhältnisse lagen bei 55 sr (355nm Wellenlänge) und 85 sr (532nm Wellenlänge) und die optische Dicke des Aerosols (AOT) erreichte Werte bis zu 0,1 im Herbst 2019. Waldbrandrauch erreicht die Stratosphäre normalerweise nur im Zusammenhang mit Pyrokumulonimbus-Konvektion (pyroCb). Der sibirische Waldbrandrauch gelangte allerdings ohne die Hilfe von pyroCbs in die Stratosphäre, vermutlich durch sogenannte Selbsthebung, wie in der Arbeit ausgeführt wird. Demnach steigt der Rauch innerhalb von 3-7 Tagen bis zur Tropopause und in die untere Stratosphäre auf. Die Hypothese wird unterstützt durch CALIOP-Beobachtungen und ECRAD-Modellsimulationen. Während der Hauptphase der großen australischen Feuer (zwischen dem 29. Dezember 2019 und dem 4. Januar 2020) entstanden etwa 40 pyroCbs über den ausgedehnten Feuerflächen. Nie zuvor war eine derart hohe Anzahl von pyroCbs beobachtet worden. Sie verursachten eine stratosphärische Verschmutzung mit Rauch, wie sie nie zuvor beobachtet worden war. Der australische Rauch verteilte sich über der gesamten Südhemisphäre und wurde während der DACAPO-PESO-Kampagne in Punta Arenas (Chile) mit einem Lidar vermessen. Zwischen Januar 2020 und November 2021 befand sich der Rauch typischerweise zwischen 9 und 24km Höhe. Im Januar 2020 war die maximale optische Dicke des Rauchs über Punta Arenas etwa 1,0. Die Kombination von Lidar- und Photometermessungen ergab, dass das Lidarverhältnis des Rauchaerosols bei 69±19 sr (355 nm), 91±17 sr (532 nm) und 120±22 sr (1064 nm) lag. Der Rauch in der Stratosphäre hatte einen Einfluss auf die Strahlung, auf die chemische Zusammensetzung der Stratosphäre und auf die Entwicklung von Zirruswolken an der Tropopause. Herausragend starke Ozonlöcher bildeten sich teilweise (Arktis, 2020) und vollständig (Antarktis 2020 und 2021) in rauchverschmutzter Luft beider polarer Gebiete. Dabei wurden erstmals klare Hinweise auf einen Einfluss des Rauchs auf die Ozonlöcher gefunden (besonders ausgeprägt in der Antarktis 2020), wie in der Arbeit dargelegt wird. Zusammengefasst präsentiert diese Dissertation die Messungen der geometrischen, optischen und mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der stratosphärischen Rauchschichten über der Arktis und über Punta Arenas, sowie das Abklingverhalten dieser großen stratosphärischen Störungen in vier Publikationen. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss von Rauchpartikeln auf den Ozonabbau diskutiert und die Hypothese, dass Rauch von der freien Troposphäre bis zur Tropopause selbst aufsteigt wird aus der Prespektive von Beobachtungen und Modellergebnissen gezeigt.:1 Introduction 2 Measurement campaigns 2.1 DACAPO-PESO 2.2 MOSAiC 3 Stratospheric aerosol perturbations 3.1 Historical observations of aerosol in the stratosphere - an overview 3.2 Siberian wildfires 3.3 Australian wildfires 4 Instrumentation and data analysis 4.1 PollyXT 4.2 Lidar-derived optical properties 4.3 Data analysis 5 Results 5.1 First Publication: Ohneiser et al., Optical properties of Australian smoke over Punta Arenas, Chile, ACP, 2020 5.2 Second Publication: Ohneiser et al., Decay Phase of Australian wildfire smoke in the stratosphere, ACP, 2020 5.3 Third Publication: Ohneiser et al., Unexpected smoke layer in the High Arctic winter stratosphere 2019–2020, ACP, 2021 5.4 Fourth Publication: Ohneiser et al., Self-lofting of wildfire smoke in the troposphere and stratosphere, ACPD (preprint), in review, 2022 6 Summarizing discussion, conclusion, and outlook A Author’s contribution to the four publications B Lists B.1 List of Abbreviations B.2 List of Symbols B.3 List of Figures B.4 List of Tables References Acknowledgements

