Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among children <5 years of age worldwide and is responsible for 453,000 deaths among children in this age group. More than half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of the tremendous global burden of rotavirus, vaccine development and introduction has been a high priority for several international agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and GAVI. Two live, attenuated, orally administered rotavirus vaccines, a pentavalent bovine-human reassortant vaccine (RV5; RotaTeq® (Merck and Co, Inc, Pennsylvania)) and a monovalent vaccine (RV1; Rotarix™ (GSK Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium)) based on a human rotavirus strain, are licensed and available for use in many countries worldwide. Pre-licensure clinical trials of each of these vaccines in high and middle-income countries demonstrated high efficacy (85-98%) against severe rotavirus disease. Further studies conducted in low-income countries of Asia and Africa found modest efficacy (50%-70%) of these vaccines against severe rotavirus disease. However, the public health impact of vaccination (in terms of burden of severe rotavirus disease prevented by vaccinating a given number of children) is greater in developing countries because of the substantially higher baseline rotavirus disease burden in these settings. In 2009, the World Health Organization recommended the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization programs of all countries globally and particularly in those countries with high child mortality due to diarrhea. Of the 16 countries recently approved by GAVI for rotavirus vaccine introduction, 12 countries are located in Africa. As rotavirus vaccines are introduced into national immunization programs, monitoring their impact is a high priority for several reasons. There is a need to assess the effectiveness of these vaccines in routine use to ensure it parallels that of pre-licensure trials, particularly when used in developing countries. Assessing the impact of vaccination on disease burden in countries such as Rwanda will be vital to understanding the full public health benefit of the vaccine. The primary purpose of this program evaluation is to determine the impact of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine on rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea morbidity following introduction into the national immunization program in Rwanda in May 2012. Additionally, this evaluation will document changes in circulating strains over time pre- and post-vaccine introduction. It will also strengthen support for economic evaluation of treating diarrhea versus introduction of new vaccine in routine immunization. Methodology Various studies have been implemented since 2011 in the health sector in Rwanda to reach the goal of this thesis. First, we analyzed data for all-cause, non-bloody diarrheal disease among children <5 years of age from the routine health management information system (HMIS) in Rwanda from January 2008 through December 2011, The objective of this analysis was to determine whether routinely collected health information on national diarrhea hospitalizations, in-hospital deaths, and outpatient visits can be used to monitor the impact of rotavirus vaccine. We used data from the health management information system (HMIS) in Rwanda to describe trends in all-cause, non-bloody diarrhea hospitalizations and outpatient visits among children <5 years of age from 2008 to 2011 prior to vaccine introduction. Second, we evaluated the economic burden attributable to hospitalization for diarrhea among children aged less than 5 years in Rwanda. This was a prospective costing study where medical records and hospital bills for children admitted with diarrhea at 3 hospitals were collected to estimate costs. Interviews with the child’s caregivers provided medical costs incurred before and after hospitalization and the household costs. Third, we analyzed and tried to understand the introduction and delivery cost per dose or per child of the three new vaccines in Rwanda including the rotavirus vaccine for domestic and external financial resource mobilization. Fourth, we determined the rotavirus prevalence rates and circulating genotypes directly pre- and post-introduction of the RotaTeq rotavirus vaccine in May 2012. Stool samples were collected from 1,847 children <5 admitted to 8 surveillance sites for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and tested for rotavirus antigens by enzyme immunoassay. Fifth, to monitor the effect of rotavirus vaccine in Rwanda, we studied trends in the number of hospital admissions for diarrhea and rotavirus before and after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. We conducted a time-series analysis to examine trends in admissions to hospital for non-bloody diarrhea in children younger than 5 years in Rwanda between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2014, using monthly discharge data from the HMIS.Result All-cause, non bloody diarrheal hospitalizations and outpatient visits among children <5 years of age in Rwanda from 2008 to 2011 peaked during the June to August dry season, coinciding with the rotavirus season. The bulk of the diarrheal disease burden occurred in children <1 year of age. Average medical costs for each child for the hospitalization were $44.22 ± $23.74 and the total economic burden per hospitalization was $101, of which 65% was borne by the household. The unit cost of introducing rotavirus vaccines 2012 was 22.69 US. Among the 397 stool samples that were genotyped, 5 G types (G1, G4, G8, G9, and G12) and 3 P types (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) were identified. G8 (30.3%), G9 (28.0%), and G1 (19.7%) were the most prevalent G types, while P[8] (52.0%) and P[4] (32.6%) were the most prevalent P types. There was a significant amount of mixed