Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, 2017. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-13T13:14:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_ThaizaAlvesMatos.pdf: 1290662 bytes, checksum: fbc2a8e350a64449018a61d467b9979d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-04-17T18:58:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_ThaizaAlvesMatos.pdf: 1290662 bytes, checksum: fbc2a8e350a64449018a61d467b9979d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T18:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_ThaizaAlvesMatos.pdf: 1290662 bytes, checksum: fbc2a8e350a64449018a61d467b9979d (MD5) / Refletir sobre o mundo contemporâneo nos leva a considerar fatores, tais como os rompantes de violência em uma sociedade. No nosso caso, voltamos nosso olhar para os Estados Unidos, buscando compreender como essa violência e mais especificamente o school shooting se tornou um ícone que nos remete aquele país. Para tanto, a investigação é centrada em duas produções cinematograficas: Elephant (2003) de Gus Van Sant e Bowling for Columbine (2002) de Michael Moore. Os dois filmes são resultado de um mesmo evento: o massacre ocorrido em Columbine High School em 20 de abril de 1999. Por meio da sensibilidade de Gus Van Sant e da assertividade de Michael Moore buscamos analisar de que maneira esse tipo de episódio nos Estados Unidos da América é um fenômeno cultural e, para tanto, recorreremos a estudos sociológicos, como os desenvolvidos por Cohen e Tonry. Tais estudos nos auxiliarão a repensar e melhor compreender como crianças e adolescentes abrem fogo dentro de uma escola e a significação desse acontecimento. / To reflect about the contemporary world leads us to consider many factors, such as the outbreaks of violence in a society. In our case, we turn our gaze to the United States of America, seeking to understand how this violence, and more specifically the school shooting, has become an icon that brings us back to that country. To do so, this research is centered on two cinematographic productions: Elephant (2003), by Gus Van Sant, and Bowling for Columbine (2002), by Michael Moore. Both films are the result of the same event: the massacre at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999. Through the Gus Van Sant’s sensitivity and the Michael Moore’s assertiveness, we sought to analyze in wich ways this kind of episode, in the United States of America, is a cultural phenomenon, and to do this we will resort to sociological studies such as those developed by Cohen and Tonry, to broaden and rethink what tools would enable us to better understand how children and teenagers open fire within a school and the significance of that event.

This study is a content analysis of news articles of school shooting incidents that occurred within the United States between 1997 and 2012. This paper was designed to (a) address the current profile of school shooting offenders and offenses, (b) assess a proposed typology of school shootings, (c) consider common case processing characteristics for offenders of school shootings incidents, and (d) address the potential for offender and offense characteristics to affect the amount of media coverage an incident receives. The database of “Major School Shootings in the United States Since 1997” by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence was used to compile a sample of 101 incidents in which a single offender committed a school shooting. To the extent possible, media accounts were used to corroborate details of each school shooting incident. Data pertaining to the offender characteristics, case processing characteristics, offense characteristics, characteristics regarding a typology, and media coverage characteristics were examined. The current profile and typology were, for the most part, upheld. Six variables proved to be significantly related to the total amount of media coverage an incident received: mental health history, school-related mass murder type, offender/victim type, total victims injured or killed, region of the U.S., and year of incident occurrence. Of these variables, three remained significant in a regression analysis: the school-related mass murder type, region of the U.S., and year of incident occurrence were predictive of the amount of media coverage an incident received. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.

Since the 1999 massacre at Columbine High School in Colorado, there have been two-hundred and thirty more school shootings in the United States, not including those that have happened at colleges or universities[1]. This has been a major change that American school systems have been struggling to adapt to, especially since many of the schools were built in the 1950s and 1960s. In the wake of these recurring tragedies, there are strategies that can be followed to not only provide safer schools that will protect students, but also design with empathy in mind. This thesis will examine how architecture can inspire empathy in a school, while also providing a safe learning environment. Specifically, the generator for these design strategies will be a new design for Chelmsford High School, serving grades nine through twelve. This age range is particularly important to serve and inspire, as the average age of a school shooter is sixteen. High schools that inspire empathy will make students more excited to be at school and more interested in taking care of their community and building. The program of this new design will provide and support the education and safety of students, faculty, and staff. It will also act as a beacon where people in the surrounding community can participate in activities outside of school hours. This will foster a connection, and provide a second home for more than just employees and students who use the school on a daily basis. [1] (Goode, 2018)

