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Bakgrund & Problem: Fotboll är den största idrotten i Sverige och har flest ungdomsutövare i landet. Hur ledare uppfattar riktlinjer och direktiv av föreningar är problematiskt, där forskning överlag saknas kopplat till implementering inom idrottsorganisationer. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att kartlägga problematiken hos ungdomsansvariga vid implementering av föreningens spelarutbildningsplan och riktlinjer till ledare. Studien ämnar även att se hur ledare uppfattar och använder sig av spelarutbildningsplanen och riktlinjer i praktiken.   Metod: Studien har använt kvalitativ datainsamling med semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en dokumentgranskning. Studien har samlat in data från tre fotbollsföreningar där intervjuer har gjorts med ungdomsansvarig i varje förening samt två ungdomsledare.   Slutsats: Värdegrundsdokument i föreningar som handlar om att värna om ungdomar och allas rätt att deltaga följs på ett bra sätt. Ledare försöker utgå från spelarutbildningplanen men vet inte om den appliceras på rätt sätt eftersom samarbetet med ungdomsansvarig inte är frekvent. Säkerhetställandet av implementering i föreningarna var bristande och orsaken var tidsbrist, resursbrist och en tröghet i att utveckla verksamheten. Ungdomsansvarigs roll i föreningarna var överlag något oklar och ledare efterfrågade mer hjälp på praktisk nivå.

A FBXO25 é parte de uma E3 ligase do tipo RING, (Really Interesting New Gene), oligomérica do tipo SCF, responsável pelo reconhecimento específico do substrato a ser degradado via Sistema Ubiquitina-Proteassoma (SUP). O SUP é o principal mecanismo proteolítico intracelular, responsável pela degradação de 80-90% das proteínas citosólicas e nucleares. A FBXO25 é capaz de formar um complexo SCF1 ativo (formado pela interação das proteínas Skp1, Cul1, Roc1 e uma proteína do tipo F-box), capaz de ubiquitinar seus substratos. Essa proteína se acumula no núcleo celular formando uma nova estrutura subnuclear denominada FANDs (FBXO25 Associated Nuclear Domains) que estão envolvidos na ubiquitinação nuclear. Nesse trabalho, purificamos complexos SCF1 (WT ou sem o domínio de interação com Skp1 (F)), tratados ou não com PMA, pela técnica de imunoprecipitação. Identificamos por espectrometria de massas um sítio de fosforilação essencial para FBXO25, quando células transfectadas são tratadas com o mitógeno PMA. Buscamos também por substratos diferencialmente ubiquitinados por esses complexos, por meio de ensaios em ProtoArrays®, identificando substratos envolvidos na via de sinalização ERK1/2. / The FBXO25 is an E3 ligase RING type (Really Interesting New Gene), SCF oligomeric type, responsible for the specific recognition of the substrate to be degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (SUP). SUP is the main intracellular proteolytic mechanism responsible for 80-90% degradation of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The FBXO25 is capable of forming a complex SCF1 (formed by the interaction of proteins Skp1, Cul1, Roc1 protein and a type F-box), resulting in an active SCF complex which is able to ubiquitinate their substrates. This protein accumulates in the nucleus forming a subnuclear structure called FANDs (FBXO25 Associated Nuclear Domains) that are involved in nuclear ubiquitination. In this work, we purify complex SCF1 (WT or F- box, which is not able to interact with Skp1), treated or not with PMA, by immunoprecipitation technique. We identified by mass spectrometry, an essential phosphorylation site for FBXO25, when it is phosphorylated under the action of the mitogenic reagent PMA. We also search for differentially ubiquitinated substrates for these complexes, by testing in ProtoArrays® identifying substrates involved in the signaling pathway ERK1 / 2.

Each aspect of this thesis is motivated by the recent paper of Beresnevich, Dickinson and Velani (BDV03]. Let 'ljJ be a real, positive, decreasing function i.e. an approximation function. Their paper considers a general lim sup set A( 'ljJ), within a compact metric measure space (0, d, m), consisting of points that sit in infinitely many balls each centred at an element ROt of a countable set and of radius 'I/J(130) where 130 is a 'weight' assigned to each ROt. The classical set of 'I/J-well approximable numbers is the basic example. For the set A('ljJ) , [BDV03] achieves m-measure and Hausdorff measure laws analogous to the classical theorems of Khintchine and Jarnik. Our first results obtain an application of these metric laws to the set of 'ljJ-well approximable numbers with restricted rationals, previously considered by Harman (Har88c]. Next, we consider a generalisation of the set of badly approximable numbers, Bad. For an approximation function p, a point x of a compact metric space is in a general set Bad(p) if, loosely speaking, x 'avoids' any ball centred at an element ROt of a countable set and of radius c p(I3Ot) for c = c(x) a constant. In view of Jarnik's 1928 result that dim Bad = 1, we aim to show the general set Bad(p) has maximal Hausdorff dimension. Finally, we extend the theory of (BDV03] by constructing a general lim sup set dependent on two approximation functions, A('ljJll'ljJ2)' We state a measure theorem for this set analogous to Khintchine's (1926a) theorem for the Lebesgue measure of the set of ('l/Jl, 1/12)-well approximable pairs in R2. We also remark on the set's Hausdorff dimension.