G genotypes (12.1%), while mixed P types were less common (5.1%). G8P[4], G9P[8], and G1P[8] were the most prevalent strains, accounting for 27.8%, 24.3%, and 15.3% of all specimens, respectively.Compared with the 2009–11 pre vaccine baseline, hospital admissions for non-bloody diarrhea captured by the HMIS fell by 17–29% from a pre-vaccine median of 4051 to 2881 in 2013 and 3371 in 2014, admissions for AGE captured in pediatric ward registries decreased by 48–49%, and admissions specific to rotavirus captured by active surveillance fell by 61–70%. The greatest effect was recorded in children age-eligible to be vaccinated, but we noted a decrease in the proportion of children with diarrhea testing positive for rotavirus in almost every age group.ConclusionGiven the stable and consistent trends and the prominent seasonality consistent with that of rotavirus, HMIS data should provide a useful baseline to monitor rotavirus vaccine impact on the overall diarrheal disease burden in Rwanda. Active, sentinel surveillance for rotavirus diarrhea will help interpret changes in diarrheal disease trends following vaccine introduction. Other countries planning rotavirus vaccine introduction should explore the availability and quality of their HMIS data.Households often bear the largest share of the economic burden attributable to diarrhea hospitalization and the burden can be substantial, especially for households in the lowest income quintile.The cost of introduction of new vaccines (rotavirus) is less than the cost of treating the diarrhea diseases. The number of admissions to hospital for diarrhea and rotavirus in Rwanda fell substantially after rotavirus vaccine implementation, including among older children age-ineligible for vaccination, suggesting indirect protection through reduced transmission of rotavirus. These data highlight the benefits of routine vaccination against rotavirus in low-income settings. / Doctorat en Santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La politique de ce travail de thèse est la démonstration d'une conception structurale (Autre dans l'Un) et borroméenne (Un dans l'Autre) des psychoses selon deux axes : La barrière épistémo-somatique de la psychiatrie : abstraction psychologique de la pensée consciente et manifestation naturaliste du corps propre. Le sujet cartésien est appréhendé en fonction d'un manque-à-être et d'un manque-à-avoir. Cette dichotomie Imaginaire, cette méconnaissance narcissique a été exploitée afin de distinguer les psychoses selon la signification (paranoïa classique et schizophrénie) et celles selon l'incorporation (sadomasochisme et paraphrénie). Considérer la continuité de la jouissance, de l'Un, et mesurer comment la discontinuité de l'Autre opère pour en réguler le flot. Cette régulation est spécifique à la psychose, la névrose ou la perversion. Les éléments structuraux distingués des éléments Imaginaires permettent d'accéder à une clinique orientée par les formules de la sexuation.Le matériel clinique classique des paranoïas et des mélancolies, selon la signification et l'incorporation, a donc été exploité selon ces deux axes et envisagé à la lumière du matériel psychanalytique de Freud et Lacan. Les concepts cruciaux de forclusion du Nom-du-Père, celle du sens, et surtout l'objet a. Il se présente comme extrait mais non-séparé (a) pour les psychoses schizoparaphréniques ou non-extrait (ao) pour les psychoses paranoïaques.La thèse débouchera sur la pertinence de la clinique borroméenne et du sinthome plus engagé vers l'Un. C'est toute une clinique du nouage et de la contingence qui reste à envisager. Une appréhension de la singularité clinique et pratique du sujet psychotique en dépend. / The policy of this thesis work is demonstrating a structural design and borromeenne of the psychoses according to two dimensions : The epistemo-somatic barrier of psychiatry : psychological abstraction of conscious thought and naturalistic expression of the own body. The Cartesian subject is apprehended as a function of a lack-to-be and a lack-to-have. This imaginary dichotomy, this narcissistic ignorance has been exploited in order to distinguish the psychosis according the meaning (classic paranoia and schizophrenia) and those according to the incorporation (sadomasochism and paraphrenia). Consider the continuity of the enjoyment of the One, and measure how the discontinuity of the other operates to regulate the flow. This regulation is specific to psychosis, neurosis or perversion. The structural elements distinguished from imaginary elements allow you to access to a clinic guided by the formulas of sexuation. The classic clinical material of paranoias and melancholies, depending on the meaning and incorporation, has therefore developed according to these two issues and considered in the light of the psychoanalytic material of Freud and Lacan. The crucial concepts of foreclosure du Nom-du-Père, that of the meaning, and especially the object has. It looks like extracted but non-separated for psychosis schizoparaphreniques or unextracted for paranoid psychosis. This thesis work will lead to the relevance of the borromeenne clinic and the sinthome more committed towards the One. It is a clinic of the knot and the contingency which remains to consider. Apprehension of the singularity clinical and practical of the psychotic subject depends on it.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Université catholique de Louvain.

Mémoire d'étude (DCB) : Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques : Villeurbanne (France) : 2001. / Notes bibliogr.

Rapport de stage (DCB) : Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques : Villeurbanne (France) : 2001. / Notes bibliogr.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences économiques : Lyon 2 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie : Lyon 2 : 2000. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished