The purpose of this thesis is to apply a name user perspective to the street names of Stockholm, with a focus on knowledge and views about names among the city’s inhabitants. On the basis of interview surveys, a picture is presented of the knowledge and views of Stockholmers regarding their city’s street names and the semantic or thematic name categories to which many of them belong; that is, the study seeks to identify general features of the ways in which the people of the city relate to their street names. Surveys were carried out in seven districts: Hedvig Eleonora parish, Hjorthagen, Fredhäll, Norra Ängby, Årsta, Fruängen and Akalla. A separate survey studied the range and associative properties of street names among Stockholmers not living in the vicinity of the streets in question. General findings emerging from the surveys are that people are very familiar with the names in their local area; that knowledge about these names contributes to their well-being and sense of identity and belonging; that name categories are appreciated and considered to have an orientating function; that names which are seen as elegant or distinguished are regarded as enhancing the image and perceptions of the environment in which they occur; that long names and those made up of several words may be regarded as unwieldy in practical use; and that people need and create names for more limited park and recreational areas, while formally adopted names for larger green spaces are not used or are felt to be unclear in their reference.

The aim of this thesis is to determine how English-language teaching in Sweden influences the subject-based communicative competence and language development in Swedish of upper secondary students. The focus is thus on the students’ mother tongue, i.e. the language which gets limited in the teaching practice within so-called content- and language-integrated learning (CLIL). Data was primarily collected by participatory observation in two science program classes, one taught in English and one in Swedish, during their three years in upper secondary school. Additional data was collected through interviews, questionnaires, audio taping of classroom interaction and writing tasks. This created conditions for a comprehensive and nuanced description and interpretation of the linguistic behaviour of teachers and students in the CLIL practice, as well as of the experiences and perceptions they report. Studies were carried out on classroom practice, student texts, and teacher and student experiences of CLIL instruction. These were linked to activity analysis, systemic-functional linguistics and ethnography of communication, i.e. research areas that emphasise the interplay between language, communication and social situation. The general conclusions are: (1) CLIL students use less relevant subject-based language in speech and writing than do control students. This holds for all subjects except Swedish, where both CLIL and control students share linguistic conditions; (2) Swedish is a prerequisite for the students’ own active, subject-based participation in classroom interaction. There is almost no interaction when the language of instruction is English; (3) English is an obstacle, and is also considered as such. The students avoid using English, and the teachers consistently use code-switching strategies in response to the policy that “language should not be an obstacle”. The results suggest that the CLIL environment is less conducive to learning, given current learning theories that focus on active participation. In the already teacher-dominated classroom, the linguistic and interactional demands that come with CLIL teaching seem to add to the challenge of assimilating advanced subject instruction.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nustatomos modernios ir postmodernios portfelio teorijos ypatybės, investicijų portfelio sudarymo ir valdymo teorijos. Sudarant portfelį, akcijų atrankai yra naudojama fundamentalioji ir koreliacinė analizė. Išanalizuoti Skandinavijos šalių: Danijos, Suomijos ir Švedijos makroekonominiai rodikliai, energetikos, medicinos ir informacinių technologijų sektoriai. Iš minėtųjų sektorių pasirinktos didelės ir vidutinės kapitalizacijos įmonių akcijos, kurios papildomai analizuojamos, lyginant įmonių finansinę būklę nusakančius rodiklius. Remiantis atlikta analize atrinktos 5 įmonių akcijos, iš kurių sudaromas investicijų portfelis. Sudarytas investicijų portfelis optimizuojamas ir valdomas. Investicijų portfelis valdomas tris laikotarpius, remiantis pasaulinių akcijų indeksų, akcijų sektorių indeksų ir akcijų kainų kitimo analize. Išnagrinėjus teorinius ir praktinius portfelinio investavimo aspektus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, investicijų analizės ir valdymo teorinės problemos, Skandinavijos šalių makroekonominė ir sektorių analizė, investicijų portfelio sudarymas ir valdymas, išvados ir literatūros sąrašas. / In the final master thesis there are analyzed modern and postmodern portfolio theory featuries, theories of making and controlling investments portfolio. Stock selection is based on fundamental and correlation analyzes. In the second part of the thesis there are analyzed macroeconomic indicators and energetics, medicine, information technologies sectors of the Scandinavian countries, such as Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Large and middle capitalization stocks are selected from these sectors and evaluated again using indicators which describes companies financial statement. 5 stocks are selected based on above-mentioned analyses. The portfolio is made using selected stocks. The next step is portfolio optimization and controling. Investments portfolio is controlled in three periods. Controlling is based on different analyzes: indexes of stocks and sectors, stocks’ prices changes. After considering portfolio investments in all of its aspects in the end of theses it is presented conclusions and appendixes. Structure: introduction, theoretical problems of investments analyses and controlling, Scandinavian countries macroeconomics and sectors analyses, making and controlling investments analyses, conclusions and suggestions, references.

