Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O óxido misto de Ba0,50Sr0,50Co0,80Fe0,20O3-δ (BSCF) apresenta propriedades funcionais para ser usado como material catódico de Células a Combustível de Óxido Sólido de Temperatura Intermediária (ITSOFCs). O BSCF, preparado a partir de nitratos, por reação em fase líquida, pelo método de complexação EDTA-Citratos em condições variadas de pH, foi calcinado para obtenção de particulados cristalinos e monofásicos, e posteriormente sinterizados. A caracterização dos particulados e corpos cerâmicos foi realizada utilizando as técnicas de Análise física, química e microestrutural, visando à avaliação do comportamento e das propriedades do composto para utilização como cátodo de ITSOFCs. O comportamento térmico dos particulados indicou estabilidade composicional após tratamento térmico acima de 850°C, a estequiometria real dos particulados ficou próxima da estequiometria teórica, a presença de carbono residual, após tratamento térmico acima de 800°C dos particulados, foi inferior a 0,5% em massa, foi encontrada presença de resíduos de carbonato nos particulados, com exceção daqueles obtidos em pH 4, os particulados com estrutura cristalina monofásica, de menor área de superfície específica e maior porosidade foram obtidos com tratamento térmico a 900°C por 5h. As cerâmicas apresentaram coeficiente de expansão térmica próximo dos eletrólitos de Céria dopada com Gadolínia (GDC) e Céria dopada com Samária (SDC), comumente utilizados em ITSOFCs, densificação e porosidades adequadas, quando sinterizadas a 1000°C por 1h. A condutividade elétrica foi maior para as cerâmicas, sinterizadas a 1000°C por 1h, originadas dos particulados obtidos em pH 6 de síntese, calcinados a 900°C por 5h. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os íons terras raras apresentam propriedades espectroscópicas diferenciadas e números de coordenação entre 6 e 12 e seu estado de oxidação mais comum é o íon trivalente. Apesar de esses íons apresentarem uma baixa intensidade de luminescência, em função de sua baixa absortividade molar, esses são capazes de formar complexo onde o ligante absorva luz e transfira para o centro metálico essa energia, fenômeno conhecido como efeito antena. Essas propriedades tornam os seus complexos alvos de estudos como marcadores em ensaios imunoluminescentes, aliado ao uso de nanopartículas poliméricas. Todos esses fatores podem ser utilizados para a montagem de uma metodologia para o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas, doença tropical negligenciada, que apesar de seus mais de 100 anos após descoberta, ainda possui diversas questões em aberto e sem estudo aprofundado. Dessa maneira, propomo-nos a sintetizar e caracterizar nanopartículas de PHB misturadas aos complexos de terras raras, especificamente, complexos -dicetona - Tb3+ , Sm3+ , Gd3+, ou Eu3+. Pretende-se ligar essas nanopartículas a um espaçador como o glutaraldeído ou então diretamente a um anti-IgG humano e assim, num acoplamento antigeno-anticopo verificar sua emissão de luminescência para detecção de soro positivo para a doença. Dessa forma, obtém-se um biomarcador luminescente para diagnóstico da doença de Chagas. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08346.pdf: 3889708 bytes, checksum: 998810087525503d37c9b42eac89fcec (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O 153Sm-EDTMP é um radiofármaco utilizado em medicina nuclear com resultados promissores no alívio da dor metastática. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do 153Sm-EDTMP em nível celular. O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o intuito de avaliar os efeitos citogenéticos do 153Sm-EDTMP em linfócitos periféricos de pacientes com metástases ósseas (com e sem radio e/ou quimioterapias anteriores) pela da técnica de detecção de aberrações cromossômicas, tanto in vivo como in vitro. Para tanto, as amostras sangüíneas foram coletadas antes e 1 hora após a administração endovenosa do 153Sm- EDTMP (atividade média de 42,53 + 5,31 MBq/kg de peso corpóreo), levando-se em consideração o rápido clearance sangüíneo. Os principais tipos de aberrações cromossômicas estruturais encontrados foram os gaps e quebras, fragmentos acêntricos, anéis cêntricos, double minutes e dicêntricos. A análise estatística mostrou que o único grupo de pacientes que apresentou uma diferença significativa na freqüência de aberrações cromossômicas 1 hora após o tratamento foi o que recebeu prévio tratamento radio e quimioterápico antes da terapia com 153Sm-EDTMP. Quanto