This thesis aims to improve the understanding of transport and critical layer mixing in the troposphere and stratosphere. A dynamical approach is taken based on potential vorticity which has long been recognised as the essential field inducing the flow and thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Within the dynamical framework of critical layer mixing of potential vorticity, three main topics are addressed. First, an idealised model of critical layer mixing in the stratospheric surf zone is examined. The effect of the shear across the critical layer on the critical layer evolution itself is investigated. In particular it is found that at small shear barotropic instability occurs and the mixing efficiency of the critical layer increases due to the instability. The effect of finite deformation length is also considered which extends previous work. Secondly, the dynamical coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere is examined by considering the effect of direct perturbations to stratospheric potential vorticity on the evolution of midlatitude baroclinic instability. Both zonally symmetric and asymmetric perturbations to the stratospheric potential vorticity are considered, the former representative of a strong polar vortex, the latter representative of the stratospheric state following a major sudden warming. A comparison of these perturbations gives some insight into the possible influence of pre or post-sudden warming conditions on the tropospheric evolution. Finally, the influence of the stratospheric potential vorticity distribution on lateral mixing and transport into and out of the tropical pipe, the low latitude ascending branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, is investigated. The stratospheric potential vorticity distribution in the tropical stratosphere is found to have a clear pattern according to the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The extent of the QBO influence is quantified, by analysing trajectories of Lagrangian particles using an online trajectory code recently implemented in the Met Office's Unified Model.

Informationsextraktions (IE) auf sehr großen Datenmengen erfordert hochkomplexe, skalierbare und anpassungsfähige Systeme. Obwohl zahlreiche IE-Algorithmen existieren, ist die nahtlose und erweiterbare Kombination dieser Werkzeuge in einem skalierbaren System immer noch eine große Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit wird ein anfragebasiertes IE-System für eine parallelen Datenanalyseplattform vorgestellt, das für konkrete Anwendungsdomänen konfigurierbar ist und für Textsammlungen im Terabyte-Bereich skaliert. Zunächst werden konfigurierbare Operatoren für grundlegende IE- und Web-Analytics-Aufgaben definiert, mit denen komplexe IE-Aufgaben in Form von deklarativen Anfragen ausgedrückt werden können. Alle Operatoren werden hinsichtlich ihrer Eigenschaften charakterisiert um das Potenzial und die Bedeutung der Optimierung nicht-relationaler, benutzerdefinierter Operatoren (UDFs) für Data Flows hervorzuheben. Anschließend wird der Stand der Technik in der Optimierung nicht-relationaler Data Flows untersucht und herausgearbeitet, dass eine umfassende Optimierung von UDFs immer noch eine Herausforderung ist. Darauf aufbauend wird ein erweiterbarer, logischer Optimierer (SOFA) vorgestellt, der die Semantik von UDFs mit in die Optimierung mit einbezieht. SOFA analysiert eine kompakte Menge von Operator-Eigenschaften und kombiniert eine automatisierte Analyse mit manuellen UDF-Annotationen, um die umfassende Optimierung von Data Flows zu ermöglichen. SOFA ist in der Lage, beliebige Data Flows aus unterschiedlichen Anwendungsbereichen logisch zu optimieren, was zu erheblichen Laufzeitverbesserungen im Vergleich mit anderen Techniken führt. Als Viertes wird die Anwendbarkeit des vorgestellten Systems auf Korpora im Terabyte-Bereich untersucht und systematisch die Skalierbarkeit und Robustheit der eingesetzten Methoden und Werkzeuge beurteilt um schließlich die kritischsten Herausforderungen beim Aufbau eines IE-Systems für sehr große Datenmenge zu charakterisieren. / Information extraction (IE) on very large data sets requires highly complex, scalable, and adaptive systems. Although numerous IE algorithms exist, their seamless and extensible combination in a scalable system still is a major challenge. This work presents a query-based IE system for a parallel data analysis platform, which is configurable for specific application domains and scales for terabyte-sized text collections. First, configurable operators are defined for basic IE and Web Analytics tasks, which can be used to express complex IE tasks in the form of declarative queries. All operators are characterized in terms of their properties to highlight the potential and importance of optimizing non-relational, user-defined operators (UDFs) for dataflows. Subsequently, we survey the state of the art in optimizing non-relational dataflows and highlight that a comprehensive optimization of UDFs is still a challenge. Based on this observation, an extensible, logical optimizer (SOFA) is introduced, which incorporates the semantics of UDFs into the optimization process. SOFA analyzes a compact set of operator properties and combines automated analysis with manual UDF annotations to enable a comprehensive optimization of data flows. SOFA is able to logically optimize arbitrary data flows from different application areas, resulting in significant runtime improvements compared to other techniques. Finally, the applicability of the presented system to terabyte-sized corpora is investigated. Hereby, we systematically evaluate scalability and robustness of the employed methods and tools in order to pinpoint the most critical challenges in building an IE system for very large data sets.

The operating principles and design of an optical receiver for a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) remote sensing instrument are addressed. The performance and limitations of a biaxial monostatic LIDAR system utilizing this design are investigated. The complete optical and structural design of the receiver, including specifications of components are outlined. The thermal stabilization of the detector assembly and the integration of control electronics are described. A detailed discussion of alignment procedures and possible improvements are made. A sample observation is presented with suggestions for fully automating the system.

A new retrieval algorithm has been developed based on the Optimal Estimation (OE) approach, which retrieves lognormal aerosol size distribution parameters from multiwavelength aerosol extinction data, as measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II in the lower stratosphere. Retrieving these aerosol properties becomes increasingly more difficult under aerosol background conditions, when tiny particles (« 0.1 µm) prevail, to which the experiment is nearly or entirely insensitive. A successful retrieval algorithm must then be able (a) to fill the 'blind spot' with suitable information about the practically invisible particles, and (b) to identify 'the best' of many possible solutions. The OE approach differs from other previously used aerosol retrieval techniques by taking a statistical approach to the multiple solution problem, in which the entire range of possible solutions are considered (including the smallest particles) and characterized by probability density functions. The three main parts of this thesis are (1) the development of the new OE retrieval algorithm, (2) the validation of this algorithm on the basis of synthetic extinction data, and (3) application of the new algorithm to SAGE II measurements of stratospheric background aerosol. The validation results indicate that the new method is able to retrieve the particle size of typical background aerosols reasonably well, and that the retrieved uncertainties are a good estimate of the true errors. The derived surface area densities (A), and volume densities (V ) tend to be closer to the correct solutions than the directly retrieved number density (N), median radius (R), and lognormal distribution width (S). Aerosol properties as retrieved from SAGE II measurements (recorded in 1999) are observed to be close to correlative in situ data. In many cases the OE and in situ data agree within the (OE and/or the in situ ) uncertainties. The retrieved error estimates are of the order of 69% (σN), 33% (σR), 14% (σS), 23% (σA), 12% (σV), and 13% (σReff ). The OE number densities are generally larger, and the OE median particle sizes are generally smaller than those N and R retrieved by Bingen et al. (2004a), who suggest that their results underestimate (N) or overestimate (R) correlative in situ data due to the 'small particle problem'. The OE surface area estimates are generally closer to correlative in situ profiles (courtesy of T. Deshler, University of Wyoming), and larger than Principal Component Analysis (PCA) retrieval solutions of A (courtesy of L. W. Thomason, NASA LaRC) that have been observed to underestimate correlative in situ data by 40-50%. These observations suggest that the new OE retrieval algorithm is a successful approach to the aerosol retrieval problem, which is able to add to the current knowledge by improving current estimates of aerosol properties in the lower stratosphere under low aerosol loading conditions.

Research during the last two decades has established that variability of the winter polar stratospheric vortex can significantly influence the troposphere, affecting the likelihood of extreme weather events and the skill of long-range weather forecasts. This influence is particularly strong following the rapid breakdown of the vortex in events known as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). This thesis addresses some outstanding issues in our understanding of the dynamics of this stratospheric variability and its influence on the troposphere. First, a geometrical method is developed to characterise two-dimensional polar vortex variability. This method is also able to identify types of SSW in which the vortex is displaced from the pole and those in which it is split in two; known as displaced and split vortex events. It shown to capture vortex variability at least as well as previous methods, but has the advantage of being easily applicable to climate model simulations. This method is subsequently applied to 13 stratosphere-resolving climate models. Almost all models show split vortex events as barotropic and displaced vortex events as baroclinic; a difference also seen in observational reanalysis data. This supports the idea that split vortex events are caused by a resonant excitation of the barotropic mode. Models show consistent differences in the surface response to split and displaced vortex events which do not project stongly onto the annular mode. However, these differences are approximately co-located with lower stratospheric anomalies, suggesting that a local adjustment to stratospheric potential vorticity anomalies is the mechanism behind the different surface responses. Finally, the predictability of the polar stratosphere and its influence on the troposphere is assessed in a stratosphere-resolving seasonal forecast system. Little skill is found in the prediction of the strength of the Northern Hemisphere vortex at lead times beyond one month. However, much greater skill is found for the Southern Hemisphere vortex during austral spring. This allows for forecasts of interannual changes in ozone depletion to be inferred at lead times much beyond previous forecasts. It is further demonstrated that this stratospheric skill descends with time and leads to an enhanced surface skill at lead times of more than three months.

This work investigates changes implied by variability of temperature, zonal wind and ozone mixing ratio during the eleven-year cycle in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The analysis is performed by using multiple linear regression of the MERRA reanalysis dataset for the period 1979-2012. Furthermore, we describe possibilities of available dataset, which can be also considered for the study of the upper atmosphere. Results of this study show a qualitative agreement with other related studies in the stratosphere, we find substantial differences especially in the ozone concentrations above the stratopause. It has been shown more intensive sudden stratospheric warming during solar maxima and the associated impact on the Brewer-Dobson circulation in all fields of meteorological variables.