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Inom systemutveckling har utvecklare och användare länge samarbetat för att nå mer framgångsrika systemutvecklingsprojekt. Detta samarbete grundar sig i vad som brukar kallas den skandinaviska skolan eller den skandinaviska traditionen. Detta var en utveckling som var mycket tydlig i de skandinaviska länderna som innebar att man började arbeta med medbestämmande på arbetsplatser och man började involvera de tilltänkta användarna i systemutvecklingsprojekt. Detta är ursprunget till konceptet användarmedverkan som är populärt att tala om idag och som nästan ses som en nödvändighet för att nå framgångsrika projekt. Användarmedverkan står för involveringen av användare i aktiviteter under systemutvecklingsprocessen. Detta är ett utforskat tillvägagångssätt som bevisats kunna bidra med många positiva effekter till systemutvecklingsprojekt. Trots att användarmedverkan har blivit en accepterad norm blir majoriteten av alla systemutvecklingsprojekt inte framgångsrika. System är ofta inte anpassade efter användarnas villkor och i projekten finns det inte någon med makt att påverka som bevakar deras intressen. Detta väcker fråga om samverkan skulle kunna ske på andra sätt för att fånga verksamhetens behov och få framgångsrika IT-lösningar. Därför introducerar och undersöker denna studie möjligheterna kring en utvecklarmedverkan. Utvecklarmedverkan innebär en involvering av utvecklare i användares verksamhet. Det ger ett nytt fokus på användarna och innebär en samverkan där användarna har makt att påverka. I linje med detta syfte ämnar studien besvara följande tre forskningsfrågor; På vilka sätt kan utvecklare involveras i användarens verksamhet?, Vilken nytta kan man se av involveringen?, Vilka utmaningar kan man möta vid involveringen?. Studien har följt en kvalitativ metod där data har samlats in genom en litteraturstudie, samt genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna har genomförts via ett samarbete med ett konsultföretag där intervjupersoner har plockats från deras personalstyrka eller kundbas. Genom en tematisk analys har jag i studien kommit fram till att förutom att det innebär ett nytt arbetssätt där många olika roller ska samarbeta så krävs det även att man kan påvisa att den tid och pengar man lägger på utvecklarmedverkan är värd den nytta det kan bidra med. Studien lyfter den möjliga nyttan av utvecklarmedverkan dels som en allmän större förståelse mellan utvecklare och användare och dels att det möjliggör en verksamhetsförbättring för användare. / It is not a new thing for developers and users to work together in system development projects for the projects to succeed. This collaboration comes from what is known as the Scandinavian approach. This refers to a progress that took place in and was dominant in Scandinavia where codetermination in the workplace became important and they started to involve users in the decisions regarding new computer systems. The Scandinavian approach is the origin of user participation, which is well used today and almost considered necessary to reach success in system development. User participation stands for the participation of users in activities during the development. User participation is well researched and acknowledged to contribute to successful development projects. Although user participation has become established most of system development projects does not end in success. Often the systems don’t meet the needs of the users and there’s also often no one with influence that sees to their interests. This leads to the question if collaboration between developers and users could be done by other means, as a way to identify business needs and reach successful IT-solutions. Because of this, this study introduces and explores the possibilities surrounding the concept developer participation. Developer participation stands for the participation of developers in the user’s activities. This presents a new way to look at it with a new focus on the users which means collaboration where the users have the power to influence. In extension of this objective the study was set to answer these three research questions; How can developers participate in the users business?, What benefits can the participation lead to?, What challenges can the participation face?. The study was carried out with a qualitative approach where data was collected through literature and semi-structured interviews. The study was conducted with help from a consultant company which accounted for the interviewees through their staff and customer base. With a thematic coding as the analytic method the study concludes that developer participation face mainly two challenges. It means that a new approach where quite different people have to collaborate are introduced and this approach has to be proven worth the time and money it takes to use it. Furthermore the study presents a greater understanding between developers and users and an opportunity for organizational improvements on the user side as possible effects of developer participation.

