Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-161).

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91).

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes special study report entitled : Influence of vegetation on slope stabilization and landscape development on slope. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

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Poverty and unemployment in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape is forcing thousands of vulnerable people into waste picking. There is growing recognition that waste re-claimers contribute to the local economy, to public health and to environmental sustainability. However, they often face low social status, tragic living and working conditions, and little support from local governments. The waste reclaimers of the Raymond Mhlaba Municipal area are unemployed, experiencing a poorer quality of life and feeling even more socially and economically excluded from the rest of society because of the “limitations” on landfill salvaging currently. Moreover, they have developed feelings of resentment and anger that have resulted in defiant acts of trespassing and theft. This social development study highlights the implications of landfill closure for waste salvagers in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Landfilling has been the main method for municipal waste disposal in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. To combat the effects of uncontrolled release of landfill gases, the uncontrolled release of leachate that may affect water quality many landfills in the Eastern Cape are being considered for close down and for rehabilitation. To consider as well is the socio-economic backlog and anticipated population growth in the province, which means that landfill salvaging will continue to be an important source of revenue for the poor and homeless. This research used observation, semi-structured one-on-one interviewing, focus group interviewing and questionnaires as well as conducted a review of waste management policy-related documents and secondary data analysis in this qualitative research to analyse the social and the economic impacts. The research found that waste reclaimers in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality area disagreed with the closure of the Fort Beaufort landfill because of what the researcher assumed to be a lack of general environmental awareness and because of their vulnerability to poverty. Research findings also highlight that waste reclamation can be considered as a viable option to minimize waste at landfills and waste reclaimers have shown an increasing interest and commitment to being trained formally to continue reclamation work. This study has suggested disadvantages in rural landfill closure, without feasible alternatives. Focus must move away from extending waste collection and closing down landfills and instead improve final disposal and initiating minimisation- recycling programs as part of their strategies through the formation of waste cooperatives. This research suggests formalizing and controlling waste recovery to cater for the immediate and most basic needs of the poor. The recommendations will hopefully influence thinking about waste management policy planning and implementation in general, and be of service to furthering Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality achieve goals of sustainable employment creation and poverty alleviation.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-25T13:26:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIZ JULLY HILUEY CORREIA - TESE (PPGEP) 2011.pdf: 2928583 bytes, checksum: a3ed4fb2929161133b993b87881e3fdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T13:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIZ JULLY HILUEY CORREIA - TESE (PPGEP) 2011.pdf: 2928583 bytes, checksum: a3ed4fb2929161133b993b87881e3fdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / O queijo de coalho é considerado como um dos mais importantes tipos de queijo produzidos na Região Nordeste do Brasil, sobretudo, no sertão do Estado da Paraíba, tendo em vista que, sua produção apresenta grande importância sócio-econômica e cultural. As cidades de Sousa e Aparecida, contempladas neste estudo, integram a bacia leiteira do Estado, e apresentam juntamente com as outras 7 microrregiões produtoras de queijo de coalho, destacada relevância. Diante de tal importância, a identificação dos potenciais riscos microbiológicos, que podem acometer a população, quando do consumo de queijo de coalho, tornou-se objeto deste estudo. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo, realizar um levantamento das condições físicas e estimar os riscos microbiológicos em unidades de processamento, industrial e artesanal, de queijo de coalho, estabelecendo medidas de controle para os processos que garantam um produto final com condições higiênico-sanitárias seguras, do ponto de vista da comercialização e consumo. Para tornar possível a identificação dos pontos críticos de controle e o estabelecimento das medidas preventivas, foi necessário delinear o perfil higiênico-sanitário e fabril, e levantar os riscos físicos e biológicos presentes nos ambientes de produção, bem como realizar pesquisas bibliográficas em literaturas científicas, especializadas, para a partir dos dados obtidos, aplicar as ferramentas do Sistema APPCC e da Avaliação de Risco, e assim, ser possível estimar os riscos