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This thesis discusses Scottish triumphal entries, and Scottish triumphal culture in general, and aims to advance understanding of the local application of Renaissance ideas, in relation to art and architecture. Triumphal language represented a strongly unifying element in XVI century European culture. Through temporary architecture, decorations, and entertainments, many sovereigns showed visually to a local and international audience their increasing power, legitimate rule, personal qualities, and ambitions. Urban entries also represented an important moment of dialogue with the local authorities of the city hosting the triumph, who would have used this unique opportunity to communicate with the ruler, presenting issues, asking for help, or offering advice. Although the importance of triumphal language has been recognized with regard to Europe, the use of triumphal language in Scotland and by the Stewart monarchs has been only marginally considered: in particular, each entry has been considered separately, and not in connection with each other, with their architectural setting –the city- or as a source of inspiration for permanent architecture. This thesis will show how local triumphal entries and ceremonies can be used to analyze the development of Scottish culture during the Renaissance. Some of the topics treated will be, the imperial aspiration and increasingly absolutist ideas of the Stewarts, the surfacing of religious issues and the uneasy coexistence of different creeds, and the increasing interest in classical language in and beyond the court. This thesis will reinforce the connection between the Scottish Renaissance and the European Renaissance, Italian in particular, showing how many aspects of Scottish architecture of the time can be interpreted not as surprising, isolated expression of taste, but as consequences or related facts to the spectacularization of life of which triumphal culture was a politicized, dynastical expression. Two of James V’s main architectural enterprises, the refashioning of Linlithgow Palace with the creation of a fountain in the central courtyard, and the elaborated stone decoration created for Stirling Castle, will be shown as derivations and expression of international triumphal culture. The perfect king and queen represented through them, presiding over a perfect court, are similar to the idealized figures presented to the crowd during a triumphal entry, and can be connected with foreign sources of inspiration, particularly French, Italian, and German. Outdoor spaces like the garden of Edzell Castle will be interpreted as the permanent, private recreation of the controllable, perfect world created through triumphal entries, inspired by triumphal decoration and foreign designs. The messages delivered through the decorations also reflected the usual admonitions to an entering queen, and the politicized messages suitable to a ruler of international prestige. The city of Edinburgh will be analyzed in its role as a stage and a protagonist of Stewart royal entries in the period 1503-1636. As an active character, it will pose limits and offer opportunities through its very geological conformation and the positioning of its main buildings. As a stage, it was endowed with timber settings, the Piazzas and upper promenades, where and from where the spectacle of everyday life could be performed and enjoyed. An artificially tamed natural landscape was also granted temporary access, showing with its presence the ruler’s control upon the forces of the world which he can evoke and govern at will, creating a perfectly balanced, renewed cosmos.

The investigation explores the potential effects of the new constitutional arrangements and electoral system on the campaign discourse of Scottish political parties. The four weeks of election campaigning are studied, from the 1st April to the 1st May 2003. Analysis focuses on many of the main texts produced during the election campaign, including manifestos, party election broadcasts and newspaper articles. Conducted in the Critical Discourse Analysis tradition, this investigation combines insights from Fairclough’s social focus and three dimensional analysis of discourse and van Dijk and Chilton’s cognitive approaches. This synthesis of approaches is an attempt to produce an analysis that can explicate both social and cognitive aspects of ideological discourse production. The thesis explores the dynamics of party political competition and ideological negotiation in devolved Scottish politics, with particular attention paid to the discourse of coalition and nationalist politics. The thesis begins by outlining background information on the events leading up to Scottish devolution. Discussion then focuses on the ideological character of Scottish politics, both in terms of public opinion and the positions of political parties, as represented by the content of their manifestos. Continuing the analysis of party manifestos, chapter 3 explores discursive strategies used by political parties to construct identities and negotiate relationships in light of actual or potential coalition government. The following chapter moves the analysis onto party election broadcasts, taking particular interest in the rhetorical methods employed in the positive and negative presentation of policies. Chapter 5 analyses the press reception of party election broadcasts. Having established the importance of a nationalist agenda in Scottish politics during previous sections, Chapter 6 investigates representations of Scottish national identity in election discourse.

