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Natriumklorid sprids i ca. 20 skidbackar inom Åres skidsystem. Natriumklorid sänker vattens fryspunkt och gör att snön kan hållas hård under tävlingar, vilket ger de tävlande så lika förutsättningar som möjligt. Studiens främsta syfte var att undersöka om spridning av natriumklorid i Åres skidbackar är skadlig för vegetation i dess område och Indalsälvens vattenmiljö. Huvudsakligen utfördes detta genom en kartläggning av natriumkloridets väg via mark och vatten. Men hjälp av kartläggningen beräknades mängden kloridjoner som når Indalsälven från spridningen samt bidraget till koncentrationen av kloridjoner i Indalsälven. Genom en litteraturundersökning och fältstudie har natriumkloridets påverkan på vegetation och mark undersökts. Resultaten visar att de flesta kloridjoner från saltning med natriumklorid i skidbackarna når Indalsälven genom ytavrinning och att kloridjonernas uppehållstid i backarna är mindre än ett år. På grund av utspädningseffekten bedöms bidraget till koncentrationen av kloridjoner i Indalsälven vara försumbar. Ingen påverkan på markvegetation i eller nedanför backarna kunde identifieras. Markens fysikaliska egenskaper och struktur inom de saltade områdena och 25 m nedanför bedöms kunna försämras, vilket kan skapa ökad erosion. Det är däremot inte fastställt att så är fallet. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar resultaten i studien en begränsad påverkan på miljön av saltanvändningen i Åres skidbackar. Det fordras ytterligare undersökningar för att kunna få en djupare förståelse av saltningens miljöpåverkan på kort och lång sikt. / Sodium chloride is spread in approx. 20 ski slopes within the ski system of Åre. Sodium chloride lowers the waters freezing point and can keep the snow stable during ski competitions, which gives the contestants as similar conditions as possible. The primary purpose of the study were to examine if the distribution of sodium chloride in ski slopes is harmful to vegetation in the area and in the aquatic environment of Indalsälven. Mainly, this was done through a mapping of the sodium chloride transport through the soil and water. By using the mapping, calculations were done to know which amount of chloride ions that reaches Indalsälven from the spreading and the contribution to the concentration of chloride ions in Indalsälven. Through a literature- and field study, the sodium chloride impact on vegetation and soil were investigated. The results shows that the most of the chloride ions from the salting of sodium chloride in ski slopes reaches Indalsälven through surface runoff and the chloride ions residence time in the slopes is less than a year. Because of the dilution effect, the contribution to the concentration of chloride ions in Indalsälven deemed negligible. No impact on ground vegetation in or below the slopes were identified. The soil physical properties and structure within the salted area and 25 m below, is expected to deteriorate which can cause increased erosion. However, it is not established that this is the case. Summarize, the results of the study shows limited impact on the environment by the use of salt in the ski system of Åre. It requires further investigation in order to gain deeper understanding of the environmental impacts in short and long term of salt use.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of root colonization in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Moneymaker, by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices Shenck and Smith, on alleviating salt stress. I postulated that AM symbiosis increases tomato plant performance to salt stress. Two greenhouse experiments were done according to a randomized factorial experimental design. The results showed a significantly higher level of AM root colonization that also occurred earlier in salt than non-salt treated plants. There were also positive interactions between root colonization levels and the alleviation of salt stress; these contributions resulted initially on higher root fresh mass (FM), later on shoot FM, and DM, and higher phosphorus and unchanged potassium concentrations in roots. The effects observed in salt-treated plants were significant when root colonization levels were significantly different than those observed in non-salt treated plants. This suggests a relationship between the level of root colonization and the alleviation of salt stress in plants. The attempt to use molecular techniques to detect early root colonization was quite successful in detecting the presence of G. intraradices in AM plants. However, it was not possible to detect the presence of the AM fungus as early as by classical root staining. This was observed presumably because sampling methods were different. In general, the results support the hypothesis that AM root colonization contributes to some extent to salt resistance of tomato plants.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-157). / Microfiche. / xiv, 157 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

This study primarily focuses on the reduction of salts during the dyeing of cotton. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with Chitosan and Cibafix ECO respectively, and then dyed with reactive and direct dyes with various amount of salt in a dye bath, to determine the optimum pre-treatment conditions of a reduced salt concentration. Cotton fabric was dyed with two different classes of reactive dyes and a direct dye with 100%, 75%, 50% and 0% of the recommended amount of salt. Various methods of pre-treatment application were trialed to determine the most effective and efficient method, as well as to determine the optimum conditions of the pre-treatments. Exhaustion levels of the dye bath as well as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels were measured. Colour strength measurements were also studied along with colourfastness properties. It was found that cotton fabric pre-treated with Cibafix ECO and dyed with 25% less salt was more effective than fabric pre-treated with Chitosan and dyed with 25% less salt. Any greater reduction in salt has detrimental effects on the levelness of dyeing. When using only 75% of the recommended amount of salt, the pre-treated fabrics showed higher extents of exhaustion compared with samples dyed without the pre-treatment. At optimum pre-treatment conditions a saving of 25% salt usage was observed for cotton dyed with direct and reactive dyes. In addition these samples also showed moderate to very high fastness properties.