microbiológicos e estabelecer as medidas preventivas necessárias ao controle desses riscos. Foi verificado durante o estudo que a fabricação de queijo de coalho artesanal ainda pode ser caracterizada como uma atividade bastante rudimentar, pois não dispõe de nenhuma sofisticação tecnológica quando comparada com o processo industrial, e que as condições físico-químicas tanto dos processos quanto do produto, favorecem a uma multiplicação microbiana patogênica possivelmente presente. Evidenciou-se que os produtos encontram-se dentro dos padrões físico-químicos estabelecidos no Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade para o Queijo de Coalho, IN nº 30/01 do MAPA, mas, no entanto, faz-se necessário promover adequações nas instalações produtivas e nos processos, de forma a atender as legislações sanitárias, preconizadas nacionalmente. Muito embora a produção industrial disponha de programas de qualidade implantados, como as Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), e toda infra-estrutura física necessária a uma produção segura de alimentos, os resultados das analises microbiológicas do produto reforçam a necessidade constante da re-implantação das BPF’s, sobretudo, na capacitação e conscientização dos manipuladores, da importância do seu papel no cenário de produção. Os aspectos estruturais da área de produção, especificamente as condições térmicas e luminicas, possuem implicação direta no grau de contaminação das instalações e dos produtos; o mesmo não foi evidenciado com as condições acústicas. Destarte, pode-se concluir que, o delineamento do processo e do ambiente fabril, associado à aplicação das ferramentas do Sistema APPCC e da Avaliação de Risco, permitiram estimar os potenciais riscos microbiológicos que acometem o produto, queijo de coalho, em suas diversas formas de produção. Tornou-se evidente a necessidade de intervenções técnicas e tecnológicas, neste elo da cadeia produtiva, que promovam a concretização das medidas de controle estabelecidas neste estudo, de forma a torná-la mais segura e competitiva. / Coalho cheese is considered one of the most important types of cheese produced in the Brazilian Northeast, especially in the interior of the State of Paraíba, considering that its production is so important for the socio-economic and cultural aspects. Aparecida and Sousa cities, places of this study, are part of the dairy industry of the State, and present along with the other seven micro-regions which produce coalho cheese, a prominent relevance. Toward this importance, the identification of potential microbiological risks that may affect the population, by the consumption of coalho cheese, became the object of this study. Thus, the study aimed to conduct a survey of environmental conditions and estimate the microbiological risks in industrial and artisanal processing units of coalho cheese, establishing control measures for the processes to ensure a final product with safe hygienic and sanitary conditions for commercialization as well as for consumption. To make possible the identification of critical control points and establishment of preventive measures, it was necessary to delineate the hygienic-sanitary and industrial profile, and raise the environmental and biological risks present in the production places besides to conduct bibliographic searches in specialized scientific literature, for based on the obtained data, apply the tools of the HACCP and Risk Assessment, and thus be possible to estimate the microbiological risks and establish the necessary preventive measures to control those risks. It was observed during the study that the manufacture of artisanal coalho cheese can still be characterized as a very rudimentary activity, therefore has no sophisticated technology compared to the industrial process, and that the physicochemical conditions of the processes so as of the product cooperate for the multiplication of pathogenic microbial possibly present. It was evident that the products are within the physicochemical standards established in the Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality for Coalho Cheese, IN nº 30/01of ‘MAPA’, but nevertheless, it is necessary to promote adaptations in production plants and processes, in order to attend the sanitary laws, nationally recommended. Although the industrial production has quality programs implanted, as the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and all physical infrastructure necessary for a safe food production, the results of microbiological analyses of the product, reaffirm the need of constant re-deployment of GMP's, especially in training and awareness of food handlers about the importance of their role in the production. Structural aspects of the production area, specifically the thermal and luminous conditions, have direct implications on the degree of plants and products contamination, the same was not observed with the acoustic conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that the design of process and manufacturing environment, associated to the implementation of the tools of HACCP and Risk Assessment, allowed estimate the potential microbiological risks that affect the product, coalho cheese, in its many ways of production. It became evident the need for technical and technological interventions, on this link of production chain, to promote the real implementation of control measures determinate in this study in order to make it safer and more competitive.