Predicting the long-term behaviour of present-day ice sheets is hampered by the short timescales of our observations and restricted knowledge of the subglacial environment. Studying palaeoice sheets can help by revealing the nature and amplitude of past centennial- to millennial-scale ice sheet change. This thesis uses glacial sediments and landforms to examine the evolution of the partly marine-based British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) and its bed, in western Scotland. Three zones of the former BIIS are considered: ranging from a mountain ice cap, to a core area of the ice sheet, to a peripheral marine-terminating sector. The topography of the subglacial landscape was an important in uence on the location of dynamic and stable components of the ice sheet. At an ice cap scale, zones of glacier inception and retreat were linked to catchment elevation and size. At the ice sheet scale, the migration of ice divides and thermal boundaries were focused through corridors of low relief subglacial topography. The main west-east ice divide of the BIIS in central Scotland migrated by 60 km, 10% of the ice sheet's width, through one such corridor during the glacial cycle. A major change in the ow regime of the BIIS in western Scotland accompanied the development of a marine-based sector on the Malin Shelf. As the BIIS advanced to the shelf edge, ice ow was drawn westwards { orthogonal to the earlier, geologically controlled, ow pattern. Retreat of the BIIS from the shelf edge occurred at an average rate of 10 m a-1, but was punctuated by at least one episode of accelerated retreat at 100 m a-1. In each zone of the BIIS examined, a rich palimpsest landscape is preserved and the role of earlier glaciations in conditioning or priming the landscape is highlighted. Western Scotland in particular is dominated by features relating to a 'restricted' mountain ice sheet, suggested to have been the prevailing ice sheet mode during the Early and Middle Quaternary. Where the last BIIS was underlain by soft sediments, glacier movement at the bed was facilitated by a combination of basal sliding and a localised mosaic of shallow deforming spots, allowing landform and sediment preservation. In places, till deposition was focused over permeable substrates acting to seal the bed, promote lower e ective pressures, and enhance motion by basal sliding. The modern land surface in western Scotland provides an approximation for the relief of the former glacier bed, and can be used for conceptual palaeoglaciological reconstructions. Areas of focused postglacial deposition have, however, obscured parts of the ice sheet bed, with demonstrable implications for quantitative palaeoglaciological analyses. Methods to improve the representation of former ice sheet bed in these areas are discussed and may be pertinent to future palaeo-ice sheet modelling exercises.

This study investigates the links between economic and demographic variables by examining the impact of industrialization on adult mortality in eastern Scotland, c. 1810-61. Using the concept of the urban hierarchy, sixteen parishes in the counties of Angus and Fife were selected to represent different degrees of industrialization. Patterns of adult mortality in these parishes between 1810 and 1854 are then examined using data on burials from the parish registers. The results are checked by comparing them with the results obtained from an analysis of vital registration data on deaths for the period 1855-61. Thus overall trends in adult mortality are identified and then disaggregated by age, sex, cause of death and occupation. The results show that adult mortality was generally higher in the most industrialized areas. Furthermore, rates in these parishes generally increased over the period whilst in the less industrialized areas they fell. Overall most people died from infectious diseases but deaths from these causes (including tuberculosis) fell over the period. The increase in mortality appears to be in part due to a rise in deaths from respiratory diseases (especially amongst textile workers in the main industrial centres) and food- and water-borne illnesses. This suggests that industrialization had a negative impact on adult mortality rates, causing a short-term rise in mortality in the early to mid-nineteenth century. This was in part due to the direct effect industrialization had, with the shift towards textile employment probably leading to increased mortality from respiratory diseases especially amongst factory workers. The impact of industrialization also appears to have operated indirectly via the impetus it gave to urbanization and changes in the spatial distribution of the population that resulted in worsening sanitary conditions and increased exposure to infection.

The Great Glen Fault (GGF) is a major northeast to southwest trending structure and has been interpreted as a terrane boundary separating the Precambrian Moine terrane to the northwest from the Precambrian Dalradian terrane to the southeast (e. g. Bluck & Dempster 1991). If the GGF is a terrane boundary no `Moine' rocks could be found southeast of the GGF and no `Dalradian' rocks could be found to the northwest of the GGF and each crustal block would have distinct tectonometamorphic, provenance and igneous intrusive characteristics. To assess this, carefully selected orthoamphibolite and metasediment samples were collected from both the Northern and Central Highlands, and were analysed by a combination of petrography, geochemistry and geochronology. Geochemical analysis suggests that a Neoproterozoic metagabbro and metadolerite suite was emplaced during crustal extension across the Northern and Central Highlands at approximately the same time, and that this suite represents an earlier intrusive event to that represented by amphibolites in the Dalradian Appin Group. Geochemistry also suggests that the Upper Morar Psammite Formation of the Moine Supergroup in the Northern Highlands is unlikely to correlate with the pebbly psammite formations in the Central Highlands and shows that the Upper Shiaba Psammite Formation metasediments on the Isle of Mull are geochemically distinct from the Upper Morar Psammite Formation metasediments on the mainland. The Glen Urquhart Complex in the Northern Highlands cannot be correlated with the Ord Ban Subgroup or Grantown Formation in the Central Highlands. However, despite these differences U-Pb detrital geochronology shows that the Upper Morar Psammite and Central Highland pebbly psammite formations are dominantly derived from similar Mesoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic sources, with a small amount of material of Archaean derivation. This, together with the matching amphibolite suites, means that the Great Glen Fault is very unlikely to be a terrane boundary.

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