Notre nouveau défi est de protéger l’environnement. Pour réussir cette tâche, beaucoup considèrent qu'il faut réduire notre consommation énergétique. Le développement des énergies renouvelables permettra la réduction des gaz à effet de serre ainsi que notre consommation énergétique. Les pays nordiques ont mis en place des politiques énergétiques différentes selon leurs ressources et leurs expériences. Mais il n'est pas facile de réduire la consommation d’énergie quand les besoins augmentent et qu'il est nécessaire de conserver un haut niveau de vie. Les choix politiques sont très importants surtout pendant ces temps de crise. Il est cependant possible d'utiliser cette nouvelle révolution verte pour relancer l’économie, créer des emplois et bâtir un développement durable respectueux de l’environnement. C'est le défi auquel sont notamment confrontées les économies de l'Europe du nord. Les pays scandinaves partagent la même culture et la même histoire, mais leurs politiques énergétiques sont différentes. Ainsi, la Norvège exploite les hydrocarbures, le Danemark a opté pour l’énergie éolienne, la Suède et la Finlande recourent à l’énergie nucléaire et l’Islande développe son potentiel géothermique. Les choix énergétiques y ont souvent été argumentés par la réduction des gaz à effet de serre, même si la réalité est parfois divergente, les pays nordiques sont sur le bon chemin pour constituer un modèle dans le monde pour le développement durable et pour montrer une nouvelle façon de vivre et une nouvelle façon de penser aux générations futures. / Our new challenge is to succeed in protecting the environment; we have to reduce our energy consumption. The development of renewable energies will decrease greenhouse gases and our energy consumption. The Nordic countries have set up a different energy policy, depending on their own natural resources and know-how. It’s not easy to reduce energy consumption when needs are increasing. Political choices are very important, especially during this crisis period. We must use this new green revolution to revitalize the economy, create employment and build a good sustainable development, which respects the environment and society. The Nordic countries share the same culture, history and language, but their energy policies are different. Norway has chosen hydrocarbons, Denmark wind power, Sweden and Finland nuclear power and Iceland geothermal energy. These choices have always been an argument for the reduction of greenhouse gases, even if the reality is sometimes different. The Nordic countries are setting a good example to the world in sustainable development and showing a new way of life and thinking for the next generations.

In Swedish dialects we find the terms ris, skäver and skärva referring to illnesses in children. The words are also parts of various compounds which refer to variants of the illnesses. The terms are linguistic expressions denoting two folk categories of illnesses, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA. These categories are investigated from a cognitive semantic perspective. The cognitive perspective argues that we organize our understanding of reality by using Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM) based on our physical, mental and emotional experiences of the world. The aim is twofold: to demonstrate the bases on which an experienced illness is placed in a certain category, and to show how a folk conception of illness is reflected in the word formation strategies. The word formation strategies emanate from notions of characteristic symptoms, and from notions of causes of illnesses. Both categories, RIS and SKÄVER/SKÄRVA, are based on a number of ICM's. The category RIS is a radial structure, which means that the category is held together although its members have no structural criteria in common. The category SKÄVER/SKÄRVA is a concentrating structure, meaning that all members share all structural criteria. There is a strong connection between word formation strategies and the structures of the categories. Terms related to symptoms refer to members of a category which are part of a radial structure, while terms related to causes refer to members of a category which are part of a concentrating structure. This can be explained by two of the basic assumptions of cognitive semantics: semantic content is structred and symbolized overtly on the surface form of a language and categories are conventional, based on cultural assumptions about the world. / digitalisering@umu

Dans les années 1920 et 1930, le canon littéraire scandinave semble s’écrire hors des frontières du Nord. De nombreux écrivains aujourd’hui reconnus comme des classiques, tels que Karen Blixen, Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson et Aksel Sandemose, font non seulement le choix de quitter la Scandinavie, mais encore de raconter l’ailleurs. Que signifie et implique la délocalisation du champ scandinave de l’époque ? Quels liens peut-on établir entre espace et écriture ? Quelles représentations du paysage en ressortent ? Quelles formes d’identités trouvent leur accomplissement par ce biais ? L’étude de quatre romans permet de tenter de comprendre les mécanismes du phénomène d’émigration littéraire que le Danemark, la Suède et la Norvège ont connu au début du XXème siècle. Il ne s’agit pas d’un mouvement, encore moins d’une école, mais d’une tendance qu’ont eue les artistes scandinaves à se situer « Out of Scandinavia » pour façonner l’identité littéraire nordique au seuil de la modernité. / In the 1920s and 1930s, the Scandinavian literary canon seems to be written outside the borders of the North. Many writers that we acknowledge today as classic authors such as Karen Blixen (Isak Dinesen), Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson and Aksel Sandemose leave the Scandinavian peninsula and narrate the new horizons. What does that kind of relocation of the Scandinavian literary scene mean and imply? How can we link the notion of space to literary writing? How are the landscapes depicted? What kind of identities emerges from this perspective? This work takes focus on four novels and aims to understand the mechanism of the Nordic literary emigration that occurred in Denmark, Sweden and Norway in the beginning of the 20th century. It is not an artistic movement nor a school, but a tendency for Scandinavian writers to take an “Out of Scandinavia” point of view, in order to shape the identity of Nordic literature on the brink of modernity.

Using the lives of impaired individuals catalogued in the Íslendingasögur as a narrative framework, this study examines medieval Scandinavian social views regarding impairment from the ninth to the thirteenth century. Beginning with the myths and legends of the eddic poetry and prose of Iceland, it investigates impairment in Norse pre-Christian belief; demonstrating how myth and memory informed medieval conceptualizations of the body. This thesis counters scholarly assumptions that the impaired were universally marginalized across medieval Europe. It argues that bodily difference, in the Norse world, was only viewed as a limitation when it prevented an individual from fulfilling roles that contributed to their community. As Christianity’s influence spread and northern European powers became more focused on state-building aims, Scandinavian societies also slowly began to transform. Less importance was placed on the community in favor of the individual and policies regarding bodily difference likewise changed; becoming less inclusive toward the impaired.

No description available.