A FBXO25 é parte de uma E3 ligase do tipo RING, (Really Interesting New Gene), oligomérica do tipo SCF, responsável pelo reconhecimento específico do substrato a ser degradado via Sistema Ubiquitina-Proteassoma (SUP). O SUP é o principal mecanismo proteolítico intracelular, responsável pela degradação de 80-90% das proteínas citosólicas e nucleares. A FBXO25 é capaz de formar um complexo SCF1 ativo (formado pela interação das proteínas Skp1, Cul1, Roc1 e uma proteína do tipo F-box), capaz de ubiquitinar seus substratos. Essa proteína se acumula no núcleo celular formando uma nova estrutura subnuclear denominada FANDs (FBXO25 Associated Nuclear Domains) que estão envolvidos na ubiquitinação nuclear. Nesse trabalho, purificamos complexos SCF1 (WT ou sem o domínio de interação com Skp1 (F)), tratados ou não com PMA, pela técnica de imunoprecipitação. Identificamos por espectrometria de massas um sítio de fosforilação essencial para FBXO25, quando células transfectadas são tratadas com o mitógeno PMA. Buscamos também por substratos diferencialmente ubiquitinados por esses complexos, por meio de ensaios em ProtoArrays®, identificando substratos envolvidos na via de sinalização ERK1/2. / The FBXO25 is an E3 ligase RING type (Really Interesting New Gene), SCF oligomeric type, responsible for the specific recognition of the substrate to be degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (SUP). SUP is the main intracellular proteolytic mechanism responsible for 80-90% degradation of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The FBXO25 is capable of forming a complex SCF1 (formed by the interaction of proteins Skp1, Cul1, Roc1 protein and a type F-box), resulting in an active SCF complex which is able to ubiquitinate their substrates. This protein accumulates in the nucleus forming a subnuclear structure called FANDs (FBXO25 Associated Nuclear Domains) that are involved in nuclear ubiquitination. In this work, we purify complex SCF1 (WT or F- box, which is not able to interact with Skp1), treated or not with PMA, by immunoprecipitation technique. We identified by mass spectrometry, an essential phosphorylation site for FBXO25, when it is phosphorylated under the action of the mitogenic reagent PMA. We also search for differentially ubiquitinated substrates for these complexes, by testing in ProtoArrays® identifying substrates involved in the signaling pathway ERK1 / 2.

Considering the problems of the fast aging of population and the heavy burden of the next generation to raise the elder people, the ¡§Implementation Rules of the Labor Pension Act¡¨ law was put into practice in July 1st, 2005 to release the heavy load of the next generation. The law changed the older system ¡§defined benefit pension plan¡¨ into a new system ¡§defined contribution pension plan¡¨ to slow down the problems of aging of population. Nevertheless, there were so many controversial issues about the enactment not passing the draft plan of setting up the supervisory committee of the Fund of the Labor Pension. The amount of the Labor Pension one can obtain when retiring is related to the operation of the Fund of the Labor Pension. However, now the money is putting in the bank and not doing any effective investment. This makes us start wondering if we can get our pension on time or the insufficient part of labor pension will become a heavy burden of the next generation. It can be a big issue for government in the future. In this research we will discuss the general situation of the pension scheme and the operation of the fund of pension to analyze the legal problems of draft plan in setting up the supervisory committee of the Fund of the Labor Pension. The results show that the main drawbacks of the draft plan right now are: the problems of adopting the system of Incorporated Administration, lacking the supervisory committee of labor organization and undefined responsibility of the supervisory committee. Also, the injustice of the modern pension plan is discovered in our research. We hope that this study can provide an excellent direction to improve the system.

Abstract The processes affecting myocardial survival in ischemia were studied in perfused rat hearts by using largely non-invasive methods based on optical monitoring and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to protect the heart considerably from ischemic damage in all species studied. F1Fo-ATPase inhibition has been suggested to involve the mechanism of IPC, but its significance has been doubted, partly because ischemic inhibition of F1Fo-ATPase has been considered insignificant in rat. An improved method of F1Fo-ATPase activity measurement was used in which the time-consuming isolation of mitochondria was omitted and the salt concentration and pH conditions were optimized. It was demonstrated that ischemic F1Fo-ATPase inhibition does occur in rat, and that the method can also be applied in human myocardium. The mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitKATP) channel opener, diazoxide, attenuated myocardial damage and enhanced ischemic inhibition of F1Fo-ATPase similar to IPC. All of these effects were abolished with the mitKATP inhibitor 5-HD. These results suggest that mitKATP opening is connected to F1Fo-ATPase inhibition in the mechanism of IPC. Observations of the nature of F1Fo-ATPase inhibition in isolated mitochondria suggest that IF1 binding is involved in the inhibition. Calcium perturbations in ischemia-reperfusion were studied in intact heart using calcium probing with Fura-2. It was found that compensation for tissue autofluorescence and pH changes were necessary for reliable Ca2+ monitoring. IPC significantly decreased myocardial calcium accumulation in ischemia, and magnesium quenching of cytosolic Fura-2 fluorescence showed that this is mainly mitochondrial. The attenuation of mitochondrial calcium overload was connected to an enhanced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in IPC. The role of calcium in respiratory control and in substrate selection was studied during fatty acid oxidation. The energy state evaluated by 31P-NMR decreased slightly during hexanoate infusion upon calcium-induced inotrophy, and a tendency for NADH and flavoprotein oxidation was also monitored. These observations are in agreement with the theory that mitochondrial respiration is mainly determined by the energy expenditure. Even a 50 μM octanoate concentration completely surpassed glucose and internal substrates as a preferential myocardial energy source. The fatty acid dominance remained unaltered even upon a calcium-induced increase in energy consumption evaluated by 13C-NMR. The rate of anaplerosis was found to be considerable during octanoate oxidation, and it was emphasised during low cardiac workload.

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No description available.