Radioisotopes of caesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) have been distributed in the environment due to weapons testing, nuclear power production and accidents at nuclear facilities. Radiocaesium and radiostrontium are of major concern in the medium to long term following accidental releases as they have high energies, long half lives (137Cs≈30 years; 90Sr≈29 years) and their easy assimilation into biological systems due to their similarity to the biologically important elements potassium (K) and calcium (Ca), respectively. Radio-caesium and -strontium are transferred to humans primarily via plant root uptake, and therefore minimising this uptake has been the focus of a number of remediation strategies, such as ploughing and fertiliser application. Species or cultivar substitution, where a species/cultivar that has higher uptake is replaced by a species/cultivar that has lower uptake, has been proposed as an effective and socially acceptable remediation strategy for contaminated agricultural land, but not enough is known about its efficacy for it to be recommended internationally. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of species or cultivar substitution as a remediation strategy for contaminated agricultural areas. Chapter 2 consists of meta-analysis of the available data (115 experiments) on the inter-cultivar variation in Cs and Sr accumulation by 27 plant species. Chapter 3 includes experiments conducted in the laboratory (UK) and two experiments in the field (Ukraine) investigating inter-cultivar variation in radiocaesium and radiostrontium accumulation in Brassica oleracea, and whether consistently lower-accumulating cultivars could be identified. Chapter 4 details analysis of samples from grass breeding experiments in Aberystwyth and Edinburgh (UK) from four forage grass species; hybrid ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. x Lolium multiflorum Lam.), L. perenne, L.multiflorum and Festuca arundinacea Shreb., and investigates inter-species and inter-cultivar variation in uptake of stable Cs and Sr. Hybrid ryegrass cultivars that were lower-accumulating in Cs and/or Sr were also identified. Chapter 5 compares the stable Cs and Sr uptake in six L. perenne and two F. arundinacea cultivars grown in Aberystwyth and Narodychi (Ukraine). Chapter 6 compares the performance in terms of yield and forage quality (elemental concentrations, digestibility and water soluble carbohydrate content) of six hybrid ryegrass cultivars and ten F. arundinacea cultivars identified as consistently lower-accumulating in Cs and/or Sr against the performance of two commercial hybrid ryegrass cultivars. The mean inter-cultivar variation in Cs and Sr was 1.8-fold and 2.0-fold,respectively when 27 plant species were studied. Thirty-five-fold variation in radiocaesium and 23-fold variation in radiostrontium was found between c.70 Brassica oleracea cultivars. In two field experiments in Ukraine, five cultivars had consistently lower radiocaesium concentration ratios and two cultivars consistently lower radiostrontium concentration ratios. One cultivar had lower radiocaesium and radiostrontium concentration ratios. Festuca arundinacea cultivars had lower Cs and Sr concentration ratios than cultivars of hybrid ryegrass, L. perenne and L. multiflorum. Three out of 17 hybrid ryegrass cultivars had consistently lower Cs concentration ratios, two cultivars consistently lower Sr and one consistently lower Cs and Sr. Despite differences in soil properties and environmental conditions, F. arundinacea cultivars grown in Aberystwyth and Narodychi accumulated less stable and radioactive Cs and Sr than L. perenne cultivars. One L. perenne cultivar also accumulated less Cs and Sr at both sites. F. arundinacea cultivars accumulated less Cs and Sr than commercial hybrid ryegrass cultivars, but alsohad up to 59% lower yield and a reduction of up to 19% in K accumulation, up to 46% in Ca accumulation, up to 7% in dry matter digestibility and up to 17% in water soluble carbohydrate content. Selecting lower accumulating cultivars was found to reduce Cs and Sr accumulation less, but with a smaller yield penalty and a smaller reduction in digestibility and water soluble carbohydrate content. It is concluded that species and cultivar substitution could be an effective remediation strategy in contaminated agricultural land provided implications for yield and quality are considered.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T23:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-24T11:15:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-24T11:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil faces typical problems of a developing society in relation to water scarcity. This situation intensifies in the northeast region, due to its climate and the lower incidence of rainfall. Reusing water is a way to control losses and avoid waste. Their reuse in agriculture can be a very effective strategy for preserving water resources and reducing their indiscriminate use. An alternative to reduce the risks of contamination of agricultural crops is the use of drip irrigation systems. In this context, the present work had as objective to study the hydraulic performance of dripping units with treated domestic effluent and prevention of clogging. Two experimental stands were set up in an area located in the East Campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi – Árido, Mossoró/RN, to evaluate the hydraulic performance and clogging of four types of drippers every 80 h, applying treated domestic wastewater (ARDT), For a total of 400 hours. The experiment was set up in a sub - divided plots scheme, with treatments: T1 - without application of the product, T2 - 100ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water, T3 - 200ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water, and T4 - 300ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water. In the subplots the types of drippers: G1 - flow of 1,60 L h-1, G2 - flow of 2.00 L h-1, G3 - flow of 1,60 L h-1, and G4 - 70 L h-1, and in the subsubparcels the evaluation periods: 0, 80, 160, 240, 360 and 400 h. At each time, physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes of treated domestic wastewater were also carried out. Data were submitted to simple and multiple regression analysis, mean test and Pearson parametric correlation test. The results indicated that the null (mean), cubic, quadratic and linear regression models were the ones that best fit the analyzed variables, depending on the dosages of the product. The elements Fe, SD, SS, Ca2+ and pH predominated in the empirical models of hydraulic performance for the four types of drippers. There was no difference between treatments. The changes in the analyzed variables were due to the time of operation and the physical-chemical agents, which caused partial clogging of the drippers and, consequently, increase in the coefficients of variation of the flow of the drippers in the irrigation units that operated with ARDT. The action of the enzymatic catalyst was inhibited due to the high chlorine content present in the ARDT. The chemical elements, chlorine, potassium, calcium, silicon, iron and sulfur predominated in the chemical composition of the biofouling present in the analyzed drippers. The service pressures verified upstream and downstream of the screen filter of the irrigation system have inverse behavior over time / O Brasil enfrenta problemas típicos de uma sociedade em desenvolvimento com relação à escassez hídrica. Esta situação se intensifica na região nordeste, devido ao seu clima e as menores incidências de precipitações pluviométricas. Reutilizar a água é uma forma de controlar perdas e evitar desperdícios. Seu reúso na agricultura, pode ser uma estratégia bastante eficaz para preservar os recursos hídricos e diminuir sua utilização indiscriminada. Uma alternativa para reduzir os riscos de contaminação dos cultivos agrícolas é a utilização de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho hidráulico de unidades gotejadoras com efluente doméstico tratado e prevenção do entupimento. Foram montadas duas bancadas experimentais em área localizada no Campus Leste da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi – Árido, Mossoró/RN, para avaliação, a cada 80h, do desempenho hidráulico e do entupimento de quatro tipos de gotejadores, aplicando água residuária doméstica tratada (ARDT), perfazendo um total de 400h. O experimento foi montado em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos: T1 – sem aplicação do produto, T2 – 100ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água, T3 – 200ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água, e T4 – 300ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água. Nas subparcelas os tipos de gotejadores: G1 – vazão de 1,60 L h-1, G2 – vazão de 2,00 L h-1, G3 – vazão de 1,60 L h-1, e G4 – vazão de 1,70 L h-1, e nas subsubparcelas os períodos das avaliações: 0, 80, 160, 240, 360 e 400 h. Em cada tempo, também foram feitas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água residuária doméstica tratada. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de regressão simples e múltipla, teste de média e teste de correlações paramétricas de Pearson. Os resultados indicaram que os modelos de regressão nulo (média), cúbico, quadrático e linear, foram os que melhor se ajustaram às variáveis analisadas, em função das dosagens do produto. Os elementos Fe, SD, SS, Ca2+ e pH predominaram nos modelos empíricos de desempenho hidráulico para os quatro tipos de gotejadores. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. As alterações nas variáveis analisadas se deram em função do tempo de operação e dos agentes físico-químicos, que propiciaram entupimento parcial dos gotejadores e, consequentemente, aumento nos coeficientes de variação da vazão dos gotejadores nas unidades de irrigação que operaram com ARDT. A ação do catalisador enzimático foi inibida devido ao alto teor de cloro presente na ARDT. Os elementos químicos, cloro, potássio, cálcio, silício, ferro e enxofre predominaram na composição química da bioincrustação presente nos gotejadores analisados. As pressões de serviço verificadas a montante e a jusante do filtro de tela do sistema de irrigação, apresentam comportamentos inversos ao longo do tempo / 2017-05-18