a averiguação do número modal de cromossomos e da cinética do ciclo celular, a análise estatística mostrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos analisados, sugerindo que o tratamento com 153Sm-EDTMP não influenciou nesses parâmetros. A molécula carreadora, EDTMP, não teve qualquer influência na indução de aberrações cromossômicas. Em relação aos ensaios in vitro, os dados obtidos de linfócitos periféricos submetidos às diferentes concentrações radioativas de 153Sm-EDTMP (0,046 – 1,110 MBq/mL) de doadores sadios e de pacientes sem prévio tratamento se ajustaram melhor ao modelo de regressão linear (Y=A+BX). O dano cromossômico induzido pelo 153Sm-EDTMP observado in vitro foi cerca de 2 vezes maior do que o encontrado in vivo para o grupo de pacientes sem prévio tratamento. Os dados obtidos mostraram que a terapia com 153Sm-EDTMP induziu uma pequena quantidade de danos citogenéticos em linfócitos periféricos de pacientes 1 hora após sua administração, embora, teoricamente, um efeito estocástico a longo prazo não possa ser descartado. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07921.pdf: 513900 bytes, checksum: 78943492794157b921a0e2b609b7627b (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Ce travail s'intéresse à l'étude théorique de la structure et de la réactivité de complexes de samarium(II) en utilisant une approche de la fonctionnelle de la densité(DFT). Le cœur de ce travail est la réactivité de SmI2, le réactif de Kagan, vis-à-vis de substrats organiques. Après une brève introduction afin de rappeler les propriétés importantes de SmI2, une rapide présentation de la méthode de calcul utilisée pour la modélisation de la réactivité organométallique est proposée. Ce manuscrit est ensuite séparé en plusieurs sous-parties, chacune étant associée à un type d'additif pour la réactivité de SmI2 : (1) une base de Lewis, le HMPA (2) une source de proton H2O. Les réactions en présence de HMPA sont les premières présentées avec un intérêt particulier pour la réaction de Barbier (iodoalcane+cétone). Dans ce cadre, un nouveau chemin réactionnel est proposé permettant ainsi de définir une nouvelle base rationnelle pour la réduction sélective des cétones en présence de SmI2-HMPA. Dans un second temps, un travail a été réalisé sur la réactivité de SmI2 en solution aqueuse. En particulier, l'influence de la présence d'eau sur l'étape de réduction (transfert monoélectronique) du métal a été étudiée dans le cas de la valérolactone et d'un ester aliphatique. L'influence du binaire SmI2/H2O puis du ternaire SmI2/H2O/Amine a été étudiée théoriquement et a permis de montrer que la réactivité doit impliquer la formation de complexes bimétalliques dans un schéma de transfert de proton couplé à un transfert électronique (BPCET). Ce dernier diffère entre le binaire et le ternaire car dans le premier cas, le transfert de proton se produit directement à partir d'une molécule d'eau liée à un centre métallique alors que dans le second cas, l'amine joue un rôle de relais à proton. / This doctoral dissertation presents a theoretical investigation of the structure and reactivity of samarium(II) complex by means of DFT calculations. In this context, we focused on the exploration of the mechanisms in Sm(II) iodide (SmI2) mediated reactions towards organic substrates. A brief introduction of SmI2 reagent has been included at the beginning to address general aspects of this important reducing reagent. After the presentation of theoretical chemistry used for modeling of organometallic reactivity, this dissertation is mainly arranged by the class of additives utilized to study the reactivity of SmI2: (1) Lewis base-HMPA; (2) Proton source-H2O. Mechanistic study of SmI2-HMPA mediated reactions is first presented and special emphasis is placed on samarium Barbier reaction (iodo-alkane + ketone). In light of previous evidence, a new mechanism that provides insights for the selective reduction of alkyl halide over carbonyls by SmI2-HMPA is suggested. Then, the reactivity of SmI2-H2O mediated reduction of important functional groups is investigated. The role of H2O is uncovered in the electron transfer process. This study is then extended to the full reduction of valerolactone and aliphatic ester with SmI2-H2O and SmI2/H2O/Amine. The results show that the reduction proceeds through a bimetallic proton coupled electron transfer (BPCET) process. In particular, the activation of H2O in the first coordination shell by Sm center or the amine acting as a proton relay promotes the BPCET cascade.