Mass media has great influence over its audience. When a sensational story hits the news waves, the general public's attention is instantly riveted to the television screen. News stories that involve the deaths of innocent people often create a culture of fear, fuel false narratives, and scatter misinformation. In fact, this culture of fear, coupled with misleading information, created the myth of the juvenile superpredator, a phrase coined by DiIulio in the early 1990s. The stereotyped superpredator was a homicidal, uncontrollable youth hiding within areas where crime and violence are rare. In particular, this myth was propagated following the massacre at Columbine High School in 1999. Across time, misinformation and false narratives served to spotlight the perpetrators' notoriety—their ultimate motivation for perpetrating this heinous attack. News media, law enforcement, and school administrators are in the unique position to stop the spread of misinformation and prevent school shooters from gaining the fame they desperately seek, a common motivation among school shooters and copycat perpetrators. This study seeks to explore how the media portrayed the Columbine High School shooters and how it fed into the myth of the juvenile superpredator. This study analyzed youth violence risk factors in the wake of the Columbine High School Shooting to determine if news media was accurate in their reporting. We wanted to determine if news coverage was a major influence on the public's perception of youth violence. These risk factors were scrutinized from television news coverage from national news organizations. Results indicate that in the wake of school shootings, strong considerations regarding ethical news reporting and clearer lines of communication between school administrators and law enforcement officials may prevent misinformation from spreading in the first place and may prevent school shooters from gaining notoriety in such aftermaths. Additionally, curtailing the spread of misinformation may help communities prevent reactionary policies that ultimately harm school students through overly punitive measures.

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On May 18, 2018, a shooter entered Santa Fe High School, killing eight students and two teachers. Using ethnographic methods, this research examines the role of faith, rituals, language, and symbols in the trauma-affected community during the response, recovery, and resiliency efforts as perceived by the Santa Fe community and those impacted by the tragedy. Qualitative data collected from 100 individuals ages of 17-84 illustrated how historical trauma, community culture, and faith-based organizations impact community resiliency and how illusions of a homogenous view of the community left many feeling shocked, divided, forgotten or muted.

Many mass-shooters commit suicide. Both mass shooting and suicide has been linked to Strain Theory. Studies have shown that workplace shootings often occur after the shooter has been fired. Studies have found that school shooters often have been exposed to bullying and social exclusion. Research on mass shooters who are terrorists has yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to examine which types of mass shootings that end with the perpetrator committing suicide. The sample consisted of 345 cases from the United States, as well as some high profile cases from other countries. The results showed that there is an association between the perpetrator's relationship to both the victim and the type of target, and that the perpetrator committing suicide. This has potential implications for the link between the mass shootings and Strain theory. Increased knowledge about this may contribute to more effective crime prevention strategies.

The Parkland School Shooting in February 2018 caused a flood of empathy, grief, and anger on Twitter. Having gained popularity and a reputation for her political commentary on US American events on the social media platform, the British author J. K. Rowling published a variety of intriguing tweets following and regarding the Shooting. The pur-pose of this study is to characterise Rowling’s tweets, to relate them to the discursive Twitter practice, and to look for correspondences with the concept of celebrity advocacy. To do so, this thesis offers an adaption of critical discourse analysis in order to examine the structures, meanings, and stances behind Rowling’s tweets following and regarding the Shooting. To grasp the underlying ideologies and motives, theory of discourse, repre-sentation, celebrity advocacy, spectatorship of suffering, and othering is consulted. The study brings to light that Rowling’s tweets are characterized by dialogue, exploitation of voices, othering, and discursive constructions of distance and proximity. Moreover, the findings stress Rowling’s tweets in the light of self-presentation and performance of altru-ism. Ultimately, the study reveals that Rowling’s tweets exhibit a highly mediated form of celebrity advocacy empowered by the practical circumstances of Twitter as social media platform.

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