The Uitkomst Complex is a mineralized, layered basic to ultrabasic intrusion, hosted by sedimentary rocks of the lower part of the Transvaal Supergroup. It is situated on the farms Uitkomst 541JT and Slaaihoek 540JT, about 25 km north of Badplaas and 50 km east of the eastern limb of the Bushveld Complex in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The intrusion plunges between 8 to 10º to the northwest with an established length of 12 km and a total thickness of 850 m. It is divided into seven lithological Units (from base to top), the Basal Gabbro (BGAB), Lower Harzburgite (LHZBG), Chromitiferous Harzburgite (PCR), Main Harzburgite (MHZBG), Pyroxenite (PXT), Gabbronorite (GN) and Upper Gabbro units (UGAB). A detailed petrographic and geochemical investigation of borehole core SH176, which provided a complete intersection of the Uitkomst Complex was carried out. The study shows that the Complex may have crystallized in a dynamic magma conduit setting. The whole rock geochemical trends indicate that there is a reversed fractionation in the basal portion of the Complex and a lack of fractionation in much of the MHZBG. Trace and REE variations show a decrease in concentration with height, contrary to what is expected of a progressively differentiating magma in a close system. Further, the platinum-group element concentration of the four basal units show no depletion with increasing height, suggesting that the individual units are not related to each other by means of in situ fractionation. Instead, a model whereby the individual units crystallized from distinct pulses of magma best explains the data. By comparing Nd isotopes and ratios of highly incompatible trace elements like [Th/La]n and [Sm/Ta]n from the Uitkomst Complex and Bushveld Complex it is seen that the Uitkomst magmas are of a similar lineage as the B1 magma of the Bushveld Complex, supporting a genetic link between the two complexes. The upper portion of the Uitkomst Complex shows values more akin to B3 magmas indicating the possible presence of more than one type of magma. Based on the available S isotope and trace element data, the sulphides of the Complex appear to have formed within the Complex, probably in response to contamination of the magma with dolomite. Entrainment of sulphides from depth is considered unlikely. The relatively low Cu/Ni ratios of the sulphides in the LHZBG, PCR and MHZBG (Cu/Ni 0.03 to 0.8) may be modelled by sulphide segregation from B1 magma and not from fractionation of sulphides that were later entrained in the streaming magma. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / Unrestricted

CuNi nanoparticles were synthesized using a new polyol synthesis method. Three different CuxNi1-x catalysts were synthesized where x = 20, 50 and 80. The nanoparticles were deposited on carbon, C, gamma-alumina, γ-Al2O3, yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ, and samariumdoped ceria, SDC. Each set of catalysts was tested using the Reverse Water Gas Shift, RWGS, reaction under atmospheric pressure and at temperatures ranging from 400°C-700°C. The experiments were repeated 3 times to ensure stability and reproducibility. Platinum nanoparticles were also deposited on the same supports and tested for the RWGS reaction at the same conditions. The CuNi nanoparticles were characterized using a variety of different techniques. Xray diffraction, XRD, measurements demonstrate the resence of two CuNi solid solutions: one Cu rich solid solution, and the other a Ni rich solid solution. X-ray photo electron spectroscopy, XPS, measurements show Cu enrichment on all catalytic surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy, SEM, measurements show CuNi nanoparticles ranging in size from 4 nm to 100 nm. Some agglomeration was observed. SDC showed the best yield with all catalysts. Furthermore, high oxygen vacancy content was shown to increase yield of CO for the RWGS reaction. Cu50Ni50/SDC shows the combination of highest yield of CO and the best stability among CuNi catalysts. It also has similar yields (39.8%) as Pt/SDC at 700°C, which achieved the equilibrium yield at that temperature (43.9%). The catalyst was stable for 48 hours when exposed to high temperatures (600-700°C). There was no CH4 observed during any of the experiments when the partial pressure of the reactant gases was fed stoichiometrically. Partial pressure variation experiments demonstrated the presence of CH4 when the partial pressure of hydrogen was increased to twice the value of the partial pressure of CO2.

Reductive electron transfer has been successfully utilized to facilitate the first enantioselective desymmetrisation of malonate derivatives. Selective monoreduction of cyclic 1,3-diesters through the combined use of SmI2-Et3N and chiral non-racemic diols has granted rapid access to enantioenriched β-hydroxy acids containing challenging quaternary centres – an abundant motif in many drug molecules. Unique radical anions generated from the single electron reduction of cyclic 1,3-diesters have been exploited in cyclisation cascades. Capture of acyl-type radical anions by both alkene and alkyne acceptors have permitted the construction of complex bicyclic architectures in a single synthetic operation. The reductive cyclisation cascade of lactones has also been demonstrated, using SmI2-H2O to achieve a challenging domino 5-exo-trig/6-exo-trig cyclisation event. This process generates highly decorated carbo[5.4.0]bicyclic scaffolds with complete diastereocontrol.

Marine ascidian metabolite perophoramidine has since its isolation in 2002 attracted the interest of several research groups. The complex polycyclic structure with vicinal quaternary carbon stereocenters and two amidine functionalities constitutes a formidable synthetic challenge. In this project a new synthetic approach to dehalogenated perophoramidine has been investigated. The vicinal quaternary carbon stereocenters were introduced via a samarium mediated reductive dialkylation, in which the stereochemistry was determined by the metal chelate that formed, as outlined below. Several of the steps suggested in the synthetic approach have been successfully evaluated. Future work is needed to assess the remaining steps of the suggested route to dehalogenated perophoramidine.